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Divertor shaping with neutral baffling as a solution to the tokamak power exhaust challenge

Communications Physics 2025年第1期8卷 1-15页

作者： Verhaegh, Kevin Harrison, James Moulton, David Lipschultz, Bruce Lonigro, Nicola Osborne, Nick Ryan, Peter Theiler, Christian Wijkamp, Tijs Brida, Dominik Cowley, Cyd Derks, Gijs Doyle, Rhys Federici, Fabio Kool, Bob Février, Olivier Hakola, Antti Henderson, Stuart Reimerdes, Holger Thornton, Andrew Vianello, Nicola Wischmeier, Marco Xiang, Lingyan Zychor, I. Zurita, M. Zuin, M. Zou, X. Zotta, V.K. Zohar, A. Zlobinski, M. Zimmermann, B. Zestanakis, P. Zerbini, M. Zebrowski, J. Zayachuk, Y. Zarzoso, D. Zanca, P. Zakharov, L. Zadvitskiy, G. Zaar, B. Yi, R. Yanovskiy, V. Yang, H. Yakovenko, Y. Yadykin, D. Xu, S. Xiang, L. Wyss, I. Wuethrich, C. Wojenski, A. Wischmeier, M. Wilson, T. Willensdorfer, M. Wijkamp, T. Wiesenberger, M. Wiesen, S. Widdowson, A. Weston, D. Wendler, N. Weisen, H. Weiland, M. Wauters, T. Wang, E. Wade, C. Vuoriheimo, T. Vu, N.M.T. Vondracek, P. Voldiner, I. Voitsekhovitch, I. Vogel, G. Vlad, M.O. Vincenzi, P. Vincent, B. Villone, F. Vignitchouk, L. Viezzer, E. Vicente, J. Vianello, N. Verona Rinati, G. Vermare, L. Verhaegh, K. Verdoolaege, G. Verdier, T. Veranda, M. Velarde Gallardo, L. Vecsei, M. Vartanian, S. Varje, J. Valera Rodriguez, J. Vanovac, B. Vann, R. van Rossem, M. Van Mulders, S. Van Eester, D. van Berkel, M. Valvis, S.I. Valovic, M. Vallar, M. Valisa, M. Valentini, A. Valcarcel, D.F. Usoltseva, M. Ugoletti, M. Tykhyy, A. Tsui, C. Tsitrone, E. Tsironis, C. Toscano Jiménez, M. Tookey, A. Tonello, E. Tomes, M. Tomasina, E. Tolias, P. Titarenko, A. Tierens, W. Tichit, Q. Thrysoe, A. Thornton, A. Thoren, E. Thomas, B. Tholerus, E. Theiler, C. Testa, D. Terranova, D. Terra, A. Tenaglia, A. Telesca, G. Taylor, D. Tardocchi, M. Tardini, G. Tamain, P. Tala, T. Tal, B. Szepesi, G. Szepesi, T. Svoboda, J. Suttrop, W. Sun, H.J. Sun, G.Y. Subba, F. Stuart, C.I. Strand, P. Stober, J. Stankunas, G. Stancar, Z. Stagni, A. Srinivasan, C. Spolladore, L. Spolaore, M. Spizzo, G. Spineanu, F. United Kingdom Atomic Energy Authority Culham United Kingdom Eindhoven University of Technology Eindhoven Netherlands York Plasma Institute University of York York United Kingdom University of Liverpool Liverpool United Kingdom Swiss Plasma Centre École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne Lausanne Switzerland Dutch Institute for Fundamental Energy Research DIFFER Eindhoven Netherlands Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics Garching Germany Dublin City University Dublin Ireland Oak Ridge National Laboratory Oak RidgeTN United States VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Espoo Finland Consorzio RFX Padova Italy Institute of Plasma Physics of the CAS Prague 8 Czech Republic Graz University of Technology Graz Austria Aalto University Aalto Finland Institute for Plasma Science & Technology CNR Milan Italy Dept. of Applied Physics Ghent University Ghent Belgium Italy National Technical University of Athens Zografou Greece Dept. of Physics & Astronomy Uppsala University Uppsala Sweden Aix-Marseille Univ. CNRS PIIM UMR 7345 Marseille France Consorzio CREATE Naples Italy Aix-Marseille Univ. CNRS PIIM F-13397 Marseille France IRFM-CEA Centre de Cadarache St-Paul-lez-Durance France Centre for Energy Research Budapest Hungary University of Milano-Bicocca Milan Italy Universidad de Sevilla Seville Spain Dept. of Electrical & Electronic Engineering University of Cagliari Cagliari Italy Laboratorio Nacional de Fusión CIEMAT Madrid Spain Electromagnetic Engineering & Fusion Science KTH Royal Institute of Technology Stockholm Sweden Politecnico di Torino Turin Italy Dip. di Ing. Elettrica Elettronica e Informatica Univ. di Catania Catania Italy Barcelona Supercomputing Center Barcelona Spain Institut Jean Lamour CNRS-Univ. de Lorraine Vandoeuvre-lés-Nancy France Institute of Nuclear Physics Kraków Poland Forschungszentrum Jülich IEK-4 Plasmaphysik Jülich Germany Faculty of Math. & Natural Sciences Heinrich Heine Univ. Düsseldorf Düsseldor

Exhausting power from the hot fusion core to the plasma-facing components is one fusion energy’s biggest challenges. The MAST Upgrade tokamak uniquely integrates strong containment of neutrals within the exhaust area (divertor) with extreme divertor shaping capability. By systematically altering the divertor shape, this study shows the strongest evidence to date to our knowledge that long-legged divertors with a high magnetic field gradient (total flux expansion) deliver key power exhaust benefits without adversely impacting the hot fusion core. These benefits are already achieved with relatively modest geometry adjustments that are more feasible to integrate in reactor designs. Benefits include reduced target heat loads and improved access to, and stability of, a neutral gas buffer that ‘shields’ the target and enhances power exhaust (detachment). Analysis and model comparisons shows these benefits are obtained by combining multiple shaping aspects: long-legged divertors have expanded plasma-neutral interaction volume that drive reductions in particle and power loads, while total flux expansion enhances detachment access and stability. Containing the neutrals in the exhaust area with physical structures further augments these shaping benefits. These results demonstrate strategic variation in the divertor geometry and magnetic topology is a potential solution to one of fusion’s power exhaust challenge. (Figure presented.) © The Author(s) 2025.

关键词： Fusion reactor divertors

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Toward opportunistic services for the industrial Internet of Things

Toward opportunistic services for the industrial Internet of...

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IEEE International Conference on Automation Science and engineering (CASE)

作者： Giancarlo Fortino Claudio Savaglio Mengchu Zhou Dept. of Informatics Modelling Electronics and Systems (DIMES) University of Calabria Rende CS Italy Dept. of Electrical and Computer Engineering New Jersey Institute of Technology Newark NJ USA

Services are expected to represent the real drivers for all Internet of Things (IoT) application scenarios, including Industrial IoT (IIoT). Indeed, rather than focusing only on products, enterprises are now investing on product-service hybrids to improve operational efficiency, boost productivity and, most importantly, build new markets, hence diversifying their revenues. In this direction, IoT service modeling is a crucial activity requiring a multi-facet in-depth examination. In this paper, we first discuss the importance of IoT services by eliciting related benefits and challenges. Then, we tackle service modeling from both a developer-oriented (comprising highlevel descriptive metamodels and ontologies) and an enterprise-oriented (comprising operational models subject to formal verification and execution, such as extensions of the conventional Business Process Models, Petri Nets and WorkFlows) perspective, providing a conceptual mapping between these two complementary approaches. The proposed new paradigm of “Opportunistic IoT Service” extends the available models by explicitly considering essential features for service provision, i.e., dynamicity, context-awareness, co-location and transience.

关键词： Business Computational modeling Context modeling Analytical models Biological system modeling Ontologies Sensors

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Experimental demonstration of high-rate measurement-device-independent quantum key distribution over asymmetric channels

arXiv

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arXiv 2018年

作者： Liu, Hui Wang, Wenyuan Wei, Kejin Fang, Xiao-Tian Li, Li Liu, Nai-Le Liang, Hao Zhang, Si-Jie Zhang, Weijun Li, Hao You, Lixing Wang, Zhen Lo, Hoi-Kwong Chen, Teng-Yun Xu, Feihu Pan, Jian-Wei Shanghai Branch Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale Department of Modern Physics University of Science and Technology of China Shanghai201315 China CAS Center for Excellence Synergetic Innovation Center in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics University of Science and Technology of China Shanghai201315 China Dept. of Electrical & Computer Engineering Dept. of Physics University of Toronto TorontoONM5S 3G4 Canada State Key Laboratory of Functional Materials for Informatics Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology Chinese Academy of Sciences Shanghai200050 China

Measurement-device-independent quantum key distribution (MDI-QKD) can eliminate all detector side channels and it is practical with current technology. Previous implementations of MDI-QKD all use two symmetric channels with similar losses. However, the secret key rate is severely limited when different channels have different losses. Here we report the results of the first high-rate MDI-QKD experiment over asymmetric channels. By using the recent 7-intensity optimization approach, we demonstrate >10x higher key rate than previous best-known protocols for MDI-QKD in the situation of large channel asymmetry, and extend the secure transmission distance by more than 20-50 km in standard telecom fiber. The results have moved MDI-QKD towards widespread applications in practical network settings, where the channel losses are asymmetric and user nodes could be dynamically added or deleted. Copyright © 2018, The Authors. All rights reserved.

关键词： Quantum cryptography

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Combining Scala with C++ for efficient scientific computation in the context of ScalaLab

Combining Scala with C++ for efficient scientific computatio...

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World Congress on engineering 2016, WCE 2016

作者： Papadimitriou, Stergios Moussiades, Lefteris Technology Education Institute of East Macedonia and Thraki Dept of Informatics and Computer Engineering Agios Loukas Kavala65404 Greece

ISBN: (纸本)9789881925305

ScalaLab is a MATLAB-like environment for the Java Virtual Machine (JVM). ScalaLab is based on the Scala programming language. It utilizes an extensive set of Java and Scala scientific libraries and also has access to many native C/C++ scientific libraries by using mainly the Java Native Interface (JNI). The performance of the JVM platform is continuously improved at a fast pace. Today JVM can effectively support demanding high-performance computing and scales well on multicore platforms. However, sometimes optimized native C/C++ code can yield even better performance. That code can exploit the peculiarities of the hardware architecture and of special parallel hardware, as for example Graphical Processing Units. The present work reports some of the experience that we gained with experiments with both JITed JVM code and native code. We compare some aspects of Scala and C++ that concern the requirements of scientific computing. The article describes how ScalaLab tries to combine the best features of the Java Virtual Machine with those of the C/C++ technology, in order to implement an effective scientific computing environment.

关键词： MATLAB

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A comparative evaluation of core kernel features of the recent Linux, FreeBSD, solaris and windows operating systems

A comparative evaluation of core kernel features of the rece...

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World Congress on engineering 2016, WCE 2016

作者： Papadimitriou, Stergios Moussiades, Lefteris Technology Education Institute of East Macedonia and Thraki Dept of Informatics and Computer Engineering Agios Loukas Kavala65404 Greece

ISBN: (纸本)9789881925305

The paper compares core kernel architecture and functionality of four modern operating systems. The subsystems examined are process/thread architecture, scheduling and interrupt handling. Linux, Solaris and FreeBSD have a lot of similarities, owning Unix roots, but also have some notable differences. However, Windows is significantly different, being a radical non-Unix design. The paper compares some aspects of the Unix-like approaches of Linux/Solaris/FreeBSD with Windows, emphasizing the consequences of their different design decisions, and presents some comparative performance results, using Java benchmarks.

关键词： Linux

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Comparison of point to point and MBSFN transmissions in next generation mobile networks 14

Comparison of point to point and MBSFN transmissions in next...

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14th ACM International Symposium on Mobility Management and Wireless Access, MobiWac 2016

作者： Bouras, Christos Kanakis, Nikos Kokkinos, Vasileios Papachristos, Nikolaos Vouyioukas, Demosthenes Computer Technology Institute and Press Diophantus Patras Greece Computer Engineering and Informatics Dept. Univ. of Patras Greece Dept. of Information and Communication System Engineering Univ. of Aegean Greece

ISBN: (纸本)9781450345033

Multicast/Broadcast Multicast Service over Single Frequency Network (MBSFN) technology has introduced advanced broadcast capabilities to cellular systems. In Long Term Evolution Advanced (LTE-A) systems, MBSFN transmission accommodates multicast groups in search of the same data. In this paper we compare the traditional Point-to-Point (PTP) communication with the MBSFN services through simulation experiments for various femtocell distributions and network configurations. The comparison takes into account the average throughput, overhead cost, energy consumption and capacity gain, concluding that MBSFN through multicast transmission may guarantee performance improvement even for users in the cell boundaries. © 2016 ACM.

关键词： Wireless networks

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Service overlay forest embedding for software-defined cloud networks

arXiv

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arXiv 2017年

作者： Kuo, Jian-Jhih Shen, Shan-Hsiang Yang, Ming-Hong Yang, De-Nian Tsai, Ming-Jer Chen, Wen-Tsuen Inst. of Information Science Academia Sinica Taipei Taiwan Dept. of Computer Science and Information Engineering National Taiwan University of Science and Technology Taipei Taiwan Dept. of Computer Science and Engineering University of Minnesota MinneapolisMN United States Dept. of Computer Science National Tsing Hua University Hsinchu Taiwan

Network Function Virtualization (NFV) on Software-Defined Networks (SDN) can effectively optimize the allocation of Virtual Network Functions (VNFs) and the routing of network flows simultaneously. Nevertheless, most previous studies on NFV focus on unicast service chains and thereby are not scalable to support a large number of destinations in multicast. On the other hand, the allocation of VNFs has not been supported in the current SDN multicast routing algorithms. In this paper, therefore, we make the first attempt to tackle a new challenging problem for finding a service forest with multiple service trees, where each tree contains multiple VNFs required by each destination. Specifically, we formulate a new optimization, named Service Overlay Forest (SOF), to minimize the total cost of all allocated VNFs and all multicast trees in the forest. We design a new 3ρST-approximation algorithm to solve the problem, where ρSTdenotes the best approximation ratio of the Steiner Tree problem, and the distributed implementation of the algorithm is also presented. Simulation results on real networks for data centers manifest that the proposed algorithm outperforms the existing ones by over 25%. Moreover, the implementation of an experimental SDN with HP OpenFlow switches indicates that SOF can significantly improve the QoE of the Youtube service. Copyright © 2017, The Authors. All rights reserved.

关键词： Network function virtualization

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Rate-distortion trade-offs in acquisition of signal parameters

Rate-distortion trade-offs in acquisition of signal paramete...

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IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing

作者： Miguel R. D. Rodrigues Nikos Deligiannis Lifeng Lai Yonina C. Eldar Dept. Electronic and Electrical Engineering University College London United Kingdom Dept. Electronics and Informatics Vrije Universiteit Brussel Belgium Dept. Electrical and Computer Engineering University of California Davis USA Dept. Electrical Engineering Technion - Israel Institute of Technology Israel

ISBN: (纸本)9781509041183

We consider problems where one wishes to represent a parameter associated with a signal source - subject to a certain rate and distortion - based on the observation of a number of realizations of the source signal. By reducing these indirect vector quantization problems to a standard vector quantization one, we provide a bound to the fundamental interplay between the rate and distortion in the large-rate setting. We specialize this characterization to two particular quantization scenarios: i) the representation of the mean of a multivariate Gaussian source;and ii) the representation of the eigen-spectrum of a multivariate Gaussian source. Numerical results compare our quantization approach to an approach where one recovers the parameters from the representation of the source signals itself: in addition to revealing that the characterization is sharp in the large-rate setting, the results also show that our approach offers considerable gains.

关键词： Signal Acquisition Signal Parameters Acquisition Rate-Distortion Vector Quantization Rate distortion Vector quantization signal acquisition signal parameter signal sources distortion

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A fast and simple algorithm for computing approximate euclidean minimum spanning trees 27

A fast and simple algorithm for computing approximate euclid...

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27th Annual ACM-SIAM Symposium on Discrete Algorithms, SODA 2016

作者： Arya, Sunil Mount, David M. Dept. of Computer Science and Engineering Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Hong Kong Dept. of Computer Science Inst for Advanced Computer Studies University of Maryland United States

ISBN: (纸本)9781510819672

The Euclidean minimum spanning tree (EMST) is a fundamental and widely studied structure. In the approximate version we are given an n-element point set P in Rd and an error parameter ϵ > 0, and the objective is to compute a spanning tree over P whose weight is at most (1 + ϵ) times that of the true minimum spanning tree. Assuming that d is a fixed constant, existing algorithms have running times that (up to logarithmic factors) grow as 0(n/ϵnω(d). We present an algorithm whose running time is 0(nlogn+(ϵ-2 log21/ϵ)n). Thus, this is the first algorithm for approximate EMSTs that eliminates the exponential s dependence on dimension. (Note that the O-notation conceals a constant factor of the form 0(l)d.) The algorithm is deterministic and very simple. © Copyright (2016) by SIAM: Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics.

关键词： Approximation algorithms

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Online multicast traffic engineering for software-defined networks

arXiv

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arXiv 2017年

作者： Chiang, Sheng-Hao Kuo, Jian-Jhih Shen, Shan-Hsiang Yang, De-Nian Chen, Wen-Tsuen Inst. of Information Science Academia Sinica Taipei Taiwan Dept. of Computer Science & Information Engineering National Taiwan University of Science & Technology Taipei Taiwan Dept. of Computer Science National Tsing Hua University Hsinchu Taiwan

Previous research on SDN traffic engineering mostly focuses on static traffic, whereas dynamic traffic, though more practical, has drawn much less attention. Especially, online SDN multicast that supports IETF dynamic group membership (i.e., any user can join or leave at any time) has not been explored. Different from traditional shortest-path trees (SPT) and graph theoretical Steiner trees (ST), which concentrate on routing one tree at any instant, online SDN multicast traffic engineering is more challenging because it needs to support dynamic group membership and optimize a sequence of correlated trees without the knowledge of future join and leave, whereas the scalability of SDN due to limited TCAM is also crucial. In this paper, therefore, we formulate a new optimization problem, named Online Branch-aware Steiner Tree (OBST), to jointly consider the bandwidth consumption, SDN multicast scalability, and rerouting overhead. We prove that OBST is NP-hard and does not have a |Dmax|1−Ε-competitive algorithm for any Ε > 0, where |Dmax| is the largest group size at any time. We design a |Dmax|competitive algorithm equipped with the notion of the budget, the deposit, and Reference Tree to achieve the tightest bound. The simulations and implementation on real SDNs with YouTube traffic manifest that the total cost can be reduced by at least 25% compared with SPT and ST, and the computation time is small for massive SDN. Copyright © 2017, The Authors. All rights reserved.

关键词： Software defined networking

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