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Eye tracking: empirical foundations for a minimal reporting guideline

Behavior research methods 2023年第1期55卷 364-416页

作者： Kenneth Holmqvist Saga Lee Örbom Ignace T C Hooge Diederick C Niehorster Robert G Alexander Richard Andersson Jeroen S Benjamins Pieter Blignaut Anne-Marie Brouwer Lewis L Chuang Kirsten A Dalrymple Denis Drieghe Matt J Dunn Ulrich Ettinger Susann Fiedler Tom Foulsham Jos N van der Geest Dan Witzner Hansen Samuel B Hutton Enkelejda Kasneci Alan Kingstone Paul C Knox Ellen M Kok Helena Lee Joy Yeonjoo Lee Jukka M Leppänen Stephen Macknik Päivi Majaranta Susana Martinez-Conde Antje Nuthmann Marcus Nyström Jacob L Orquin Jorge Otero-Millan Soon Young Park Stanislav Popelka Frank Proudlock Frank Renkewitz Austin Roorda Michael Schulte-Mecklenbeck Bonita Sharif Frederick Shic Mark Shovman Mervyn G Thomas Ward Venrooij Raimondas Zemblys Roy S Hessels Department of Psychology Nicolaus Copernicus University Torun Poland. kenneth.holmqvist@ur.de. Department of Computer Science and Informatics University of the Free State Bloemfontein South Africa. kenneth.holmqvist@ur.de. Department of Psychology Regensburg University Regensburg Germany. kenneth.holmqvist@ur.de. Department of Psychology Regensburg University Regensburg Germany. Experimental Psychology Helmholtz Institute Utrecht University Utrecht The Netherlands. Lund University Humanities Lab and Department of Psychology Lund University Lund Sweden. Department of Ophthalmology SUNY Downstate Health Sciences University Brooklyn NY USA. Tobii Pro AB Danderyd Sweden. Social Health and Organizational Psychology Utrecht University Utrecht The Netherlands. Department of Computer Science and Informatics University of the Free State Bloemfontein South Africa. TNO Soesterberg The Netherlands. Department of Ergonomics Leibniz Institute for Working Environments and Human Factors Dortmund Germany. Institute of Informatics LMU Munich Munich Germany. Institute of Child Development University of Minnesota Minneapolis USA. School of Psychology University of Southampton Southampton UK. School of Optometry and Vision Sciences Cardiff University Cardiff UK. Department of Psychology University of Bonn Bonn Germany. Vienna University of Economics and Business Vienna Austria. Department of Psychology University of Essex Essex UK. Department of Neuroscience Erasmus MC Rotterdam The Netherlands. Machine Learning Group Department of Computer Science IT University of Copenhagen Copenhagen Denmark. SR Research Ltd Ottawa Canada. Human-Computer Interaction University of Tübingen Tübingen Germany. University of British Columbia Columbia Canada. Department of Eye and Vision Science Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences University of Liverpool Liverpool UK. Department of Education and Pedagogy Division Education Faculty of Social and Behavioral Sciences Ut

In this paper, we present a review of how the various aspects of any study using an eye tracker (such as the instrument, methodology, environment, participant, etc.) affect the quality of the recorded eye-tracking data and the obtained eye-movement and gaze measures. We take this review to represent the empirical foundation for reporting guidelines of any study involving an eye tracker. We compare this empirical foundation to five existing reporting guidelines and to a database of 207 published eye-tracking studies. We find that reporting guidelines vary substantially and do not match with actual reporting practices. We end by deriving a minimal, flexible reporting guideline based on empirical research (Section "An empirically based minimal reporting guideline").

关键词： Data quality Eye movements Eye tracking Replicability Reporting guidelines Reporting practices Reporting standards Reproducibility

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Dual gaze as a proxy for collaboration in informal learning 12

Dual gaze as a proxy for collaboration in informal learning

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12th International Conference on computer Supported Collaborative learning - Making a Difference: Prioritizing Equity and Access in CSCL, CSCL 2017

作者： Sharma, Kshitij Leftheriotis, Ioannis Noor, Jama Giannakos, Michail Faculty of Business and Economics University of Lausanne Switzerland Computer Human Interaction in Learning and Instruction EPFL Switzerland NTNU Trondheim Norway

ISBN: (纸本)9780990355007

Interactive displays are increasingly employed in informal learning environments as a technology for enhancing students’ learning and engagement. Interactive displays allow students to collaborate and interact with the content in a natural and engaging manner. Despite the increased prevalence of interactive displays for learning, we know very little about how students collaborate in such settings and how this collaboration influences their performance. In this dual eye-tracking study, with 36 participants, a two-staged within-group experiment was conducted to investigate students’ collaboration and learning gains in an interactive display. The results show that collaboratively, pairs who have high gaze similarity have high learning outcomes. Individually, participants spending high proportions of time in acquiring the complementary information from images and textual parts of the learning material attain high learning outcomes. We show that the gaze is an effective proxy to cognitive mechanisms underlying collaboration not only in formal settings but also in informal learning scenarios. © ISLS.

关键词： Students

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Semi-Markov model for simulating MOOC students 9

Semi-Markov model for simulating MOOC students

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9th International Conference on Educational Data Mining, EDM 2016

作者： Faucon, Louis Kidziński, Lukasz Dillenbourg, Pierre Computer Human Interaction in Learning and Instruction École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne Switzerland

Large-scale experiments are often expensive and time consuming. Although Massive Online Open Courses (MOOCs) provide a solid and consistent framework for learning analytics, MOOC practitioners are still reluctant to risk resources in experiments. In this study, we suggest a methodology for simulating MOOC students, which allow estimation of distributions, before implementing a large-scale experiment. To this end, we employ generative models to draw independent samples of artificial students in Monte Carlo simulations. We use Semi-Markov Chains for modeling student’s activities and Expectation-Maximization algorithm for fitting the model. From the fitted model, we generate simulated students whose processes of weekly activities are similar to these of the real students. © 2016 International Educational Data Mining Society. All rights reserved.

关键词： Students

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On generalizability of MOOC models

On generalizability of MOOC models

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9th International Conference on Educational Data Mining, EDM 2016

作者： Kidziński, Lukasz Sharma, Kshitij Boroujeni, Mina Shirvani Dillenbourg, Pierre Computer Human Interaction in Learning and Instruction École polytechnique fédérale de Lausanne Switzerland

The big data imposes the key problem of generalizability of the results. In the present contribution, we discuss statistical tools which can help to select variables adequate for target level of abstraction. We show that a model considered as over-fitted in one context can be accurate in another. We illustrate this notion with an example analysis experiment on the data from 13 university Massive Online Open Courses (MOOCs). We discuss statistical tools which can be helpful in the analysis of generalizability of MOOC models. © 2016 International Educational Data Mining Society. All rights reserved.

关键词： Data mining

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Music, Computing, and Health: A Roadmap for the Current and Future Roles of Music Technology for Health Care and Well-Being

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Music and Science 2021年 4卷

作者： Agres, Kat R. Schaefer, Rebecca S. Volk, Anja van Hooren, Susan Holzapfel, Andre Dalla Bella, Simone Müller, Meinard de Witte, Martina Herremans, Dorien Ramirez Melendez, Rafael Neerincx, Mark Ruiz, Sebastian Meredith, David Dimitriadis, Theo Magee, Wendy L. Yong Siew Toh Conservatory of Music National University of Singapore Singapore Social and Cognitive Computing Department Institute of High Performance Computing A*STAR Singapore Institute for Psychology Health Medical Neuropsychology Unit Leiden University Leiden Netherlands Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition Leiden University Leiden Netherlands Academy of Creative and Performing Arts Leiden University Leiden Netherlands Department of Information and Computing Sciences Utrecht University Utrecht Netherlands Faculty of Health care Department of Arts Therapies Zuyd University of Applied Sciences Heerlen Netherlands KenVaK Research Centre for the Arts Therapies and Psychomotricity Heerlen Netherlands Faculty of Psychology Open University of The Netherlands Heerlen Netherlands Division of Media Technology and Interaction Design KTH Royal Institute of Technology Stockholm Sweden International Laboratory for Brain Music and Sound Research (BRAMS) Outremont QC Canada Department of Psychology University of Montreal Montreal QC Canada Centre for Research on Brain Language and Music (CRBLM) Montreal QC Canada University of Economics and Human Sciences in Warsaw Warsaw Poland International Audio Laboratories Erlangen Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg Erlangen Germany HAN University of Applied Sciences Department of Arts Therapies and Psychological Studies Nijmegen Netherlands University of Amsterdam Research Institute of Child Development and Education Amsterdam Netherlands Treatment Centre for People with Mild Intellectual Disabilities and Psychiatric and Behavioral Disorders Gennep Netherlands Information Systems Technology and Design Singapore University of Technology and Design Singapore Music and Machine Learning Lab Music Technology Group Universitat Pompeu Fabra Barcelona Spain Faculty of EEMCS Interactive Intelligence Group Delft University of Technology Delft Netherlands Centre for Digital Music School of Electronic Engineerin

The fields of music, health, and technology have seen significant interactions in recent years in developing music technology for health care and well-being. In an effort to strengthen the collaboration between the involved disciplines, the workshop “Music, Computing, and Health” was held to discuss best practices and state-of-the-art at the intersection of these areas with researchers from music psychology and neuroscience, music therapy, music information retrieval, music technology, medical technology (medtech), and robotics. Following the discussions at the workshop, this article provides an overview of the different methods of the involved disciplines and their potential contributions to developing music technology for health and well-being. Furthermore, the article summarizes the state of the art in music technology that can be applied in various health scenarios and provides a perspective on challenges and opportunities for developing music technology that (1) supports person-centered care and evidence-based treatments, and (2) contributes to developing standardized, large-scale research on music-based interventions in an interdisciplinary manner. The article provides a resource for those seeking to engage in interdisciplinary research using music-based computational methods to develop technology for health care, and aims to inspire future research directions by evaluating the state of the art with respect to the challenges facing each field. © The Author(s) 2021.

关键词： health care interdisciplinarity MedTech music information retrieval (MIR) music neuroscience Music psychology music technology music therapy well-being

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Real-time high-accuracy 2D localization with structured patterns

Real-time high-accuracy 2D localization with structured patt...

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IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation (ICRA)

作者： Lukas Hostettler Ayberk Özgür Séverin Lemaignan Pierre Dillenbourg Francesco Mondada EPFL Computer-Human Interaction in Learning and Instruction Laboratory Lausanne Switzerland EPFL Robotic Systems Laboratory Lausanne Switzerland

Building over algorithms previously developed for digital pens, this article introduces a novel 2D localization technique for mobile robots, based on simple printed patterns. This method combines high absolute accuracy (below 0.3mm), unlimited scalability, low computational requirements (the presented open-source implementation runs at above 45Hz on a low-cost microcontroller) and low cost (below €30 per device at prototype stage). The article first presents the underlying algorithms and localization pipeline. It then describes our reference hardware and software implementations, and finally evaluates the performance of this technique for mobile robots.

关键词： Pipelines Adaptive optics Image edge detection Mobile robots Optical devices Decoding

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From real-time attention assessment to “with-me-ness” in human-robot interaction 16

From real-time attention assessment to “with-me-ness” in h...

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ACM/IEEE International Conference on human-Robot interaction (HRI)

作者： Séverin Lemaignan Fernando Garcia Alexis Jacq Pierre Dillenbourg Computer-Human Interaction in Learning and Instruction Laboratory (CHILI) Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) Lausanne Switzerland

ISBN: (纸本)9781467383707

Measuring “how much the human is in the interaction” - the level of engagement - is instrumental in building effective interactive robots. Engagement, however, is a complex, multi-faceted cognitive mechanism that is only indirectly observable. This article formalizes with-me-ness as one of such indirect measures. With-me-ness, a concept borrowed from the field of computer-Supported Collaborative learning, measures in a well-defined way to what extent the human is with the robot over the course of an interactive task. As such, it is a meaningful precursor of engagement. We expose in this paper the full methodology, from real-time estimation of the human's focus of attention (relying on a novel, open-source, vision-based head pose estimator), to on-line computation of with-me-ness. We report as well on the experimental validation of this approach, using a naturalistic setup involving children during a complex robot-teaching task.

关键词： Robots Face Visualization Real-time systems Three-dimensional displays Estimation

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Permanent magnet-assisted omnidirectional ball drive

Permanent magnet-assisted omnidirectional ball drive

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2016 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems (IROS)

作者： Ayberk Özgür Wafa Johal Pierre Dillenbourg Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne Lausanne VD CH Computer-Human Interaction in Learning and Instruction (CHILI) Laboratoire de Systèmes Robotiques (LSRO) Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) Switzerland

We present an omnidirectional ball wheel drive design that utilizes a permanent magnet as the drive roller to generate the contact force. Particularly interesting for novel human-mobile robot interaction scenarios where the users are expected to physically interact with many palm-sized robots, our design combines simplicity, low cost and compactness. We first detail our design and explain its key parameters. Then, we present our implementation and compare it with an omniwheel drive built with identical conditions and similar cost. Finally, we elaborate on the main advantages and drawbacks of our design.

关键词： Wheels Magnetostatics Magnetic cores Force Mobile robots Robot sensing systems

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Displaying teacher’s gaze in a MOOC: Effects on students’ video navigation patterns 10th

Displaying teacher’s gaze in a MOOC: Effects on students’ ...

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10th European Conference on Technology Enhanced learning, EC-TEL 2015

作者： Sharma, Kshitij Jermann, Patrick Dillenbourg, Pierre Computer Human Interaction in Learning and Instruction École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne Lausanne Switzerland Center for Digital Education École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne Lausanne Switzerland

ISBN: (纸本)9783319242576

We present an eye-tracking study where we augment a Massive Open Online Course (MOOC) video with the gaze information of the teacher. We tracked the gaze of a teacher while he was recording the content for a MOOC lecture. Our working hypothesis is that displaying the gaze of the teacher will act as cues in crucial moments of dyadic conversation, the teacher-student dyad, such as reference disambiguation. We collected data about students’ video interaction behaviour within a MOOC. The results show that the showing the teacher’s gaze made the content easier to follow for the students even when complex visual stimulus present in the video lecture. © Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2015.

关键词： Eye tracking

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PYROBOTS, a toolset for robot executive control

PYROBOTS, a toolset for robot executive control

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IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems

作者： S. Lemaignan A. Hosseini P. Dillenbourg Computer-Human Interaction in Learning and Instruction Ecole Poly technique Federale de Lausanne(EPFL) Lausanne Switzerland

Presented is PYROBOTS, a new open-source software toolkit for the executive control of complex robotic systems. Borrowing ideas from previous tools like URBI [1], it proposes a lightweight Python framework to develop (preemptive) concurrent and event-based executive controllers. Designed in a bottom-up fashion, out of the need for a practical, unobstrusive tool suitable for rapid prototyping of complex interaction scenarios, PYROBOTS also exposes several simple yet convenient abstractions for physical resources management and pose representation. While middleware-agnostic, it features specific integration with the ROS middleware. Experimental deployments and stress-tests on several robotic platforms (including PR2 and Nao) in dynamic human environments are reported.

关键词： Middleware Monitoring Robot sensing systems Programming Mobile robots Resource management

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