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A 13.56-MHz CMOS Active-Rectifier WPT with Dynamically Controllable Comparator for IMDs

A 13.56-MHz CMOS Active-Rectifier WPT with Dynamically Contr...

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IEEE Latin American Symposium on Circuits and Systems (LASCAS)

作者： Cláudio Ernani da Costa Pedroso Paulo César C. de Aguirre Natalia B. Chagas Alessandro G. Girardi Computer Architecture and Microelectronics Group - GAMA Universidade Federal do Pampa Alegrete Brazil

ISBN: (数字)9798331522124

ISBN: (纸本)9798331522131

This paper presents the design of a 13.56 MHz active full-wave integrated rectifier for wireless powered implantable medical devices. The four diodes of a conventional passive rectifier are replaced by two cross-coupled PMOS transistors and two comparator-controlled NMOS switches to reduce the voltage drops of the diodes, so that the voltage conversion ratio and power conversion efficiency are improved. The proposed design also focuses on reducing the reverse current in the switches. It was simulated in a standard 65-nm CMOS process with an ideal AC input of 1.2 V and presented a maximum power conversion efficiency of 84% and a maximum output power of 590 $\mu \mathbf{W}$ at a nominal output voltage of 1.1 V.

关键词： Wireless communication Performance evaluation Medical devices Rectifiers Voltage Wireless power transfer Power conversion Voltage control Power generation Standards

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IoT Sensor Node with Edge Computing for Efficient Vibration Monitoring of Industrial Motors

IoT Sensor Node with Edge Computing for Efficient Vibration ...

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IEEE Latin American Symposium on Circuits and Systems (LASCAS)

作者： Marcelo Romanssini Paulo César C. de Aguirre Alessandro G. Girardi Computer Architecture and Microelectronics Group - GAMA Federal University of Pampa - UNIPAMPA Alegrete Rio Grande do Sul Brazil

ISBN: (数字)9798331522124

ISBN: (纸本)9798331522131

Rotating machines, such as motors and pumps, are of crucial importance for industrial operations, but are prone to failure due to their increasing complexity. Condition-based monitoring and early fault diagnosis, especially through vibration analysis, are essential to avoid costly downtime. Although cloud computing is widely used for machine condition monitoring, it can be inefficient due to the high data transfer and resource requirements. Edge computing offers a solution by processing the data locally on the devices, reducing latency, bandwidth usage and energy consumption. This paper presents an IoT sensor node for vibration monitoring of electric motors and compares the efficiency of local feature extraction (edge processing) with transmitting raw data to a server and remote feature extraction (cloud processing). We show that local feature extraction leads to 65.7% lower energy consumption and 37% faster execution time than cloud processing.

关键词： Vibrations Cloud computing Energy consumption Power demand Rotating machines Feature extraction Servers Monitoring Edge computing Electric motors

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A LUT-Based Calibration Approach of the ESP32 ADC for a Power Quality Analyzer

A LUT-Based Calibration Approach of the ESP32 ADC for a Powe...

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IEEE Latin American Symposium on Circuits and Systems (LASCAS)

作者： Kélton da Rosa Severo José Wagner M. Kaehler Crístian Müller Alessandro G. Girardi Natalia Braun Chagas Paulo César C. de Aguirre Integrated Exploration of Energetic Resources - EIRE Computer Architecture and Microelectronics Group - GAMA Federal University of Pampa - UNIPAMPA Alegrete Rio Grande do Sul Brazil

ISBN: (数字)9798331522124

ISBN: (纸本)9798331522131

Low-cost electronic circuits for Internet-of-Things (IoT) applications are based on system-on-chips (SoCs) with wireless connectivity. Among them, the ESP32 is a well-known microcontroller family adopted by a wide developer community. This SoC is selected in this work to implement a wireless remote power meter for energy quality analysis. The ESP32 provides a 12-bit analog-to-digital converter (ADC), but its performance is not suitable for precision applications. In this work, an offline ADC calibration is performed and the correction codes are stored in the ESP32 internal memory to optimize the analog-to-digital conversion to meet high-precision energy quality measurement standards. The results before and after calibration are shown to verify the effects of ADC linearity especially when measuring total harmonic distortion. We demonstrate that the ADC nonlinearity distorts the signal and introduce odd harmonic components that affect the reliability of the measured values, especially at the end of the scale. The look-up table based correction method can mitigate these effects and allows the use of a low-cost ADC with poor linearity in high-precision applications.

关键词： Wireless communication Meters Total harmonic distortion Linearity Calibration Table lookup System-on-chip Power system reliability Reliability Analog-digital conversion

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Design of a Low-Noise Signal Conditioning Circuit for Analog MEMS Accelerometers 7

Design of a Low-Noise Signal Conditioning Circuit for Analog...

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7th International Symposium on Instrumentation Systems, Circuits and Transducers, INSCIT 2023

作者： Romanssini, Marcelo Compassi-Severo, Lucas De Aguirre, Paulo Cesar C. Girardi, Alessandro G. Federal University of Pampa - Unipampa Computer Architecture and Microelectronics Group - Gama RS Alegrete Brazil

ISBN: (纸本)9798350326512

Vibration analysis in electrical machines is a widely used practice for fault identification. The most used sensor for this application is the piezoelectric accelerometer. With the advances in technology, microelectromechanical system (MEMS) accelerometers are finding use in applications traditionally dominated by piezoelectric accelerometers. However, the improvement of technology and accuracy of the sensor is useless if the signal conditioning circuit is poorly dimensioned. This paper describes the design of a low-noise signal conditioning circuit for acquiring acceleration signal provided by a MEMS accelerometer. The circuit is basically composed of a gain block implemented with an operational amplifier and a 16-bit low-noise analog-to-digital converter (ADC). After sized, the circuit was validated in an electrical simulation environment. The achieved total noise at the input of the ADC was 3.29 μVRMS for the range of 10 kHz, which is adequate for vibration measurement application in electrical machines. © 2023 IEEE.

关键词： Signal conditioning circuits

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A Fast Cold-Start Integrated System for Ultra-Low Voltage SC Energy-Harvesting Circuits

A Fast Cold-Start Integrated System for Ultra-Low Voltage SC...

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IEEE Latin American Symposium on Circuits and Systems (LASCAS)

作者： Luis Felipe Machado Dutra Paulo Cesar C. De Aguirre Alessandro G. Girardi Lucas Compassi-Severo Computer Architecture and Microelectronics Group - GAMA Federal University of Pampa - UNIPAMPA Alegrete Brazil

Energy-harvesting circuits are promising candidates to enable ultra low power Internet-of-Things devices. In the case of solar-powered circuits, they suffer from output voltage variations due to unstable incident light intensity. Those circuits require power management circuitry to supply a stable voltage to the main circuit despite the light-source variations. Self-starting the power management circuit from an ultra low-voltage (ULV) source is a challenging task, and this work introduces the design of a cold-start integrated system based on a ring-oscillator, clock-boosting techniques and a charge pump for use in an energy harvesting DC-DC converter for ULV applications. The cold-start circuit must provide a 650 mV, 10 µW signal to drive the main converter. It is designed in 180-nm CMOS technology and requires a minimum start-up voltage of 195.79 mV, providing a start-up time of 30.7 µs.

关键词： Low voltage Charge pumps Circuits and systems Power system management Photovoltaic cells Voltage DC-DC power converters

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Design of a Low-Noise Signal Conditioning Circuit for Analog MEMS Accelerometers

Design of a Low-Noise Signal Conditioning Circuit for Analog...

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International Symposium on Instrumentation Systems, Circuits and Transducers (INSCIT)

作者： Marcelo Romanssini Lucas Compassi-Severo Paulo César C. de Aguirre Alessandro G. Girardi Computer Architecture and Microelectronics Group - GAMA Federal University of Pampa – UNIPAMPA Alegrete RS Brazil

Vibration analysis in electrical machines is a widely used practice for fault identification. The most used sensor for this application is the piezoelectric accelerometer. With the advances in technology, microelectromechanical system (MEMS) accelerometers are finding use in applications traditionally dominated by piezoelectric accelerometers. However, the improvement of technology and accuracy of the sensor is useless if the signal conditioning circuit is poorly dimensioned. This paper describes the design of a low-noise signal conditioning circuit for acquiring acceleration signal provided by a MEMS accelerometer. The circuit is basically composed of a gain block implemented with an operational amplifier and a 16-bit low-noise analog-to-digital converter (ADC). After sized, the circuit was validated in an electrical simulation environment. The achieved total noise at the input of the ADC was 3.29 µV RMS for the range of 10 kHz, which is adequate for vibration measurement application in electrical machines.

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A Low-Power 10-Bit VCM-Based SAR ADC with 15.4-fJ/conv in 65-NM CMOS

A Low-Power 10-Bit VCM-Based SAR ADC with 15.4-fJ/conv in 65...

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Argentine Conference on Electronics (CAE)

作者： Matheus B. S. Carvalho Tawan Chrysther dos Santos Renan D. P. de Oliveira Alessandro G. Girardi Paulo César C. de Aguirre Computer Architecture and Microelectronics Group - GAMA Federal University of Pampa (UNIPAMPA) Alegrete RS Brasil

SAR ADC is a type of analog-to-digital converter that uses the successive approximation method to convert analog signals into a digital signal representation. Among them, there are those based on the Voltage Common Mode (VCM-Based) method. These ADCs are the most commonly used both in literature and in the industrial sector due to their greater balance between resolution and conversion speed. Furthermore, they are widely used in a variety of electronic applications, such as communication systems, sensors and measurement instruments. Based on this, this work presents a 10-bit VCM-Based SAR ADC implemented with a capacitive digital-analog converter (CDAC) and sampling using the bootstrapping technique. The VCM-Based SAR ADC developed in this work was designed in a 65-nm CMOS process with a supply voltage of 1.2- V and initially operating at 7.6923 MS/s. The ADC achieves an SNR of 57.66 dB and consumes a total power of $75.71 ^{\mu \mathrm{W}}$ “, resulting in an Effective Number of Bits (ENOB) equal to 9.28-bit and a Figure of Merit (FOM) of 15.83 fJ/conv.

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Voltage Coefficient of Resistance Effect in the Harmonic Distortion of Active-RC Continuous-Time Sigma-Delta Modulators

Voltage Coefficient of Resistance Effect in the Harmonic Dis...

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Symposium on Integrated Circuits and Systems Design (SBCCI)

作者： Tawan Chrysther Dos Santos Alessandro G. Girardi Paulo César C. De Aguirre Computer Architecture and Microelectronics Group – GAMA Federal University of Pampa - UNIPAMPA Alegrete RS Brazil

ISBN: (数字)9798350391695

ISBN: (纸本)9798350391701

Continuous-time sigma-delta modulators (CT-SDM) are used in many high-resolution applications, mostly in the audio band. The loop-filter of these modulators are usually realized with active-RC integrators, as these have a higher linearity compared to Gm-C integrators. In a thermal-noise limited design, the input resistors determine the signal-to-noise ratio of the CT-SDM. To minimize the silicon area, these resistors are typically implemented with high-resistivity polysilicon resistors. However, the effect of the voltage coefficient of resistance affects the integration current, resulting in harmonic distortion and a reduction in circuit performance. This paper addresses this effect by showing, at a schematic level, the effects of input resistance variation on the harmonic distortion of sigma-delta modulators. We demonstrate that a strategy to mitigate this effect for modulators with medium to high input voltage is to increase the silicon area of the input resistor.

关键词： Resistors Resistance Sigma-delta modulation Circuit optimization Thermal resistance Modulation Voltage Silicon Harmonic distortion System analysis and design

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Evaluation and Comparison of Offset Compensation Techniques for a Multi-Stage Comparator

Evaluation and Comparison of Offset Compensation Techniques ...

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Symposium on Integrated Circuits and Systems Design (SBCCI)

作者： Beatriz E. H. Rezende João L. J. Brum Martina C. Rodrigues Lucas Compassi-Severo Alessandro G. Girardi William Prodanov Paulo C. C. De Aguirre Computer Architecture and Microelectronics Group - GAMA Federal University of Pampa - UNIPAMPA Alegrete Brazil Chipus Microelectronics Florianópolis Brazil

This paper presents the analysis and modeling of a low-offset multi-stage comparator applied for a high-resolution successive-approximation-register (SAR) analog-to-digital converter (ADC). The comparator is based on three preamplifiers that scale down the voltage from 5 V to 1.5 V. Techniques for compensating the input-referred offset are analysed using pream-plifier macromodel and posterior electrical implementation. The circuit, designed in 130 nm BCD technology, achieves a 95 % offset voltage reduction using output offset storage compensation in the first two preamplifiers, when compared to the comparator implemented with no compensation scheme.

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A 0.5-V 10-bit Asynchronous SAR ADC with Monotonic Switching for Biomedical Applications

A 0.5-V 10-bit Asynchronous SAR ADC with Monotonic Switching...

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Argentine Conference on Electronics (CAE)

作者： Martina C. Rodrigues João Lucas J. Brum Alessandro G. Girardi Lucas C. Severo Paulo César C. de Aguirre Computer Architecture and Microelectronics Group - GAMA Federal University of Pampa - UNIPAMPA Alegrete Rio Grande do Sul Brasil

In recent years, it is possible to observe a quickly adoption and daily use of wearable electronic devices such as smart watches and bracelets. Such devices have dedicated systems for monitoring biological signals, such as heartbeat and blood oxidation, and some of these devices already have the ability to provide measurements of electrocardiogram (ECG) and blood pressure signals. Additionally, these devices also feature wireless connection via Bluetooth orWi-Fi communication protocols. Both modern instrumentation and communication systems require the digitization of analog signals by means of analog-to-digital convertes (ADCs) for further digital signal processing. This work presents the design of a Successive Approximation Register (SAR) ADC for low voltage applications with 10 bits and 5 kSPS in asynchronous operating mode. The ADC is designed in 180-nm CMOS technology and operates at a nominal supply voltage of 0.5 V. Schematic-level simulations indicate that the ADC reaches a signal-to-noise-to-distortion (SNDR) ratio of 61.36 dB, leading to an effective number of bits (ENOB) of 9.90 bits. The spurious-free dynamic range (SFDR) is 73.19 dB, and the total power consumption of the ADC is 1.43 μW.

关键词： Wireless communication Semiconductor device modeling Protocols Power demand Wearable computers Switches Oxidation

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