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THE TEMPORAL STRUCTURE OF LANGUAGE PROCESSING IN THE HUMAN BRAIN CORRESPONDS TO THE LAYERED HIERARCHY OF DEEP LANGUAGE MODELS

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arXiv 2023年

作者： Goldstein, Ariel Ham, Eric Schain, Mariano Nastase, Samuel A. Zada, Zaid Grinstein-Dabus, Avigail Aubrey, Bobbi Gazula, Harshvardhan Feder, Amir Doyle, Werner Devore, Sasha Dugan, Patricia Friedman, Daniel Reichart, Roi Brenner, Michael Hassidim, Avinatan Devinsky, Orrin Flinker, Adeen Levy, Omer Hasson, Uri Department of Psychology The Neuroscience Institute Princeton University PrincetonNJ United States Google Research United States New York University Grossman School of Medicine New YorkNY United States School of Engineering and Applied Science Harvard University CambridgeMA United States New York University Tandon School of Engineering BrooklynNY United States Blavatnik School of Computer Science Tel-Aviv University Israel Department of Cognitive and Brain Sciences Business School Hebrew University of Jerusalem Israel Bioinformatics Interdepartmental Program University of California Los Angeles Los AngelesCA United States Technion - Israel Institute of Technology Haifa Israel

Deep Language Models (DLMs) provide a novel computational paradigm for understanding the mechanisms of natural language processing in the human brain. Unlike traditional psycholinguistic models, DLMs use layered sequences of continuous numerical vectors to represent words and context, allowing a plethora of emerging applications such as human-like text generation. In this paper we show evidence that the layered hierarchy of DLMs may be used to model the temporal dynamics of language comprehension in the brain by demonstrating a strong correlation between DLM layer depth and the time at which layers are most predictive of the human brain. Our ability to temporally resolve individual layers benefits from our use of electrocorticography (ECoG) data, which has a much higher temporal resolution than noninvasive methods like fMRI. Using ECoG, we record neural activity from participants listening to a 30-minute narrative while also feeding the same narrative to a high-performing DLM (GPT2-XL). We then extract contextual embeddings from the different layers of the DLM and use linear encoding models to predict neural activity. We first focus on the Inferior Frontal Gyrus (IFG, or Broca’s area) and then extend our model to track the increasing temporal receptive window along the linguistic processing hierarchy from auditory to syntactic and semantic areas. Our results reveal a connection between human language processing and DLMs, with the DLM’s layer-by-layer accumulation of contextual information mirroring the timing of neural activity in high-order language areas. © 2023, CC BY-NC-ND.

关键词： Brain

Accelerating the timeline for climate action in California

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arXiv 2021年

作者： Kammen, Daniel M. Matlock, Teenie Pastor, Manuel Pellow, David Ramanathan, Veerabhadran Steyer, Tom Stokes, Leah Ventura, Feliz Energy and Resources Group Goldman School of Public Policy Department of Nuclear Engineering Renewable and Appropriate Energy Laboratory University of California Berkeley United States Vice Provost for Academic Personnel McClatchy Chair in Communications Department of Cognitive Science University of California Merced United States Department of Sociology University of Southern California United States Program in Environmental Studies University of California Santa Barbara United States Scripps Institution of Oceanography University of California San Diego United States TomKat Foundation United States Department of Political Science University of California Santa Barbara United States Hatch Urban Solutions

The climate emergency increasingly threatens our communities, ecosystems, food production, health, and economy. It disproportionately impacts lower income communities, communities of color, and the elderly. Assessments since the 2018 IPCC 1.5 Celsius report show that current national and sub-national commitments and actions are insufficient. Fortunately, a suite of solutions exists now to mitigate the climate crisis if we initiate and sustain actions today. California, which has a strong set of current targets in place and is home to clean energy and high technology innovation, has fallen behind in its climate ambition compared to a number of major governments. California, a catalyst for climate action globally, can and should ramp up its leadership by aligning its climate goals with the most recent science, coordinating actions to make 2030 a point of significant accomplishment. This entails dramatically accelerating its carbon neutrality and net-negative emissions goal from 2045 to 2030, including advancing clean energy and clean transportation standards, and accelerating nature-based solutions on natural and working lands. It also means changing its current greenhouse gas reduction goals both in the percentage and the timing: cutting emissions by 80 percent (instead of 40 percent) below 1990 levels much closer to 2030 than 2050. These actions will enable California to save lives, benefit underserved and frontline communities, and save trillions of dollars. This rededication takes heed of the latest science, accelerating equitable, job-creating climate policies. While there are significant challenges to achieving these goals, California can establish policy now that will unleash innovation and channel market forces, as has happened with solar, and catalyze positive upward-scaling tipping points for accelerated global climate action. © 2021, CC BY.

关键词： Greenhouse gases

Cortical network reconfiguration aligns with shifts of basal ganglia and cerebellar influence

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arXiv 2024年

作者： Nestor, Kimberly Rasero, Javier Betzel, Richard Gianaros, Peter J. Verstynen, Timothy Department of Psychology Carnegie Mellon University PittsburghPA United States Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition PittsburghPA United States Carnegie Mellon Neuroscience Institute PittsburghPA United States Department of Biomedical Engineering Carnegie Mellon University PittsburghPA United States School of Data Science University of Virginia CharlottesvilleVA United States Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences Indiana University BloomingtonIN United States Cognitive Science Program Indiana University BloomingtonIN United States Indiana University Network Science Institute BloomingtonIN United States Department of Neuroscience University of Minnesota MinneapolisMN55455 United States Department of Psychology University of Pittsburgh PittsburghPA United States

Mammalian functional architecture flexibly adapts, transitioning from integration where information is distributed across the cortex, to segregation where information is focal in densely connected communities of brain regions. This flexibility in cortical brain networks is hypothesized to be driven by control signals originating from subcortical pathways, with the basal ganglia shifting the cortex towards integrated processing states and the cerebellum towards segregated states. In a sample of healthy human participants (N=242), we used fMRI to measure temporal variation in global brain networks while participants performed two tasks with similar cognitive demands (Stroop and Multi-Source Inference Task (MSIT)). Using the modularity index, we determined cortical networks shifted from integration (low modularity) at rest to high modularity during easier i.e. congruent (segregation). Increased task difficulty (incongruent) resulted in lower modularity in comparison to the easier counterpart indicating more integration of the cortical network. Influence of basal ganglia and cerebellum was measured using eigenvector centrality. Results correlated with decreases and increases in cortical modularity respectively, with only the basal ganglia influence preceding cortical integration. Our results support the theory the basal ganglia shifts cortical networks to integrated states due to environmental demand. Cerebellar influence correlates with shifts to segregated cortical states, though may not play a causal role. © 2024, CC BY-NC-SA.

关键词： Integration

Genetic and neuroanatomical support for functional brain network dynamics in epilepsy

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arXiv 2018年

作者： Reddy, Pranav G. Betzel, Richard F. Khambhati, Ankit N. Shah, Preya Kini, Lohith Litt, Brian Lucas, Timothy H. Davis, Kathryn A. Bassett, Danielle S. Department of Bioengineering School of Engineering and Applied Sciences University of Pennsylvania PhiladelphiaPA19104 United States Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences Indiana University BloomingtonIN47405 United States Cognitive Science Program Indiana University BloomingtonIN47405 United States Department of Neurological Surgery University of California San FranciscoCA94122 United States Department of Neurology Perelman School of Medicine University of Pennsylvania PhiladelphiaPA19104 United States Department of Neurosurgery Perelman School of Medicine University of Pennsylvania PhiladelphiaPA19104 United States Department of Electrical & Systems Engineering School of Engineering and Applied Sciences University of Pennsylvania PhiladelphiaPA19104 United States Department of Physics & Astronomy School of Arts & Sciences University of Pennsylvania PhiladelphiaPA19104 United States

Focal epilepsy is a devastating neurological disorder that affects an overwhelming number of patients worldwide, many of whom prove resistant to medication. The efficacy of current innovative technologies for the treatment of these patients has been stalled by the lack of accurate and effective methods to fuse multimodal neuroimaging data to map anatomical targets driving seizure dynamics. Here we propose a parsimonious model that explains how large-scale anatomical networks and shared genetic constraints shape inter-regional communication in focal epilepsy. In extensive ECoG recordings acquired from a group of patients with medically refractory focal-onset epilepsy, we find that ictal and preictal functional brain network dynamics can be accurately predicted from features of brain anatomy and geometry, patterns of white matter connectivity, and constraints complicit in patterns of gene coexpression, all of which are conserved across healthy adult populations. Moreover, we uncover evidence that markers of non-conserved architecture, potentially driven by idiosyncratic pathology of single subjects, are most prevalent in high frequency ictal dynamics and low frequency preictal dynamics. Finally, we find that ictal dynamics are better predicted by white matter features and more poorly predicted by geometry and genetic constraints than preictal dynamics, suggesting that the functional brain network dynamics manifest in seizures rely on - and may directly propagate along - underlying white matter structure that is largely conserved across humans. Broadly, our work offers insights into the generic architectural principles of the human brain that impact seizure dynamics, and could be extended to further our understanding, models, and predictions of subject-level pathology and response to intervention. Copyright © 2018, The Authors. All rights reserved.

关键词： Neurology

Regulatory considerations for the clinical and research use of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS): Review and recommendations from an expert panel

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Clinical Research and Regulatory Affairs 2015年第1期32卷 22-35页

作者： Fregni, F. Nitsche, M.A. Loo, C.K. Brunoni, A.R. Marangolo, P. Leite, J. Carvalho, S. Bolognini, N. Caumo, W. Paik, N.J. Simis, M. Ueda, K. Ekhtiari, H. Luu, P. Tucker, D.M. Tyler, W.J. Brunelin, J. Datta, A. Juan, C.H. Venkatasubramanian, G. Boggio, P.S. Bikson, M. Spaulding Neuromodulation Center Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital Harvard Medical School Boston MA United States Department of Clinical Neurophysiology Georg-August-University Göttingen Germany School of Psychiatry Black Dog Institute University of New South Wales Sydney Australia Service of Interdisciplinary Neuromodulation Department and Institute of Psychiatry University of São Paulo São Paulo Brazil Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine University Politecnica Delle Marche Ancona IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia Rome Italy School of Psychology (EPsi) University of Minho Campus de Gualtar Braga Portugal Department of Psychology University of Milano Bicocca Milan Italy Laboratory of Neuropsychology IRCC Instituto Auxologico Italiano Milan Italy Laboratory of Pain and Neuromodulation Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre UFRGS Porto Alegre Brazil Department of Rehabilitation Medicine Seoul National University College of Medicine Seoul National University Bundang Hospital Seoul South Korea Institute of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Clinics Hospital University of Sao Paulo Medical School Sao Paolo Brazil Division of Neurology Santa Casa Medical School Sao Paulo Brazil National Cardiovascular Center Osaka Japan Translational Neuroscience Program Institute for Cognitive Science Studies Tehran Iran Neurocognitive Laboratory Iranian National Center for Addiction Studies Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran Electrical Geodesics Inc. University of Oregon Eugene OR United States Virginia Tech Carilion Research Institute Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Medicine School of Biomedical Engineering and Sciences Roanoke VA United States EA 4615 Centre Hospitalier le Vinatier Université de Lyon Bron F-69003 France Department of Biomedical Engineering Neural Engineering Laboratory City College of the City University of New York New York NY United States Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience National Central University Taiw

The field of transcranial electrical stimulation (tES) has experienced significant growth in the past 15 years. One of the tES techniques leading this increased interest is transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS). Significant research efforts have been devoted to determining the clinical potential of tDCS in humans. Despite the promising results obtained with tDCS in basic and clinical neuroscience, further progress has been impeded by a lack of clarity on international regulatory pathways. Therefore, a group of research and clinician experts on tDCS were convened to review the research and clinical use of tDCS. This report reviews the regulatory status of tDCS and summarizes the results according to research, off-label, and compassionate use of tDCS in the following countries: Australia, Brazil, France, Germany, India, Iran, Italy, Portugal, South Korea, Taiwan, and the US. Research use, off label treatment, and compassionate use of tDCS are employed in most of the countries reviewed in this study. It is critical that a global or local effort is organized to pursue definite evidence to either approve and regulate or restrict the use of tDCS in clinical practice on the basis of adequate randomized controlled treatment trials. © 2014 Informa Healthcare USA, Inc. All rights reserved.

关键词： Regulatory Safety TDCS

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Book reviews

Minds and Machines 1995年第1期5卷 109-155页

作者： Weiss, Eric A. Leiber, Justin Duchan, Judith Felson Selfridge, Mallory Dietrich, Eric Facione, Peter A. Day, Timothy Joseph Lammens, Johan M. Feenberg, Andrew Johnson, Deborah G. Levine, Daniel S. Warfield, Ted A. Annals of the History of Computing Kailua U.S.A. Department of Philosophy University of Houston Houston U.S.A. Department of Communicative Disorders and Sciences and Center for Cognitive Science State University of New York at Buffalo Buffalo USA Department of Computer Science and Engineering The University of Connecticut Storrs U.S.A. Program in Philosophy Computers and Systems Science Department of Philosophy State University of New York at Binghamton Binghamton USA College of Arts and Sciences Santa Clara University Santa Clara U.S.A. Department of Philosophy University of Alabama at Birmingham Birmingham U.S.A. Scuola Superiore S. Anna ARTS Lab Pisa Italy Department of Philosophy San Diego State University San Diego U.S.A. Department of Science and Technology Studies Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute Troy U.S.A. Department of Mathematics University of Texas at Arlington Arlington U.S.A. Department of Philosophy Rutgers The State University of New Jersey New Brunswick U.S.A.

I see sick people: Beliefs about sensory detection of infectious disease are largely consistent across cultures

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Brain, Behavior, and Immunity 2025年 128卷 737-750页

作者： Ackerman, Joshua M. Samore, Theodore Fessler, Daniel M.T. Kupfer, Tom R. Choi, Soyeon Merrell, Wilson N. Aarøe, Lene Aavik, Toivo Acabado, Stephen Akello, Grace Alfian, Ilham N. Al-Shawaf, Laith Alvarez, Marinés M. Ammann, Jeanine Arikan, Gizem Asha, Saiyeda A. Astobiza, Anibal M. Baeza-Ugarte, Carmen G. Barclay, Pat Barlow, Fiona Kate Bizarro, Lisiane Bressan, Paola Castellanos-Chacón, Andres Choy, Bryan K.C. Chusairi, Achmad Contreras-Garduño, Jorge Chávez Cosamalón, Brenda L. Costa-Neves, Bernardo De, Mallika de Lima, Tiago J.S. de Zoysa, Piyanjali Dryžaitė, Ieva Elbæk, Christian T. Fedor, Peter Fernández, Ana M. Fernandez-Morales, Regina Fülöp, Márta Gamsakhurdia, Vladimer Lado Garcia-Gómez, Leonor Garcia-Marques, Leonel Garduño-Franco, Jimena Pilar Grazioso, María del Habacht, Fanny Hasan, Youssef Haugestad, Camila P. Haugestad, Christian A.P. Havlíček, Jan Hernandez, Earl J. Hoang, Vu M. Hong, Minsung Hromatko, Ivana Iliško, Dzintra Imada, Hirotaka Jakšić, Ivana Jarmakowski, Tomasz Hjördísar Jónsdóttir, Harpa L. Kajokaite, Kotrina Kaňková, Šárka Kervyn, Nicolas Kim, Jinseok P. Kunst, Jonas R. Laakasuo, Michael Leongómez, Juan David Li, Norman P. Lu, Junsong Lynch, Nathan Maegli, María A. Manley, Harry Marcu, Gabriela McAfee, Thea Mitkidis, Panagiotis Molnár, Nándor B. Morvinski, Coby Muhamad, Haslina Nejat, Pegah Huy, Hoang Nguyen Oliveira, Angelica N. Olsson, Mats J. Onyishi, Charity N. Onyishi, Ike E. Orozco, Reegan Otterbring, Tobias Ottersen, Ida S. Pacheco-López, Gustavo Panagiotopoulou, Penny Paniagua, Walter Parvin, Roksana Pavlović, Zoran Prokop, Pavol Raffman, Emma Rizwan, Muhammad Rojas, Sheila Różycka-Tran, Joanna Sánchez, Oscar R. Selim, Heyla Sevi, Barış Shani, Yaniv Shastry, Madhulika S. Stieger, Stefan Suh, Eunkook M. Sumari, Melati Takemura, Kosuke Tognetti, Arnaud Trombetta, Roberta Z.R. Tybur, Joshua M. Ucak, Eylul B. Uchida, Yukiko Valentova, Jaroslava V. Viciana, Hugo Visine, Amandine Wang, Jin Wang, XT Yahiiaiev, Illia I. Zein, Rizqy A. Žeželj, Iris Department of Psychology University of Michigan Ann Arbor MI United States Religion Programme University of Otago Dunedin New Zealand Department of Anthropology University of California Los Angeles Los Angeles CA United States Center for Behavior Evolution & Culture University of California Los Angeles Los Angeles CA United States Bedari Kindness Institute University of California Los Angeles Los Angeles CA United States Department of Psychology Nottingham Trent University England Nottingham United Kingdom Department of Psychology University of Wisconsin-Madison Madison WI United States Center for the Experimental-Philosophical Study of Discrimination Aarhus University Aarhus Denmark Department of Political Science Aarhus University Aarhus Denmark Institute of Psychology University of Tartu Tartu Estonia Department of Mental Health Faculty of Medicine Gulu University Gulu Uganda Department of Psychology Universitas Airlangga East Java Indonesia Department of Psychology University of Colorado Colorado Springs Colorado Springs CO United States Department of Psychology Universidad del Valle Guatemala Guatemala City Guatemala Agroscope Research group Economic Modelling and Policy Analysis Ettenhausen Switzerland Department of Political Science Trinity College Dublin Dublin Ireland Department of Psychology International University of Business Agriculture and Technology Dhaka Bangladesh Department of Philosophy University of Granada Granada Spain Department of Psychology University of Guelph Guelph ON Canada School of Psychology University of Queensland Brisbane QLD Australia Graduate Program in Psychology Universidade Federal do Rio Grande Do Sul RS Porto Alegre Brazil Department of General Psychology University of Padova Padova Italy Faculty of Psychology Universidad El Bosque Bogotá Colombia Ministry of Defence Singapore Sustainability and Education Policy Network Saskatoon SK Canada Escuela Nacional de Estudios Superiores unid

Identifying cues to contagious disease is critical for effectively tracking and defending against interpersonal infection threats. People hold lay beliefs about the types of sensory information most relevant for identifying whether others are sick with transmissible illnesses. Are these beliefs universal, or do they vary along cultural and ecological dimensions? Participants in 58 countries (N = 19,217) judged how effective, and how likely they were to use, cues involving each of the five major sensory modalities in an imagined social interaction during a flu outbreak. Belief patterns were strongly consistent across countries (sight > audition > touch > smell > taste), suggesting a largely universal conceptualization of the role of sensory information for interpersonal respiratory disease detection. Results also support a safe senses hypothesis, with perceivers reporting that they would use senses that function at a distance—and thus reduce pathogen transmission risk—more than would be expected given participants’ beliefs as to the efficacy of these senses for disease detection. Where societal variation did emerge, it was captured by a cohesive set of socio-ecological factors, including human development, latitude, pathogen prevalence, and population density. Together, these findings reveal a shared lens through which contagious respiratory disease is assessed, one that prioritizes minimizing risk to perceivers, and may offer leverage for designing interventions to improve public health. © 2025 Elsevier Inc.

关键词： Behavioral immune system Culture Iterpersonal perception Pathogen threat Sensation Threat detection

184 – Cavum septum pellucidum in subjects at ultra high risk for schizophrenia: compared with first-degree relatives of patients with schizophrenia and healthy volunteers

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Schizophrenia Research 2008年 98卷 109-109页

作者： Choi, J.-S. Kang, D.-H. Park, J.-Y. Jung, W.H. Choi, C.-H. Chon, M.-W. Jung, M.H. Lee, J.-M. Kwon, J.S. Department of Psychiatry Seoul National University College of Medicine Seoul Republic of Korea Interdisciplinary Program in Cognitive Science Seoul National University Seoul Republic of Korea Interdisciplinary Program in Brain Science Seoul National University Seoul Republic of Korea Department of Radiology National Medical Center Seoul Republic of Korea Department of Biomedical Engineering Hanyang University Seoul Republic of Korea

The content and structure of dreams are coupled to affect

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arXiv 2024年

作者： Leckie, Luke Bershad, Anya K. Heppler, Jes McClay, Mason Rappe, Sofiia Foster, Jacob G. School of Biological Sciences University of Bristol United Kingdom Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior UCLA Los AngelesCA United States Department of Philosophy University of California Berkeley BerkeleyCA United States Department of Psychology UCLA Los Angeles United States Department of Philosophy II Chair of Philosophy of Language and Cognition Ruhr University Bochum Germany Department of Informatics Luddy School of Informatics Computing and Engineering Indiana University United States Cognitive Science Program Indiana University Bloomington United States Santa Fe Institute United States

Dreams offer a unique window into the cognitive and affective dynamics of the sleeping and the waking mind. Recent quantitative linguistic approaches have shown promise in obtaining corpus-level measures of dream sentiment and topic occurrence. However, it is currently unclear how the affective content of individual dreams relates to their semantic content and structure. Here, we combine word embedding, topic modeling, and network analysis to investigate this relationship. By applying Discourse Atom Topic Modeling (DATM) to the DreamBank corpus of >18K dream reports, we represent the latent themes arising within dreams as a sparse dictionary of topics and identify the affective associations of those topics. We show that variation in dream affect (valence and arousal) is associated with changes in topical content. By representing each dream report as a network of topics, we demonstrate that the affective content of dreams is also coupled to semantic structure. Specifically, positively valenced dreams exhibit more coherent, structured, and linear narratives, whilst negatively valenced dreams have more narrative loops and dominant topics. Additionally, topic networks of high arousal dreams are structurally dominated by few high arousal topics and incoherent topical connections, whereas low arousal dreams contain more loops. These findings suggest that affective processes are associated with both the content and structure of dreams. Our approach showcases the potential of integrating natural language processing and network analysis with psychology to elucidate the interplay of affect, cognition and narrative in dreams. This methodology has broad applications for the study of narrated experience and psychiatric symptomatology. © 2024, CC BY-NC-ND.

关键词： Semantics