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Random walks on hypergraphs

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arXiv 2019年

作者： Carletti, Timoteo Battiston, Federico Cencetti, Giulia Fanelli, Duccio naXys Namur Institute for Complex Systems University of Namur Belgium Department of Network and Data Science Central European University Budapest1051 Hungary Mobs Lab Fondazione Bruno Kessler Via Sommarive 18 Povo TN38123 Italy Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia Università di Firenze INFN and CSDC Via Sansone 1 Sesto Fiorentino Firenze50019 Italy

In the last twenty years network science has proven its strength in modelling many real-world interacting systems as generic agents, the nodes, connected by pairwise edges. Yet, in many relevant cases, interactions are not pairwise but involve larger sets of nodes, at a time. These systems are thus better described in the framework of hypergraphs, whose hyperedges effectively account for multi-body interactions. We hereby propose a new class of random walks defined on such higher-order structures, and grounded on a microscopic physical model where multi-body proximity is associated to highly probable exchanges among agents belonging to the same hyperedge. We provide an analytical characterisation of the process, deriving a general solution for the stationary distribution of the walkers. The dynamics is ultimately driven by a generalised random walk Laplace operator that reduces to the standard random walk Laplacian when all the hyperedges have size 2 and are thus meant to describe pairwise couplings. We illustrate our results on synthetic models for which we have a full control of the high-order structures, and real-world networks where higher-order interactions are at play. As a first application of the method, we compare the behaviour of random walkers on hypergraphs to that of traditional random walkers on the corresponding projected networks, drawing interesting conclusions on node rankings in collaboration networks. As a second application, we show how information derived from the random walk on hypergraphs can be successfully used for classification tasks involving objects with several features, each one represented by a hyperedge. Taken together, our work contributes to unveiling the effect of higher-order interactions on diffusive processes in higher-order networks, shading light on mechanisms at the hearth of biased information spreading in complex networked systems. Copyright © 2019, The Authors. All rights reserved.

关键词： Random processes

Segregated interactions in urban and online spaces

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arXiv 2019年

作者： Dong, Xiaowen Morales, Alfredo J. Jahani, Eaman Moro, Esteban Lepri, Bruno Bozkaya, Burcin Sarraute, Carlos Bar-Yam, Yaneer Pentland, Alex Department of Engineering Science University of Oxford Oxford United Kingdom MIT Media Lab CambridgeMA United States New England Complex Systems Institute CambridgeMA United States MIT Institute for Data Systems and Society CambridgeMA United States Department of Mathematics and GISC Universidad Carlos III de Madrid Leganés Spain Mobile and Social Computing Lab Fondazione Bruno Kessler Trento Italy Behavioral Analytics & Visualization Lab Sabancı University Istanbul Turkey New College of Florida SarasotaFL United States Grandata Labs Buenos Aires Argentina

Urban income segregation is a widespread phenomenon that challenges societies across the globe. Classical studies on segregation have largely focused on the geographic distribution of residential neighborhoods rather than on patterns of social behaviors and interactions. In this study, we analyze segregation in economic and social interactions by observing credit card transactions and Twitter mentions among thousands of individuals in three culturally different metropolitan areas. We show that segregated interaction is amplified relative to the expected effects of geographic segregation in terms of both shopping activity and online communication. Furthermore, we find that segregation increases with difference in socio-economic status but is asymmetric, i.e., the amount of interaction from poorer to wealthier neighborhoods is considerably larger than vice versa. Our results provide novel insights into the understanding of behavioral segregation in human interactions with significant socio-political and economic implications. Copyright © 2019, The Authors. All rights reserved.

关键词： Geographical distribution

Networks beyond pairwise interactions: Structure and dynamics

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arXiv 2020年

作者： Battiston, Federico Cencetti, Giulia Iacopini, Iacopo Latora, Vito Lucas, Maxime Patania, Alice Young, Jean-Gabriel Petri, Giovanni Department of Network and Data Science Central European University Budapest1051 Hungary Mobs Lab Fondazione Bruno Kessler Via Sommarive 18 Povo TN38123 Italy School of Mathematical Sciences Queen Mary University of London LondonE1 4NS United Kingdom Centre for Advanced Spatial Analysis University College London LondonW1T 4TJ United Kingdom School of Mathematical Sciences Queen Mary University of London LondonE1 4NS United Kingdom Dipartimento di Fisica ed Astronomia Università di Catania and INFN CataniaI-95123 Italy The Alan Turing Institute The British Library LondonNW1 2DB United Kingdom Vienna Austria Aix Marseille Univ CNRS CPT Turing Center for Living Systems Marseille France Aix Marseille Univ CNRS IBDM Turing Center for Living Systems Marseille France Aix Marseille Univ CNRS Centrale Marseille I2M France Turing Center for Living Systems Marseille France Network Science Institute Indiana University BloomingtonIN United States Center for the Study of Complex Systems University of Michigan Ann ArborMI48109 United States ISI Foundation via Chisola 5 Turin10126 Italy ISI Global Science Foundation 33 W 42nd St New YorkNY10036 United States

The complexity of many biological, social and technological systems stems from the richness of the interactions among their units. Over the past decades, a great variety of complex systems has been successfully described as networks whose interacting pairs of nodes are connected by links. Yet, in face-to-face human communication, chemical reactions and ecological systems, interactions can occur in groups of three or more nodes and cannot be simply described just in terms of simple dyads. Until recently, little attention has been devoted to the higher-order architecture of real complex systems. However, a mounting body of evidence is showing that taking the higher-order structure of these systems into account can greatly enhance our modeling capacities and help us to understand and predict their emerging dynamical behaviors. Here, we present a complete overview of the emerging field of networks beyond pairwise interactions. We first discuss the methods to represent higher-order interactions and give a unified presentation of the different frameworks used to describe higher-order systems, highlighting the links between the existing concepts and representations. We review both the measures designed to characterize the structure of these systems, and the models proposed in the literature to generate synthetic structures, such as random and growing simplicial complexes, bipartite graphs and hypergraphs. We then introduce and discuss the rapidly growing research on higher-order dynamical systems and on dynamical topology. We focus on novel emergent phenomena characterizing landmark dynamical processes, such as diffusion, spreading, synchronization and games, when extended beyond pairwise interactions. We elucidate the relations between higher-order topology and dynamical properties, and conclude with a summary of empirical applications, providing an outlook on current modeling and conceptual frontiers. Copyright © 2020, The Authors. All rights reserved.

关键词： Dynamical systems

Impact of temporal scales and recurrent mobility patterns on the unfolding of epidemics

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arXiv 2019年

作者： Soriano-Paños, David Ghoshal, Gourab Arenas, Alex Gómez-Gardeñes, Jesús Department of Condensed Matter Physics University of Zaragoza Zaragoza50010 Spain GOTHAM lab Institute for Biocomputation and Physics of Complex Systems University of Zaragoza Zaragoza50018 Spain Department of Physics & Astronomy University of Rochester RochesterNY14627 United States Goergen Institute for Data Science University of Rochester RochesterNY14627 United States Departament d’Enginyeria Informàtica i Matemàtiques Universitat Rovira i Virgili Tarragona43007 Spain

Human mobility plays a key role on the transformation of local disease outbreaks into global pandemics. Thus, the inclusion of human movements into epidemic models has become mandatory for understanding current epidemic episodes and to design efficient prevention policies. Following this challenge, here we develop a Markovian framework which enables to address the impact of recurrent mobility patterns on the epidemic onset at different temporal scales. This formalism is validated by comparing their predictions with results from mechanistic simulations. The fair agreement between both theory and simulations enables to get an analytical expression for the epidemic threshold which captures the critical conditions triggering epidemic outbreaks. Finally, by performing an exhaustive analysis of this epidemic threshold, we reveal that the impact of tuning human mobility on the emergence of diseases is strongly affected by the temporal scales associated to both epidemiological and mobility processes. Copyright © 2019, The Authors. All rights reserved.

关键词： Epidemiology

Kuramoto dilemma alleviated by optimizing connectivity and rationality

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Physical Review E 2018年第2期98卷 022201-022201页

作者： Han-Xin Yang Tao Zhou Zhi-Xi Wu Department of Physics Fuzhou University Fuzhou 350116 People's Republic of China Institute of Fundamental and Frontier Sciences University of Electronic Science and Technology of China Chengdu 611731 People's Republic of China CompleX Lab Web Sciences Center University of Electronic Science and Technology of China Chengdu 611731 People's Republic of China Big Data Research Center University of Electronic Science and Technology of China Chengdu 611731 People's Republic of China Institute of Computational Physics and Complex Systems Lanzhou University Lanzhou Gansu 730000 People's Republic of China

Recently, Antonioni and Cardillo proposed a coevolutionary model based on the intertwining of oscillator synchronization and evolutionary game theory [Phys. Rev. Lett. 118, 238301 (2017)], in which each Kuramoto oscillator can decide whether to interact or not with its neighbors, and all oscillators can receive some benefits from the local synchronization, but those who choose to interact must pay a cost. Oscillators are allowed to update their strategies according to payoff difference, wherein the strategy of an oscillator who has obtained higher payoff is more likely to be followed. Utilizing this coevolutionary model, we find that the global synchronization level reaches the highest level when the average degree of the underlying interaction network is moderate. We also study how synchronization is affected by the individual rationality in choosing strategy.

关键词： Evolutionary dynamics Network structure Synchronization

Kuramoto dilemma alleviated by optimizing connectivity and rationality

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arXiv 2018年

作者： Yang, Han-Xin Zhou, Tao Wu, Zhi-Xi Department of Physics Fuzhou University Fuzhou350116 China Institute of Fundamental and Frontier Sciences University of Electronic Science and Technology of China Chengdu611731 China CompleX Lab Web Sciences Center University of Electronic Science and Technology of China Chengdu611731 China Big Data Research Center University of Electronic Science and Technology of China Chengdu611731 China Institute of Computational Physics and Complex Systems Lanzhou University Lanzhou Gansu730000 China

Recently, Antonioni and Cardillo proposed a coevolutionary model based on the intertwining of oscillator synchronization and evolutionary game theory [Phys. Rev. Lett. 118, 238301 (2017)], in which each Kuramoto oscillator can decide whether to interact-or not-with its neighbors, and all oscillators can receive some benefits from the local synchronization but those who choose to interact must pay a cost. Oscillators are allowed to update their strategies according to payoff difference, wherein the strategy of an oscillator who has obtained higher payoff is more likely to be followed. Utilizing this coevolutionary model, we find that the global synchronization level reaches the highest level when the average degree of the underlying interaction network is moderate. We also study how synchronization is affected by the individual rationality in choosing strategy. Copyright © 2018, The Authors. All rights reserved.

关键词： Synchronization

Roadmap on multimode light shaping

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arXiv 2021年

作者： Piccardo, Marco Ginis, Vincent Forbes, Andrew Mahler, Simon Friesem, Asher A. Davidson, Nir Ren, Haoran Dorrah, Ahmed H. Capasso, Federico Dullo, Firehun T. Ahluwalia, Balpreet S. Ambrosio, Antonio Gigan, Sylvain Treps, Nicolas Hiekkamäki, Markus Fickler, Robert Kues, Michael Moss, David Morandotti, Roberto Riemensberger, Johann Kippenberg, Tobias J. Faist, Jérôme Scalari, Giacomo Picqué, Nathalie Hänsch, Theodor W. Cerullo, Giulio Manzoni, Cristian Lugiato, Luigi A. Brambilla, Massimo Columbo, Lorenzo Gatti, Alessandra Prati, Franco Shiri, Abbas Abouraddy, Ayman F. Alù, Andrea Galiffi, Emanuele Pendry, J.B. Huidobro, Paloma A. Center for Nano Science and Technology Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia Milano Italy Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences Harvard University CambridgeMA United States Data Lab/Applied Physics Vrije Universiteit Brussel Belgium School of Physics University of the Witwatersrand Johannesburg South Africa Department of Physics of Complex Systems Weizmann Institute of Science Rehovot Israel MQ Photonics Research Centre Department of Physics and Astronomy Macquarie University Macquarie ParkNSW Australia Department of Physics and Technology UiT-The Arctic University of Norway Tromsø Norway Laboratoire Kastler Brossel ENS-PSL Research University CNRS Sorbonne Université Collège de France Paris France Tampere University Photonics Laboratory Physics Unit Tampere Finland Institute of Photonics Leibniz University Hannover Germany Optical Sciences Centre Swinburne University of Technology Australia Energie Materiaux Telecommunications Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique Canada Lausanne Switzerland Institute for Quantum Electronics ETH Zurich Zürich Switzerland Max-Planck Institute of Quantum Optics Garching Germany Istituto di Fotonica e Nanotecnologia-CNR Dipartimento di Fisica Politecnico di Milano Milano Italy Dipartimento di Scienza e Alta Tecnologia Università dell'Insubria Como Italy Dipartimento di Fisica Interateneo and CNR-IFN Università e Politecnico di Bari Bari Italy Dipartimento di Elettronica e Telecomunicazioni Politecnico di Torino Torino Italy Istituto di Fotonica e Nanotecnologie IFN-CNR Milano Italy CREOL The College of Optics & Photonics University of Central Florida OrlandoFL United States Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering University of Central Florida OrlandoFL United States Advanced Science Research Center City University of New York United States The Blackett Laboratory Imperial College London London United Kingdom Instituto de Telecomunicações IST-University o

Our ability to generate new distributions of light has been remarkably enhanced in recent years. At the most fundamental level, these light patterns are obtained by ingeniously combining different electromagnetic modes. Interestingly, the modal superposition occurs in the spatial, temporal as well as spatio-temporal domain. This generalized concept of structured light is being applied across the entire spectrum of optics: generating classical and quantum states of light, harnessing linear and nonlinear light-matter interactions, and advancing applications in microscopy, spectroscopy, holography, communication, and synchronization. This Roadmap highlights the common roots of these different techniques and thus establishes links between research areas that complement each other seamlessly. We provide an overview of all these areas, their backgrounds, current research, and future developments. We highlight the power of multimodal light manipulation and want to inspire new eclectic approaches in this vibrant research community. Copyright © 2021, The Authors. All rights reserved.

关键词： Light

Extortion provides alternative routes to the evolution of cooperation in structured populations

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Physical Review E 2017年第5期95卷 052302-052302页

作者： Xiongrui Xu Zhihai Rong Zhi-Xi Wu Tao Zhou Chi Kong Tse CompleX Lab Web Sciences Center University of Electronic Science and Technology of China Chengdu 611731 China Big Data Research Center University of Electronic Science and Technology of China Chengdu 611731 China Department of Electronic and Information Engineering The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Hung Hom Kowloon Hong Kong Institute of Computational Physics and Complex Systems Lanzhou University Lanzhou Gansu 730000 People's Republic of China

In this paper, we study the evolution of cooperation in structured populations (individuals are located on either a regular lattice or a scale-free network) in the context of repeated games by involving three types of strategies, namely, unconditional cooperation, unconditional defection, and extortion. The strategy updating of the players is ruled by the replicator-like dynamics. We find that extortion strategies can act as catalysts to promote the emergence of cooperation in structured populations via different mechanisms. Specifically, on regular lattice, extortioners behave as both a shield, which can enwrap cooperators inside and keep them away from defectors, and a spear, which can defeat those surrounding defectors with the help of the neighboring cooperators. Particularly, the enhancement of cooperation displays a resonance-like behavior, suggesting the existence of optimal extortion strength mostly favoring the evolution of cooperation, which is in good agreement with the predictions from the generalized mean-field approximation theory. On scale-free network, the hubs, who are likely occupied by extortioners or defectors at the very beginning, are then prone to be conquered by cooperators on small-degree nodes as time elapses, thus establishing a bottom-up mechanism for the emergence and maintenance of cooperation.

关键词： Population dynamics Self-organized systems Social systems

RoboCup 2D soccer simulation league: Evaluation challenges

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arXiv 2017年

作者： Prokopenko, Mikhail Wang, Peter Marian, Sebastian Bai, Aijun Li, Xiao Chen, Xiaoping Complex Systems Research Group Faculty of Engineering It the University of Sydney NSW2006 Australia Data Mining Csiro Data61 PO Box 76 EppingNSW1710 Compa-IT Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences University of California Berkeley Multi-Agent Systems Lab School of Computer Science and Technology University of Science and Technology of China

We summarise the results of RoboCup 2D Soccer Simulation League in 2016 (Leipzig), including the main competition and the evaluation round. The evaluation round held in Leipzig confirmed the strength of RoboCup-2015 champion (WrightEagle, i.e. WE2015) in the League, with only eventual finalists of 2016 competition capable of defeating WE2015. An extended, post-Leipzig, round-robin tournament which included the top 8 teams of 2016, as well as WE2015, with over 1000 games played for each pair, placed WE2015 third be-hind the champion team (Gliders2016) and the runner-up (HELIOS2016). This establishes WE2015 as a stable benchmark for the 2D Simulation League. We then contrast two ranking methods and suggest two options for future evaluation challenges. The first one, "The Champions Simulation League", is proposed to include 6 previous champions, directly competing against each other in a round-robin tournament, with the view to systematically trace the advancements in the League. The second proposal, "The Global Challenge", is aimed to increase the realism of the environmental conditions during the simulated games, by simulat-ing specific features of different participating countries. Copyright © 2017, The Authors. All rights reserved.

关键词： Sports