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RATIONALE FOR AN ADA SOFTWARE engineering ENVIRONMENT FOR NAVY MISSION CRITICAL APPLICATIONS

NAVAL ENGINEERS JOURNAL 1984年第4期96卷 133-145页

作者： PAIGE, KK CONVERSE, RA USN LCdr. Kathleen K. Paige USN:graduated with a BA from the University of New Hampshire in 1970. She received her commission from Officer Candidate School in April 1971 and performed her first tour of duty with VFP-63 NAS Miramar. LCdr. Paige then received her MS from the Naval Post Graduate School in June 1976 and returned to San Diego to serve as Head Support Software Division at the Fleet Combat Direction System Support Activity. In May 1981 she reported to NA VSEA (PMS-408) where she served initially as Chairman of the NAVMAT Software Engineering Environment Working Group. She has been assigned as Deputy AN/UYK-43 Acquisition Manager since October 1981. LCdr. Paige was designated a fully qualified Engineering Duty Officer in December 1983. Robert A. Converse:is presently the Acquisition Manager for the Ada Language System/Navy (ALS/N) for the Naval Sea Systems Command Tactical Embedded Computer Resources Project. As such he is responsible for the definition and development of the ALS/N to be provided as a Navy standard computer programming system for Navy mission critical applications. Mr. Converse received a Bachelor of Science degree in Physics from Wheaton College Wheaton II. He spent fourteen years with the Naval Underwater Systems Center Newport Rhode Island during which time he designed and developed the Fortran compiler for the Navy Standard AN/UYK-7 computer. Also during that period he received a Master of Science degree in Computer Science from the University of Rhode Island. His thesis for that degree was entitled “Optimization Techniques for the NUSC Fortran Cross-Compiler”. Mr. Converse started his involvement with the Ada program in 1975 with the initial “Strawman” requirements review. Subsequently he was named as the Navy Ada Distinguished Reviewer and was intimately involved in the selection and refinement of the Ada language as it evolved to become ANSI/MIL-STD-1815A.

The U.S. Navy introduced the use of digital computers in mission critical applications over a quarter of a century ago. Today, virtually every system in the current and planned Navy inventory makes extensive use of computer technology. computers embedded in mission critical Navy systems are integral to our strategic and tactical defense capabilities. Thus, the military power of the U.S. Navy is inextricably tied to the use of programmable digital computers. The computer program is the essential element that embodies the system “intelligence”. In addition, it provides the flexibility to respond to changing threats and requirements. However, this very flexibility and capability poses a host of difficulties hindering full realization of the advantages. This paper describes the lessons learned about computer program development over the past twenty five years and discusses a software engineering process that addresses these lessons. It then describes how Ada and its related Ada programming Support and Run-Time Environments foster this software engineering process to improve computer program productivity and achieve greater system reliability and adaptibility. Finally, the paper discusses how the use of Ada and its environments can enhance the interoperability and transferability of computer programs among Navy projects and significantly reduce overall life cycle costs for Navy mission critical computer programs.

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SHIPBOARD MAIN BOILER AND FEED PUMP CONTROL-SYSTEM ONLINE ALIGNMENT VERIFICATION

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NAVAL ENGINEERS JOURNAL 1982年第6期94卷 39-46页

作者： BANHAM, JW ADAM, DJ James W. Banham:holds positions both as Director of the Machinery Automation Systems Department of the Naval Ship Systems Engineering Station and as Assistant Chairman of the Mechanical and Industrial Engineering Department of Drexel University's Evening College where he holds the rank of Adjunct Associate Professor. He is the author of a text on Numerical Methods Applications in Engineering. In addition to numerous technical papers he is also the author of the ISA film on Boiler Feedwater Control Systems. A registered professional engineer in the state of Pennsylvania Mr. Banham is co-author of a forthcoming handbook on preparing for the Professional Engineering Examination in mechanical engineering. Mr. Banham holds a bachelor of science degree in mechanical engineering from the Pennsylvania State University his graduate studies were taken at the University of Pennsylvania. He is currently a member of the American Society for Engineering Education and the Instrument Society of America. He served as a member of the ISA Education Committee from 1964 through 1973 and as a member of the ISA Power Plant Dynamics Committee since 1969. His service on the latter committee includes terms as Executive Secretary Vice-Chairman and Chairman. Among other honors Mr. Banham was the winner of the Naval Ship Engineering Center's first Technical Achievement Award (1963) Technical Publication Award (1974) and Equal Employment Opportunity Award (1978). He was also the recipient of Drexel University's Laura S. Campbell Award for Excellence in Teaching (1978). He has taught undergraduate courses in classical control theory numerical methods computer programming systems design and analysis and instrumentation. He also teaches systems theory and computer science in an EIT Review and heat transfer in a PE Review conducted by the Drexel University Department of Continuing Professional Education. Mr. David J. Adam:is a Project Engineer in the Naval Sea Systems Command (PMS301) Steam Propulsion Plant Improvement Program where he i

One of the most serious problems encountered in Naval steam plants following World War II was the unreliable performance of boiler and main feedpump pneumatic control systems. In addition to control component and system design deficiencies, these control systems suffered from inadequate methods to measure and adjust system alignment. This paper describes the development of a set of procedures for on-line alignment verification (OLV) of pneumatic main boiler and feedpump control systems. The procedures are designed for use by N avy control system technicians and, in addition to on-line alignment verification, provide guidance for troubleshooting and for performing system alignment. Procedure static checks measure steady state steaming performance and OLV procedure dynamic checks measure the ability of the boiler and control systems to respond to load changes. The paper describes typical control system characteristics that influence OLV procedure content and the supporting analysis that was used to establish alignment criteria ranges that satisfy both steady state and transient performance requirements. Also described is the alignment criteria tolerance analysis along with the steps involved in a typical OLV check procedure development. Descriptions of the various OLV checks, troubleshooting procedures and alignment procedures are provided. Typical shipboard implementation requirements are described and experience to date with the procedures is provided along with a status report on OLV procedure implementations.

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COMBAT SYSTEM TEST-FACTORY THROUGH SHIPBOARD

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NAVAL ENGINEERS JOURNAL 1980年第5期92卷 49-58页

作者： GALLAHUE, JS THE AUTHOR is the Department Manager of Combat Systems Engineering at Litton Industries. Data Systems Division. Prior to joining Litton Industries he was associated with UNIVAC. Since joining the Combat Systems Community in 1959. his assignments have included operational computer programming field engineering systems engineering equipment design proposal management test engineering. and programs management. In these varied roles he supported the NTDS R&D Program NTDS Service Test Program Interim Fleet Programming Center Pacific Anti-Submarine Warfare Ship Command and Control Systems SQS-26/NTDS/UBFCS Interface Design DD 963 Class LHA 1 Class. and the DDG 993 Class.

The required configuration management and the necessary control of the Surface Ship Combat System elements demand that they be considered as integrated and tested in accordance with an integrated test plan utilizing an integrated test organization. The sometimes used approach of implementing a combat system test program based upon the individual combat system elements being independent, has proven to be less than satisfactory. Then is no question that some of the early testing at the unit, subsystem, and subprogram levels can be planned and conducted independent of a specific “end-item” combat System. This paper addresses the planning and implementing of combat system test with the emphases being upon the integrated phase of test and primarily the lead ship of a class. Information is presented to facilitate planning and implementing a combat system test program including use of shore facilities and integrating these activities with shipboard activities; when to form the test organization and what types of expertise are required; what are the key technical management tools; the proofing of test documentation; the need for detailed “step-by-step” procedures and traceability of the specified requirements; how to assist Ships Force; planning and stat using the conduct of the tests; integrating computer program and special testing into the test program; and the significance of early decisions on administrative and contractual arrangements.

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INNOVATIONS IN computer-AIDED-DESIGN OF MARINE TURBINES USING INTERACTIVE GRAPHICS

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NAVAL ENGINEERS JOURNAL 1980年第2期92卷 207-217页

作者： GINGRICH, JK WINTER, RL Mr. John K. Gingrich joined the General Electric Company after his graduation from Lafayette College in 1948. His early assignments were with the General Engineering Laboratory and the Knolls Atomic Power Laboratory in Schenectady. N. Y. He joined the Marine Turbine and Gear Department in 1968 as Manager Engineering Administration. and assumed his present assignment as Manager Engineering Resource Planning & Administration in 1976. Mr. Gingrich was instrumental in procuring the Interactive Graphics System for the Medium Steam Department. having headed up the Study Team and is now responsible for the Interactive Graphics Systems management including new procurements. He is a member of the American Institute of Design Drafting and is currently the Chairman of the Computer-Aided Drafting Committee in that organization. Mr. Reinhold L. Winter is a graduate of the General Electric Apprentice Program and Salem State College from which he received his B.S. degree in Business Administration. He has nineteen years experience with the General Electric Company including eight years in Business Systems and Programming two years in Computer Operations Management and six years in his present position as Manager Engineering Business Systems. He was a member of the original Study Team that investigated and selected the present Applicon Interactive Graphics (IAG) equipment and currently is responsible for the management of software and hardware support for the ZAG Facility.

This paper discusses the Interactive Graphics System used by the General Electric Company, Medium Steam Turbine Department (engineering & Manufacturing) for designing, drafting, and manufacturing applications. A brief overview of the hardware malting up the system is described, followed by a more detailed description of the actual applications. Two-dimensional applications described include a Heat Balance Analysis, Flow Diagrams, and Electrical Schematics. A more fruitful area for increased productivity gains is described in the three-dimensional or mechanical applications including turbine design & layout and bucket design. coordination of the design with manufacturing for numerical control tape generation is described through CAM and Plate Frame Cutting applications. Finally, a short review of the engineering design work using Interactive Graphics is discussed. Productivity gains of 2.6 to 1 are being realized, and the overall savings to the Medium Steam Department are outlined.

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THE PROSPECT OF AN UNDER WA TER NA VAL ROBOT

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Naval Engineers Journal 1980年第1期92卷 65-72页

作者： DIXON, JOHN K. JOHNSON, HERBERT A. SLAGLE, JAMES R. Dr. John K. Dixon was born on 1 December 1934 in Detroit. Mich. He received his B.S. degree in Electrical Engineering from Lawrence Institute of Technology in 1957 his M.B.A. degree from Wayne State University in 1964 his M.S. degree in Physics from the University of California at Davis in 1967 and his Ph.D. degree in Computer Science from the University of California at Livermore in 1970. In 1957 he was employed by the Chrysler Missile Division Warren Mich. where he designed circuits for the Redstoneand Jupitermissiles. In 1959 he joined the Staff of the Bendix Research Laboratory Southfield Mich. where he designed equipment for missile guidance systems and aircraft blind landing systems. From 1965 until 1968 he was a Research Assistant in the Artificial Intelligence Group Lawrence Radiation Laboratory. Livermore Calif at which time he left to join the Heuristics Laboratory of the National Institutes of Health Bethesda Md. as a Computer Scientist. In 1974 he moved to the Computer Science Laboratory at the Naval Research Laboratory. Washington D.C. where he is currently employed on various Research Projects. Mr. Herbert A. Johnson graduated from the U.S. Coast Guard Academy and later continued his graduate studies at Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Purdue University. receiving his M.S. degree in Electrical Engineering from the latter. He is presently a Captain in the U.S. Coast Guard Reserve and Head of the Ocean Instrumentation Branch. Ocean Technology Division Naval Research Laboratory (NRL). Prior to joining NRL in 1974 he was employed on various marine systems projects at Honeywell and on Polarisinstrumentation at Interstate Electronics a company he assisted in founding in 1956. He is a Senior Member of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE). Dr. James R. Slagle received his M.S. and Ph.D. degrees from Massachusetts Institute of Technology and was the recipient of an Outstanding Blind Student Award for 1959 which was presented to him by President Dwight D.

This paper explores the concept of an underwater robot manipulator mounted on an unmanned submersible for the purpose of doing some undersea tasks of interest to the U.S. Navy. The robot concept is compared with other methods of doing work underwater and its strengths and weaknesses are enumerated. Such a robot would be able to do only simple, well‐defined tasks, but it would probably be the most economical way of doing those jobs which are within its competence. The jobs which such a device might be able to do are listed and evaluated in terms of how easy or difficult they are for a robot to do. From this analysis some conclusions are drawn about what capabilities are needed in such a robot. It is concluded that speed of operation is not critical (In contrast to robots which are intended for industrial jobs), but that the ability to cope with unexpected conditions and to recover from mistakes is very important. Next, existing robot technology and past research***are discussed and evaluated in terms of the needs of an underwater naval robot. Gaps in the technology are identified, and, finally, me suggestions for research are given. © 1980 American Society of Naval Engineers

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C-3 SYSTEMS LAND-BASED TESTING

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NAVAL ENGINEERS JOURNAL 1980年第6期92卷 35-42页

作者： CAMPBELL, JS THE AUTHOR was born in Porterville. Calif. in 1928 and joined the U.S. Nary in 1945 in the “Aviation Midshipman” Program. He received his designation as a Naval Aviator in 1950 and flew combat missions in Korea while still a Midshipman followed by participation in various operational and training squadrons until 1958 when he completed the Naval Test Pilot School Program. After a tour as an Engineering Test Pilot. he attended the Naval Postgraduate School Monterey. Calif. and was then assigned to the Fleet Computer Programming Center as a part of the NTDS development. Later he had operational tours as CIC Officer in the USS Enterprise and as AAW Officer on the Staff of Commander Task Force SEVENTY-SEVEN in Vietnam. During an interceding tour of duty he was the Program Manager for the TACDEW Training Facilities at San Diego Calif: and Dam Neck Va. After completing his active duty in the U.S. Navy Mr. Campbell joined Logicon Inc. and during the six years with the Tactical and Training Systems Division held various positions including Project Manager Department Head Assistant Director and Division Director prior to leaving in 1976 to join the Assistant Secretary of the Nary for R&D as Special Assistant for Weapons Systems Integration. In 1978 he joined the Staff at the Naval Ocean Systems Center as Associate Director for Command Control and Communications and Acting Head of the C3I Systems Department where he is charged with the development and operation of the C3Systems Integration Test and Evaluation Laboratory.

The increasingly important role of land-based test sites (LBTSs) in military command, control, and communications (C 3 ) is discussed, with particular reference to system integration, R&D, and testing. The LBTS at the Naval Ocean Systems Center (NOSC), San Diego, is described in detail, and lessons learned from the operation of the and other LBTSe are considered in terms of both their tactical and strategic implications.

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THE AN/UYK‐502(V) MICROcomputer

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Naval Engineers Journal 1979年第2期91卷 173-178页

作者： WILLIAMS, PAUL F. ANDERSON, JOHN M. Mr. Paul F. Williams:received his BS degree in Electrical Engineering from the University of Minnesota in December 1965. He joined SPERRY UNIVAC Defense Systems Division in January 1966 where he is now the Manager of the Computer Product Planning Group in the Marketing Department. He has been active in the development of new computer system architectures and new computer development including the AN/UYK-20 and AN/UYK-23. In addition he has worked with a number of Navies in the development of shipboard and landbased systems and has participated in the development of NATO Shipboard Standard Interfaces. Mr. John M. Anderson:received his BS degree in Electrical Engineering from the University of Washington in June 1969. He joined SPERRY UNIVAC in July 1970 where he is now a Senior Design Engineer in the Product Development Group. He is currently active in the development of the AN/UYK-520 Microcomputer and additionally has been active in the fields of digital logic design programming and computer testing.

The AN/UYK‐502 Microcomputer is a full‐scale, general‐purpose 16‐bit militarized computer designed to emmulate the AN/UYK‐20 and AN/AYK‐14, and to be implemented in a shipboard system employing distributed system architecture. Ship System Data Busses require microcomputers to be located near or within ship subsystems, with system interconnection being made through a common data bus. To implement this type of system architecture, a low cost, modular microcomputer capable of handling the bus “handshake” through a standard interface is required. The AN/UYK‐502(V) uses software common to minicomputers which allows different computer configurations to be implemented with bus architecture. The resulting system can then be maintained with a single set of support software programs thus significantly lowering system life cycle costs. The computer is offered in three physical packages: the Card Kit, Chassis Assembly, and Cabinet Assembly. Flexible options of the AN/UYK‐502(V) allow the user to tailor the system to the application needs. These options include the Central Processing Expansion Unit;main memory up to 2S6K (where K = 1024);memory parity;choice of 1 to 64 input/output (I/O) channels;parallel and/or serial I/O;and power supply selection. © 1979 American Society of Naval Engineers

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DESIGN, CONSTRUCTION, AND MODERNIZATION OF SHIPS WITH THE SHIPBOARD DATA MULTIPLEX SYSTEM (SDMS)

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NAVAL ENGINEERS JOURNAL 1979年第5期91卷 65-73页

作者： BOLD, NT BOURETTE, AP Dr. Norbert T. Bold graduated from Marquette University and later received his M.S. and Ph.D. degrees in Electrical Engineering from Northwestern University. He served three years as a Naval Engineering Officer aboard an Aircraft Carrier and a Minesweeper and has nineteen years technical experience in shipboard navigation underwater target and SDMS projects for the Navy. He is currently a Program Manager in the Autonetics Marine Systems Division Rockwell International where his primary assignment is the development of advanced concepts and applications of SDMS to Navy programs. He has published several technical papers. was elected to four Scholastic Honorary Societies and was the recipient of a NROTC Scholarship. Mr. A.P. Bourette Manager Systems Applications Autonetics Marine Systems Division. received his B.S. degree in Mathematical Physics from Long Beach State University. He began his career with a Computer Analysis Unit. performing tasks related to computer application. programming and interfacing. He has made significant contributions to the Central Computer Complex approach adopted for the SSN-688 Combat System and has performed inertial systems engineering efforts on the MK2 SINS for the POSEIDON Program. He spent some time in the Washington D.C. area providing technical expertise to various Navy organizations. Upon his return he soon was selected to manage the Systems Applications organization at Rockwell International. This organization is primarily responsible for the Shipboard Application of SDMS. He has directed several application studies showing the significant advantages associated with multiplexing. Recently. he provided the technical direction for the FY80 SSN SDMS Preliminary Design Phase.

Rockwell International is currently under Navy contract to fabricate the engineering Development Model (EDM) of the Shipboard Data Multiplex System (SDMS) for general data transfer aboard surface ships and submarines. The application of SDMS significantly reduces hardware such as cables, switchboards, and Signal Data Converters (SDC), and it provides the capability to add many desired features which are currently not practicable. In applying SDMS to a specific ship, a massive amount of signal data must be considered. The Application Design Automation Program (ADAP) is a set of computer programs that have been developed to accomplish this task. ADAP com bines signal population data, ships configuration data, and SDMS hardware characteristics to produce an SDMS configuration layout together with documentation necessary to analyze, evaluate, and implement the system. Specific outputs include hardware requirements, system layout, and interface requirements including wire list information. The Timing, Event and Load Simulation (TELS) Program simulates SDMS and provides performance data (system capacity, throughput rate, transport delays) for any system configuration. Conventional SDCs can be elimianted from Navy shipboard systems when SDMS is used. SDMS provides the necessary data distribution, signal conversion, and computer interface. In addition, many functions of the conventional switchboards can be performed within SDMS, thus reducing the size or eliminating conventional switchboards. Very small switch-bomb will provide the necessary control of data distribution. With SDMS, an automatic and continuous Noise and Vibration Monitoring (NVM) capability is readily available. The automated NVM function will enhance the safety, operation, and maintenance of the ship. Problems with machinery or excessive self-noise generation will be detected much sooner, and corrective action implemented on a timely basis.

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Exact and approximate membership testers 78

Exact and approximate membership testers

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10th Annual ACM Symposium on Theory of Computing, STOC 1978

作者： Carter, Larry Floyd, Robert Gill, John Markowsky, George Wegman, Mark Automatic Programming Group IBM Watson Research Center Yorktown HeightsNY10598 United States Computer Science and Electrical Engineering Departments Stanford University StanfordCA94305 United States

ISBN: (纸本)9781450374378

In this paper we consider the question of how much space is needed to represent a set. Given a finite universe U and some subset V (called the vocabulary), exact membership tester is a procedure that for each element s in U determines if s is in V. An approximate membership tester is allowed to make mistakes: we require that the membership tester correctly accepts every element of V, but we allow it to also accept a small fraction of the elements of U - V. © 1978 Association for Computing Machinery. All rights reserved.

关键词： Computation theory

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Managed Software Evolution 1

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1000年

作者： Ralf Reussner Jan Keim Michael Goedicke Wilhelm Hasselbring Birgit Vogel-Heuser Lukas Märtin

ISBN: (数字)9783030134990

ISBN: (纸本)9783030134983;9783030135010

This open access book presents the outcomes of the “Design for Future – Managed Software Evolution” priority program 1593, which was launched by the German Research Foundation (“Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG)”) to develop new approaches to software engineering with a specific focus on long-lived software systems. The different lifecycles of software and hardware platforms lead to interoperability problems in such systems. Instead of separating the development, adaptation and evolution of software and its platforms, as well as aspects like operation, monitoring and maintenance, they should all be integrated into one overarching process.;Accordingly, the book is split into three major parts, the first of which includes an introduction to the nature of software evolution, followed by an overview of the specific challenges and a general introduction to the case studies used in the project. The second part of the book consists of the main chapters on knowledge carrying software, and cover tacit knowledge in software evolution, continuous design decision support, model-based round-trip engineering for software product lines, performance analysis strategies, maintaining security in software evolution, learning from evolution for evolution, and formal verification of evolutionary changes. In turn, the last part of the book presents key findings and spin-offs. The individual chapters there describe various case studies, along with their benefits, deliverables and the respective lessons learned. An overview of future research topics rounds out the coverage.;The book was mainly written for scientific researchers and advanced professionals with an academic background. They will benefit from its comprehensive treatment of various topics related to problems that are now gaining in importance, given the higher costs for maintenance and evolution in comparison to the initial development, and the fact that today, most software is not developed from scratch, but as part of a c

关键词： Software engineering Software Management Management of Computing and Information Systems Theory of Computation

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