检索结果-内蒙古大学图书馆

Heterogeneous peer effects of college roommates on academic performance

学校读者我要写书评

暂无评论

arXiv 2024年

作者： Cao, Yi Zhou, Tao Gao, Jian CompleX Lab University of Electronic Science and Technology of China Chengdu China Big Data Research Center University of Electronic Science and Technology of China Chengdu China Center for Science of Science and Innovation Northwestern University EvanstonIL United States Kellogg School of Management Northwestern University EvanstonIL United States Northwestern Institute on Complex Systems Northwestern University EvanstonIL United States Faculty of Social Sciences The University of Hong Kong Hong Kong

Understanding how student peers influence learning outcomes is crucial for effective education management in complex social systems. The complexities of peer selection and evolving peer relationships, however, pose challenges for identifying peer effects using static observational data. Here we use both null-model and regression approaches to examine peer effects using longitudinal data from 5,272 undergraduates, where roommate assignments are plausibly random upon enrollment and roommate relationships persist until graduation. Specifically, we construct a roommate null model by randomly shuffling students among dorm rooms and introduce an assimilation metric to quantify similarities in roommate academic performance. We find significantly larger assimilation in actual data than in the roommate null model, suggesting roommate peer effects, whereby roommates have more similar performance than expected by chance alone. Moreover, assimilation exhibits an overall increasing trend over time, suggesting that peer effects become stronger the longer roommates live together. Our regression analysis further reveals the moderating role of peer heterogeneity. In particular, when roommates perform similarly, the positive relationship between a student’s future performance and their roommates’ average prior performance is more pronounced, and their ordinal rank in the dorm room has an independent effect. Our findings contribute to understanding the role of college roommates in influencing student academic performance. © 2024, CC BY.

关键词： Students

Polymer dynamics under tension: Mean first passage time for looping

学校读者我要写书评

暂无评论

Physical Review E 2025年第2期111卷 025401-025401页

作者： Wout Laeremans Anne Floor den Ouden Jef Hooyberghs Wouter G. Ellenbroek Soft Matter and Biological Physics Department of Applied Physics and Science Education and Institute for Complex Molecular Systems Eindhoven University of Technology P.O. Box 513 5600 MB Eindhoven Netherlands Laboratory of Physical Chemistry Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry Eindhoven University of Technology P.O. Box 513 5600 MB Eindhoven Netherlands UHasselt Faculty of Sciences Data Science Institute Theory Lab Agoralaan 3590 Diepenbeek Belgium

This study deals with polymer looping, an important process in many chemical and biological systems. We investigate basic questions on the looping dynamics of a polymer under tension using the freely jointed chain (FJC) model. Previous theoretical approaches to polymer looping under tension have relied on barrier escape methods, which assume local equilibrium, an assumption that may not always hold. As a starting point, we use an analytical expression for the equilibrium looping probability as a function of the number of monomers and applied force, predicting an inverse relationship between looping time and looping probability. Using molecular dynamics simulations, the predictions of this theoretical approach are validated within the numerical precision achieved. We compare our predictions to those of the barrier escape approach by way of a calculation of the mean first passage time (MFPT) for the ends of a polymer to cross. For this purpose, we derive the exact free energy landscape, but the resulting temporal predictions do not agree with the observed inverse scaling. We conclude that the traditional barrier escape approach does not provide satisfactory predictions for polymer looping dynamics and that the inverse scaling with looping probability offers a more reliable alternative.

关键词： Inverse problems

A blind spot for large language models: Supradiegetic linguistic information

学校读者我要写书评

暂无评论

arXiv 2023年

作者： Zimmerman, Julia Witte Hudon, Denis Cramer, Kathryn Onge, Jonathan St. Fudolig, Mikaela Trujillo, Milo Z. Danforth, Christopher M. Dodds, Peter Sheridan Computational Story Lab Vermont Advanced Computing Center University of Vermont BurlingtonVT05405 United States Vermont Complex Systems Center MassMutual Center of Excellence in Complex Systems and Data Science University of Vermont BurlingtonVT05405 United States Department of Mathematics & Statistics University of Vermont BurlingtonVT05405 United States Department of Computer Science University of Vermont BurlingtonVT05405 United States

Large Language Models (LLMs) like ChatGPT reflect profound changes in the field of Artificial Intelligence, achieving a linguistic fluency that is impressively, even shockingly, human-like. The extent of their current and potential capabilities is an active area of investigation by no means limited to scientific researchers. It is common for people to frame the training data for LLMs as "text" or even "language". We examine the details of this framing using ideas from several areas, including linguistics, embodied cognition, cognitive science, mathematics, and history. We propose that considering what it is like to be an LLM like ChatGPT, as Nagel might have put it, can help us gain insight into its capabilities in general, and in particular, that its exposure to linguistic training data can be productively reframed as exposure to the diegetic information encoded in language, and its deficits can be reframed as ignorance of extradiegetic information, including supradiegetic linguistic information. Supradiegetic linguistic information consists of those arbitrary aspects of the physical form of language that are not derivable from the one-dimensional relations of context—frequency, adjacency, proximity, co-occurrence—that LLMs like ChatGPT have access to. Roughly speaking, the diegetic portion of a word can be thought of as its function, its meaning, as the information in a theoretical vector in a word embedding, while the supradiegetic portion of the word can be thought of as its form, like the shapes of its letters or the sounds of its syllables. We use these concepts to investigate why LLMs like ChatGPT have trouble handling palindromes, the visual characteristics of symbols, translating Sumerian cuneiform, and continuing integer sequences. Copyright © 2023, The Authors. All rights reserved.

关键词： Computational linguistics

Hollywood’s misrepresentation of death: A comparison of overall and by-gender mortality causes in film and the real world

学校读者我要写书评

暂无评论

arXiv 2024年

作者： Beauregard, Calla Danforth, Christopher M. Dodds, Peter Sheridan Computational Story Lab Vermont Advanced Computing Center University of Vermont BurlingtonVT05405 United States Vermont Complex Systems Center MassMutual Center of Excellence for Complex Systems and Data Science University of Vermont BurlingtonVT05405 United States Department of Mathematics & Statistics University of Vermont BurlingtonVT05405 United States Department of Computer Science University of Vermont BurlingtonVT05405 United States Santa Fe Institute 1399 Hyde Park Rd Santa FeNM87501 United States

The common phrase ‘representation matters’ asserts that media has a measurable and important impact on civic society’s perception of self and others. The representation of health in media, in particular, may reflect and perpetuate a society’s disease burden. Here, for the top 10 major causes of death in the United States, we examine how cinematic representation of overall and by-gender mortality diverges from reality. Using crowd-sourced data on film deaths from Cinemorgue Wiki, we employ natural language processing (NLP) techniques to analyze shifts in representation of deaths in movies versus the 2021 National Vital Statistic Survey (NVSS) top ten mortality causes. Overall, movies strongly overrepresent suicide and, to a lesser degree, accidents. In terms of gender, movies overrepresent men and underrepresent women for nearly every major mortality cause, including heart disease and cerebrovascular disease. The two exceptions for which women are overrepresented are suicide and accidents. We discuss the implications of under- and over-representing causes of death overall and by gender, as well as areas of future research. © 2024, CC BY-SA.

关键词： Natural language processing systems

The unequal effects of the health–economy trade-off during the COVID-19 pandemic

学校读者我要写书评

暂无评论

Nature Human Behaviour 2024年第2期8卷 264-275页

作者： Pangallo, Marco Aleta, Alberto del Rio-Chanona, R. Maria Pichler, Anton Martín-Corral, David Chinazzi, Matteo Lafond, François Ajelli, Marco Moro, Esteban Moreno, Yamir Vespignani, Alessandro Farmer, J. Doyne CENTAI Institute Turin Italy Institute for Biocomputation and Physics of Complex Systems and Department of Theoretical Physics University of Zaragoza Zaragoza Spain Complexity Science Hub Vienna Austria Department of Mathematics and GISC Universidad Carlos III de Madrid Leganes Spain MOBS Lab Northeastern University Boston MA United States The Roux Institute Northeastern University Portland ME United States Institute for New Economic Thinking at the Oxford Martin School and Smith School of Enterprise and the Environment University of Oxford Oxford United Kingdom Laboratory for Computational Epidemiology and Public Health Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics Indiana University School of Public Health Bloomington IN United States Connection Science Institute for Data Science and Society MIT Cambridge MA United States Santa Fe Institute Santa Fe NM United States

Despite the global impact of the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic, the question of whether mandated interventions have similar economic and public health effects as spontaneous behavioural change remains unresolved. Addressing this question, and understanding differential effects across socioeconomic groups, requires building quantitative and fine-grained mechanistic models. Here we introduce a data-driven, granular, agent-based model that simulates epidemic and economic outcomes across industries, occupations and income levels. We validate the model by reproducing key outcomes of the first wave of coronavirus disease 2019 in the New York metropolitan area. The key mechanism coupling the epidemic and economic modules is the reduction in consumption due to fear of infection. In counterfactual experiments, we show that a similar trade-off between epidemic and economic outcomes exists both when individuals change their behaviour due to fear of infection and when non-pharmaceutical interventions are imposed. Low-income workers, who perform in-person occupations in customer-facing industries, face the strongest trade-off. © 2023, The Author(s).

关键词：

Social science Is Necessary for Operationalizing Socially Responsible Foundation Models

学校读者我要写书评

暂无评论

arXiv 2024年

作者： Davies, Adam Nguyen, Elisa Simeone, Michael Johnston, Erik Gubri, Martin Siebel School of Computing and Data Science The Grainger College of Engineering University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign United States Tübingen AI Center University of Tübingen Germany School of Complex Adaptive Systems Arizona State University United States School for the Future of Innovation in Society Arizona State University United States Parameter Lab Germany

With the rise of foundation models, there is growing concern about their potential social impacts. Social science has a long history of studying the social impacts of transformative technologies in terms of pre-existing systems of power and how these systems are disrupted or reinforced by new technologies. In this position paper, we build on prior work studying the social impacts of earlier technologies to propose a conceptual framework studying foundation models as sociotechnical systems, incorporating social science expertise to better understand how these models affect systems of power, anticipate the impacts of deploying these models in various applications, and study the effectiveness of technical interventions intended to mitigate social harms. We advocate for an interdisciplinary and collaborative research paradigm between AI and social science across all stages of foundation model research and development to promote socially responsible research practices and use cases, and outline several strategies to facilitate such research. Copyright © 2024, The Authors. All rights reserved.

关键词： Music

Collective sleep and activity patterns of college students from wearable devices

学校读者我要写书评

暂无评论

arXiv 2024年

作者： Fudolig, Mikaela Irene Bloomfield, Laura S.P. Price, Matthew Bird, Yoshi M. Hidalgo, Johanna E. Kim, Julia Llorin, Jordan Lovato, Juniper McGinnis, Ellen W. McGinnis, Ryan S. Ricketts, Taylor Stanton, Kathryn Dodds, Peter Sheridan Danforth, Christopher M. Vermont Complex Systems Center MassMutual Center of Excellence for Complex Systems and Data Science University of Vermont BurlingtonVT05405 United States Department of Mathematics and Statistics University of Vermont BurlingtonVT05405 United States Computational Story Lab MassMutual Center of Excellence for Complex Systems and Data Science University of Vermont BurlingtonVT05405 United States Gund Institute for Environment University of Vermont BurlingtonVT05405 United States Department of Psychological Science University of Vermont BurlingtonVT05405 United States Project LEMURS University of Vermont BurlingtonVT05405 United States Department of Electrical and Biomedical Engineering University of Vermont BurlingtonVT05405 United States Wake Forest University School of Medicine Winston-SalemNC27101 United States Rubenstein School of Environment and Natural Resources University of Vermont BurlingtonVT05405 United States Department of Computer Science University of Vermont BurlingtonVT05405 United States Santa Fe Institute New Mexico87501 United States

To optimize interventions for improving wellness, it is essential to understand habits, which wearable devices can measure with greater precision. Using high temporal resolution biometric data taken from the Oura Gen3 ring, we examine daily and weekly sleep and activity patterns of a cohort of young adults (N = 582) in their first semester of college. A high compliance rate is observed for both daily and nightly wear, with slight dips in wear compliance observed shortly after waking up and also in the evening. Most students have a late-night chronotype with a median midpoint of sleep at 5AM, with males and those with mental health impairment having more delayed sleep periods. Social jetlag, or the difference in sleep times between free days and school days, is prevalent in our sample. While sleep periods generally shift earlier on weekdays and later on weekends, sleep duration on both weekdays and weekends is shorter than during prolonged school breaks, suggesting chronic sleep debt when school is in session. Synchronized spikes in activity consistent with class schedules are also observed, suggesting that walking in between classes is a widespread behavior in our sample that substantially contributes to physical activity. Lower active calorie expenditure is associated with weekends and a delayed but longer sleep period the night before, suggesting that for our cohort, active calorie expenditure is affected less by deviations from natural circadian rhythms and more by the timing associated with activities. Our study shows that regular sleep and activity routines may be inferred from consumer wearable devices if high temporal resolution and long data collection periods are available. Copyright © 2024, The Authors. All rights reserved.

关键词： Sleep research

An assessment of measuring local levels of homelessness through proxy social media signals

学校读者我要写书评

暂无评论

arXiv 2023年

作者： Bird, Yoshi Meke Grobe, Sarah E. Arnold, Michael V. Rogers, Sean P. Fudolig, Mikaela I. Zimmerman, Julia Witte Danforth, Christopher M. Dodds, Peter Sheridan Computational Story Lab Vermont Complex Systems Center MassMutual Center of Excellence for Complex Systems and Data Science Vermont Advanced Computing Center University of Vermont BurlingtonVT05405 United States University of Vermont BurlingtonVT05405 United States Department of Mathematics and Statistics University of Vermont BurlingtonVT05405 United States Department of Computer Science University of Vermont BurlingtonVT05405 United States Santa Fe Institute 1399 Hyde Park Rd Santa FeNM87501 United States

Although nearly 600,000 people experience homelessness in the United States every year, efforts to address this public health crisis are limited by the underperformance of standard methods to estimate localized and nationwide homelessness. Recent studies suggest social media activity can function as a proxy for measures of state-level public health, detectable through straightforward applications of natural language processing. We present results of our efforts to apply this approach to estimate homelessness at the state level throughout the US during the period 2010-2019 and 2022 using a dataset of roughly 1 million geotagged tweets containing the substring "homeless." Correlations between homelessness-related tweet counts and ranked per capita homelessness volume, but not general-population densities, suggest a relationship between the likelihood of Twitter users to personally encounter or observe homelessness in their everyday lives and their likelihood to communicate about it online. An increase to the log-odds of the word "homeless" appearing in an English-language tweet, as well as an acceleration in the increase in average tweet sentiment, suggest that tweets about homelessness are also affected by trends at the nation-scale. Additionally, changes to the lexical content of tweets over time suggest that reversals to the polarity of national or state-level trends may be detectable through an increase in political or service-sector language over the semantics of charity or direct appeals. Although tweet sentiment does not correlate to changes in homelessness volume, an analysis of user account type undertaken to explain nationwide sentiment dynamics revealed changes to Twitter-use patterns by accounts authored by individuals versus entities that may provide an additional signal to confirm changes to homelessness density in a given jurisdiction. While a computational approach to social media analysis may provide a low-cost, real-time dataset rich with information

关键词： Public health

Explosive Cooperation in Social Dilemmas on Higher-Order Networks

学校读者我要写书评

暂无评论

Physical Review Letters 2024年第16期132卷 167401-167401页

作者： Andrea Civilini Onkar Sadekar Federico Battiston Jesús Gómez-Gardeñes Vito Latora School of Mathematical Sciences Queen Mary University of London London E1 4NS United Kingdom Dipartimento di Fisica ed Astronomia Università di Catania and INFN Catania I-95123 Italy Department of Network and Data Science Central European University Vienna Vienna 1100 Austria Department of Condensed Matter Physics University of Zaragoza 50009 Zaragoza Spain GOTHAM lab Institute of Biocomputation and Physics of Complex Systems (BIFI) University of Zaragoza 50018 Zaragoza Spain Complexity Science Hub Vienna A-1080 Vienna Austria

Understanding how cooperative behaviors can emerge from competitive interactions is an open problem in biology and social sciences. While interactions are usually modeled as pairwise networks, the units of many real-world systems can also interact in groups of three or more. Here, we introduce a general framework to extend pairwise games to higher-order networks. By studying social dilemmas on hypergraphs with a tunable structure, we find an explosive transition to cooperation triggered by a critical number of higher-order games. The associated bistable regime implies that an initial critical mass of cooperators is also required for the emergence of prosocial behavior. Our results show that higher-order interactions provide a novel explanation for the survival of cooperation.

关键词： Collective behavior in networks complex systems Evolutionary & population dynamics Social system dynamics complex networks Evolutionary games Social dynamics Game theory models Prisoner's Dilemma