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Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR)

作者： S.-C. Liu J.G. Harris Rockwell Science Center Inc. Thousand Oaks CA USA California Institute of Technology 216-76 Computation and Neural Systems Program Pasadena CA USA

Generalized smoothing networks have been developed which enforce smoothness constraints for any arbitrary level of derivative of the input data. Furthermore, discontinuities of any order of derivative can be detected by providing for continuous line processes, which selectively inhibit smoothing. Second- and higher-order networks are required for many problems in early vision; first-order networks are often unsatisfactory. Examples in surface interpolation, edge detection, and image segmentation are shown. Solution of these types of problems typically takes a prohibitive amount of time, even on supercomputers. A significant advantage of these proposed networks is that they can be mapped directly to analog VLSI hardware.< >

关键词： Smoothing methods Intelligent networks Image edge detection Image segmentation Very large scale integration Interpolation Voltage Supercomputers neural network hardware Computer vision

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Fast learning with predictive forward models 91

Fast learning with predictive forward models

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Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on neural Information Processing systems

作者： Carlos Brody Computation and Neural Systems Program California Institute of Technology Pasadena CA and Dept. of Computer Science IIMAS UNAM México D.F. México

ISBN: (纸本)9781558602229

A method for transforming performance evaluation signals distal both in space and time into proximal signals usable by supervised learning algorithms, presented in [Jordan & Jacobs 90], is examined. A simple observation concerning differentiation through models trained with redundant inputs (as one of their networks is) explains a weakness in the original architecture and suggests a modification: an internal world model that encodes action-space exploration and, crucially, cancels input redundancy to the forward model is added. Learning time on an example task, cartpole balancing, is thereby reduced about 50 to 100 times.

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Computing optical flow in resistive networks and in the primate visual system

Computing optical flow in resistive networks and in the prim...

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Workshop on Visual Motion

作者： C. Koch H.T. Wang B. Mathur A. Hsu H. Suarez Computation and Neural Systems Program Divisions of Biology and Engineering and Applied Sciences California Institute of Technology Pasadena CA USA Science Center Rockwell International Thousand Oaks CA USA

It is shown how the well-known algorithm of B. Horn and B.C. Schunk (1981) for computing optical flow, based on minimizing a quadratic functional using a relaxation scheme, maps onto two different kinds of massive parallel hardware: either resistive networks which are attractive for their technological potential, or neuronal networks related to the ones occurring in the motion pathway in the primate's visual system. If the x and y components of the motion field are coded explicitly as voltages within electrical circuits, simple resistive networks solve for the optical flow in the presence of motion discontinuities. These networks are being implemented into analog, subthreshold CMOS VLSI (complementary metal oxide semiconductor very large-scale integration) circuits. If velocity is represented within a population of direction selective cells, the resulting neuronal network maps onto the primate's striate and extrastriate visual cortex (middle temporal area). The performance of the network mimicks a large number of psychological illusions as well as electrophysical findings.< >

关键词： Optical computing Computer networks Optical fiber networks Image motion analysis Biological neural networks Circuits Concurrent computing Hardware Visual system Voltage

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A VLSI neural network for color constancy 90

A VLSI neural network for color constancy

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Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on neural Information Processing systems

作者： Andrew Moore Geoffrey Fox John Allman Rodney Goodman Computation and Neural Systems Program California Institute of Technology Pasadena CA Dept. of Physics Syracuse University Syracuse NY and Dept. of Physics California Institute of Technology Pasadena CA Dept. of Biology California Institute of Technology Pasadena CA Dept. of Electrical Engineering California Institute of Technology Pasadena CA

ISBN: (纸本)9781558601840

A system for color correction has been designed, built, and tested successfully; the essential components are three custom chips built using subthreshold analog CMOS VLSI. The system, based on Land's Retinex theory of color constancy, produces colors similar in many respects to those produced by the visual system. Resistive grids implemented in analog VLSI perform the smoothing operation central to the algorithm at video rates. With the electronic system, the strengths and weaknesses of the algorithm are explored.

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Modeling the modulatory effect of attention on human spatial vision 01

Modeling the modulatory effect of attention on human spatial...

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Proceedings of the 14th International Conference on neural Information Processing systems: Natural and Synthetic

作者： Laurent Itti Jochen Braun Christof Koch Computer Science Department University of Southern California Los Angeles CA Institute of Neuroscience and School of Computing University of Plymouth Plymouth Devon U.K. Computation and Neural Systems Program California Institute of Technology Pasadena CA

We present new simulation results, in which a computational model of interacting visual neurons simultaneously predicts the modulation of spatial vision thresholds by focal visual attention, for five dual-task human psychophysics experiments. This new study complements our previous findings that attention activates a winner-take-all competition among early visual neurons within one cortical hypercolumn. This "intensified competition" hypothesis assumed that attention equally affects all neurons, and yielded two single-unit predictions: an increase in gain and a sharpening of tuning with attention. While both effects have been separately observed in electrophysiology, no single-unit study has yet shown them simultaneously. Hence, we here explore whether our model could still predict our data if attention might only modulate neuronal gain, but do so non-uniformly across neurons and tasks. Specifically, we investigate whether modulating the gain of only the neurons that are loudest, best-tuned, or most informative about the stimulus, or of all neurons equally but in a task-dependent manner, may account for the data. We find that none of these hypotheses yields predictions as plausible as the intensified competition hypothesis, hence providing additional support for our original findings.

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An adaptive multi-scale approach for estimating optical flow: computational theory and physiological implementation

An adaptive multi-scale approach for estimating optical flow...

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Workshop on Visual Motion

作者： C. Koch H.T. Wang R. Battiti B. Mathur C. Ziomkowski Computation and Neural Systems Program California Institute of Technology Pasadena CA USA Science Center Rockwell International Thousand Oaks CA USA Dipartimento di Fisica Universita di Genova Genoa Italy

The accuracy of optical flow estimation depends on the spatio-temporal discretization used in the computation. The authors propose an adaptive multiscale method, where the discretization scale is chosen locally according to an estimate of the relative error in the velocity measurements. They show that their coarse-to-fine method provides substantially better results of optical flow than conventional algorithms. The authors map this multiscale strategy onto their model of motion computation in primate area MT. The model consists of two stages: (1) local velocities are measured across multiple spatio-temporal channels, while (2) the optical flow field is computed by a network of direction-selective neurons at multiple spatial resolutions. Their model neurons show the same nonclassical receptive field properties as Allman's type I MT neurons and lead to a novel interpretation of some aspect of the motion capture illusion.< >

关键词： Adaptive optics Image motion analysis Optical computing Neurons Velocity measurement Computer networks computational modeling Area measurement Fluid flow measurement Motion measurement

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Viewpoints: Approaches to defining and investigating fear

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NATURE NEUROSCIENCE 2019年第8期22卷 1205-1216页

作者： Mobbs, Dean Adolphs, Ralph Fanselow, Michael S. Barrett, Lisa Feldman LeDoux, Joseph E. Ressler, Kerry Tye, Kay M. Department of Humanities and Social Sciences and Computation and Neural Systems Program California Institute of Technology Pasadena California USA Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences University of California Los Angeles Los Angeles California USA Department of Psychology Northeastern University Boston Massachusetts USA Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging and Department of Psychiatry Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School Boston Massachusetts USA Center for Neural Science New York University New York New York USA Nathan Kline Institute New York State Office of Mental Health New York New York USA Departments of Psychiatry and Child and Adolescent Psychiatry NYU Langone Medical School New York New York USA Division of Depression & Anxiety Disorders McLean Hospital Belmont Massachusetts USA Department of Psychiatry at Harvard Medical School Boston Massachusetts USA Salk Institute for Biological Studies La Jolla California USA

There is disagreement on how best to define and investigate fear. Nature Neuroscience asked Dean Mobbs to lead experts from the fields of human and animal affective neuroscience to discuss their viewpoints on how to d... 详细信息

关键词： Amygdala Psychology

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A slice of the brain

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Science (New York, N.Y.) 1992年第5045期255卷 741-2页

作者： C Koch Computation and Neural Systems Program California Institute of Technology Pasadena CA 91125

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Sleeping and dreaming

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Science (New York, N.Y.) 1991年第4991期251卷 326-7页

作者： C Koch Computation and Neural Systems Program California Institute of Technology Pasadena CA 91125

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Diversity and Suitability of the State-of-the-Art Wearable and Wireless EEG systems Review

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IEEE Journal of Biomedical and Health Informatics 2023年第8期27卷 3830-3843页

作者： He, Congying Chen, Yu-Yi Phang, Chun-Ren Stevenson, Cory Chen, I-Ping Jung, Tzyy-Ping Ko, Li-Wei Institute of Bioinformatics and Systems Biology National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University Hsinchu30010 Taiwan Institute of Applied Arts National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University Hsinchu30010 Taiwan International Ph.D. Program in Interdisciplinary Neuroscience National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University Hsinchu30010 Taiwan Institute for Neural Computation and Institute of Engineering in Medicine University of California San DiegoCA90093 United States National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University Hsinchu30010 Taiwan Institute of Electrical and Control Engineering Department of Electronics and Electrical Engineering Department of Biological Science and Technology National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University Hsinchu30010 Taiwan Department of Biomedical Science and Environment Biology Drug Development and Value Creation Research Center Kaohsiung Medical University Kaohsiung80708 Taiwan

Wireless electroencephalography (EEG) systems have been attracting increasing attention in recent times. Both the number of articles discussing wireless EEG and their proportion relative to general EEG publications have increased over years. These trends indicate that wireless EEG systems could be more accessible to researchers and the research community has recognized the potential of wireless EEG systems. To explore the development and diverse applications of wireless EEG systems, this review highlights the trends in wearable and wireless EEG systems over the past decade and compares the specifications and research applications of the major wireless systems marketed by 16 companies. For each product, five parameters (number of channels, sampling rate, cost, battery life, and resolution) were assessed for comparison. Currently, these wearable and portable wireless EEG systems have three main application areas: consumer, clinical, and research. To address this multitude of options, the article also discussed the thought process to find a suitable device that meets personalization and use cases specificities. These investigations suggest that low-price and convenience are key factors for consumer applications, wireless EEG systems with FDA or CE-certification may be more suitable for clinical settings, and devices that provide raw EEG data with high-density channels are important for laboratory research. This article presents an overview of the current state of the wireless EEG systems specifications and possible applications and serves as a guide point as it is expected that more influential and novel research will cyclically promote the development of such EEG systems. © 2023 IEEE.

关键词： Electroencephalography

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