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Well-Behaved Applications Allow for More Efficient Scheduling

IFAC Proceedings Volumes 1999年第1期32卷 141-146页

作者： H.O. Trutmann Computer Engineering and Networks Laboratory TIK Swiss Federal Institute of Technology ETH CH-8092 Zurich Switzerland

Current trends in embedded applications aim towards implementations with sets of interoperating tasks and elaborate scheduling schemes. The quest for flexibility and universal applicability results in higher resource demands and reduced predictability. If the functional and connection problems are handled separately with the aid of appropriate tools, subsequent code generators can convert design specific issues, such as parallel structures in the functional part and the various periodicities in the connection part to linear and deterministic pieces of code. Such implementations do away with complicated run-time scheduling, make better use of the available resources and can be analyzed exhaustively before installation on a target.

关键词： Embedded Systems Specifications Scheduling Code Generation

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WDM optical IP tag switching with packet-rate wavelength conversion and subcarrier multiplexed addressing

WDM optical IP tag switching with packet-rate wavelength con...

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1999 Optical Fiber Communication Conference and the International Conference on Integrated Optics and Optical Fiber Communication, OFC/IOOC 1999

作者： Blumenthal, D.J. Carena, A. Rau, L. Curri, V. Humphries, S. Optical Communications and Photonic Networks Laboratory Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering University of California Santa BarbaraCA93106 United States Dipartimento di Elettronica Politecnico di Torino Torino Italy

ISBN: (纸本)155752582X

We believe we have demonstrated for the first time wavelength-division multiplexing (WDM) all-optical IP tag switching with wavelength conversion and subcarrier multiplexed addressing. Switching over four wavelengths covering 16 nm was demonstrated with noninverting wavelength conversion of 2.5 Gbps payloads and burst mode recovery of tag/headers. © 1999 IEEE.

关键词： Packet switching

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Arrow: A flexible architecture for an accounting and charging infrastructure in the Next Generation Internet

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NETNOMICS 1999年第2期1卷 201-223页

作者： Fankhauser, George Stiller, Burkhard Plattner, Bernhard Computer Engineering and Networks Laboratory TIK Swiss Federal Institute of Technology ETH Zürich Zürich Switzerland

Current pricing and charging methods for the Internet are not based on actual usage of this service, which leads to unfairness and more important, it does not deliver the right signals through financial incentives to network providers to upgrade critical links of their networks. The development of new multimedia applications and the convergence to an integrated services network will foster the tremendous growth of the Internet even more. With the Next Generation Internet not only technical services like bandwidth reservation will be introduced, but also new applications will emerge within the Internet. Charging the Internet in a fashion that provides feedback to users and providers has been proposed since the early '90s, however, only a few implementations and real-world examples are known today. This is due to subsidizing the Internet in its early stages and due to a technical development that did not care much about charging. With the recent redesign of the Internet protocol suite and discussions on multiple service classes in the Internet, architectures for charging and accounting have to be revisited, too. Economic models for the Internet cannot be tested fully and validated in non-real-world environments, because of the unknown user behavior. With this uncertainty over what models and pricing schemes to choose, it is evident that a specific charging and accounting platform will never be accepted by the community. In this paper a novel and flexible architecture for charging and accounting is proposed that provides a wide range of mechanisms and lets researchers experiment in an environment as close as possible to the targeted system. As a first step, four different pricing schemes are described, qualitatively assessed on the proposed platform, and a prototypical implementation performed. One of the economic models that have been implemented on Arrow is based on different service classes including reservation and recalculates prices dynamically depending on the t

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ASHMEN-an approach to ATM services over shared media networks

ASHMEN-an approach to ATM services over shared media network...

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IEEE Workshop on Local and Metropolitan Area networks (LANMAN)

作者： B. Stiller Computer Engineering and Networks Laboratory TIK Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich Switzerland

ISBN: (纸本)0780371720

The resource management for ASHMEN (ATM over Shared Media networks) is concerned with Quality-of-Service (QoS) support and QoS provision in the local area networking environment in order to offer wide area ATM (Asynchronous Transfer Mode) services over shared media networks. Based on a prototypical implementation, including the design of a highly flexible resource management scheme, empirical values in terms of statistical QoS guarantees for delay and throughput have been investigated. The approach developed determines that in-advance performance assumptions can be maintained during the operation of ATM connections between an ATM backbone and ASHMEN-capable end systems attached to a shared media network via an Attachment Device.

关键词： Asynchronous transfer mode Ethernet networks Resource management Prototypes Local area networks Protocols computer networks Laboratories Postal services Independent component analysis

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Interval diagrams: increasing efficiency of symbolic real-time verification

Interval diagrams: increasing efficiency of symbolic real-ti...

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IEEE International Conference on Embedded and Real-Time Computing Systems and Applications (RTCSA)

作者： K. Strehl Computer Engineering and Networks Laboratory (TIK) Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich Switzerland

In this paper, we suggest interval diagram techniques for formal verification of real-time systems modeled by means of timed automata. Interval diagram techniques are based on interval decision diagrams (IDDs)-representing sets of system configurations of, for example, timed automata-and interval mapping diagrams (IMDs)-modeling their transition behavior. IDDs are canonical representations of Boolean functions and allow for their efficient manipulation. Our approach is used for performing both timed reachability analysis and real-time symbolic model checking. We present the methods necessary for our approach and compare its results to another, similar verification technique-achieving a speedup of 7 and more.

关键词： Automata Timing Formal verification Real time systems Clocks Reachability analysis computer networks Aerospace electronics Medical simulation World Wide Web

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Fault-tolerant real-time scheduling under execution time constraints

Fault-tolerant real-time scheduling under execution time con...

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IEEE International Conference on Embedded and Real-Time Computing Systems and Applications (RTCSA)

作者： M. Naedele Computer Engineering and Networks Laboratory TIK Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich Switzerland

The primary/backup with deallocation approach of S. Ghosh et al. (1997) is a strategy for the fault-tolerant online scheduling of hard realtime tasks. In this scheme, tasks are either rejected within a short time after the request or guaranteed to be executed even in case of a processor failure. In this paper several heuristics for the guarantee algorithm are investigated. For the first time different processor selection strategies for guarantee algorithms with execution time constraints are compared. In addition, the concept of a decision deadline is introduced which then leads to an extension of the primary and backup checking routines. The thus modified checking routines are shown to achieve a lower rejection ratio for right task deadlines and constrained scheduler execution times than the modification making use of task slack suggested S. Ghosh et al. (1997).

关键词： Fault tolerance Time factors Processor scheduling Multiprocessing systems Real time systems Scheduling algorithm computer networks Laboratories Fault tolerant systems Time measurement

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Software synthesis with evolutionary algorithms

Software synthesis with evolutionary algorithms

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IEEE International Symposium on Industrial Electronics (ISIE)

作者： T. Raithel Computer Engineering and Communications Networks Laboratory (TIK) Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich Switzerland

This paper addresses the problem of exploiting simultaneously trade-offs between program memory, data memory and execution time requirements for algorithms specified by synchronous data flow graphs. A code generation model is used, that includes many variable parameters. The search space includes all valid schedules of a graph, different models of buffer organization and different ways of code invocation. An evolutionary algorithm (EA) is applied to this multi-objective optimization problem. This approach is evaluated and compared with existing methods.

关键词： Evolutionary computation Scheduling Data flow computing Data engineering Space technology Random access memory Flow graphs Space exploration Memory management Network synthesis

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FunState-an internal design representation for codesign 99

FunState-an internal design representation for codesign

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IEEE International Conference on computer-Aided Design

作者： L. Thiele K. Strehl D. Ziegengein R. Ernst J. Teich Computer Engineering and Networks Laboratory (TIK) Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich Switzerland Institute of Computer Engineering (IDA) Technical University of Braunschweig Brunswick Germany Computer Engineering Laboratory (DATE) University of Paderborn Paderborn Germany

ISBN: (纸本)9780780358324

In this paper, an internal design model called FunState (functions driven by state machines) is presented that enables the representation of different types of system components and scheduling mechanisms using a mixture of functional programming and state machines. It is shown how properties relevant for scheduling and verification of specification models like boolean dataflow, cyclostatic dataflow, synchronous dataflow, marked graphs, and communicating state machines as well as Petri nets may be represented in the FunState model. Examples of methods suited for FunState are described, such as scheduling and verification. They are based on the representation of the model's state transitions in form of a periodic graph.

关键词： Processor scheduling computer networks Design engineering Embedded system Computational modeling Data flow computing Functional programming Petri nets Timing Embedded computing

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On component reuse in embedded systems

On component reuse in embedded systems

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IEEE International Symposium on Industrial Electronics (ISIE)

作者： H.O. Trutmann Computer Engineering and Networks Laboratory TIK ETH Zentrum Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich Switzerland

Real-time requirements, space constraints, and the tight interlock of functional and interface parts in embedded systems often degrade software reuse to scavenging components from previous work. The presented strategy separates concerns, supports development on a high level of abstraction, and relies on the assistance of code generators. This paper points out the benefits of this approach to software reuse. An architectural view separates functional aspects of a system from their connection to the environment. The functionality is modeled as a collection of cooperating extended state machines; it is attached to a physical environment using access routines in a static schedule. Appropriate tools favor the creation of detachable, self-contained components. Functional models that reflect the behavior of a component in the environment are especially fit candidates for finding generic solutions to recurrent problems. For example, a mechanical switch simply corresponds to its counterpart in the model, which will be used with the same confidence as its match. Elements needed to attach a functional solution to specific environments are difficult to reuse. Together with a code generator that creates efficient, deterministic and balanced schedules, such components can be included unaltered in various environments. These measures open up new possibilities for reuse, and because they help to raise the abstraction level for the development work, both software quality and developer productivity improve.

关键词： Embedded system Space technology Switches Software quality Productivity Intelligent networks computer interfaces computer networks Embedded computing Laboratories

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Quantum Dot Semiconductor Optical Amplifiers

Quantum Dot Semiconductor Optical Amplifiers

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Advanced Semiconductor Lasers and Their Applications, ASLA 1999

作者： Mirin, Richard P. Blumenthal, Daniel J. NIST MS 815.04 325 Broadway BoulderCO80304 United States Optical Communications and Photonic Networks Laboratory Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering University of California Santa Barbara Santa BarbaraCA93106 United States

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