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arXiv 2023年

作者： Wang, Meng Lin, Tian Wang, Lianyu Lin, Aidi Zou, Ke Xu, Xinxing Zhou, Yi Peng, Yuanyuan Meng, Qingquan Qian, Yiming Deng, Guoyao Wu, Zhiqun Chen, Junhong Lin, Jianhong Zhang, Mingzhi Zhu, Weifang Zhang, Changqing Zhang, Daoqiang Goh, Rick Siow Mong Liu, Yong Pang, Chi Pui Chen, Xinjian Chen, Haoyu Fu, Huazhu 1 Fusionopolis Way #16-16 Connexis Singapore138632 Singapore Joint Shantou International Eye Center Shantou University the Chinese University of Hong Kong Medical College Shantou University Guangdong515041 China College of Computer Science and Technology Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics Jiangsu211100 China National Key Laboratory of Fundamental Science on Synthetic Vision the College of Computer Science Sichuan University Sichuan610065 China School of Electronics and Information Engineering Soochow University Jiangsu215006 China School of Biomedical Engineering Anhui Medical University Anhui230032 China Longchuan People’s Hospital Heyuan China Puning People’s Hospital Jieyang China Haifeng PengPai Memory Hospital Shanwei China College of Intelligence and Computing Tianjin University Tianjin300350 China Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences The Chinese University of Hong Kong Hong Kong State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection Soochow University Suzhou215006 China

Failure to recognize samples from the classes unseen during training is a major limitation of artificial intelligence in the real-world implementation for recognition and classification of retinal anomalies. We established an uncertainty-inspired open-set (UIOS) model, which was trained with fundus images of 9 retinal conditions. Besides assessing the probability of each category, UIOS also calculated an uncertainty score to express its confidence. Our UIOS model with thresholding strategy achieved an F1 score of 99.55%, 97.01% and 91.91% for the internal testing set, external target categories (TC)-JSIEC dataset and TC-unseen testing set, respectively, compared to the F1 score of 92.20%, 80.69% and 64.74% by the standard AI model. Furthermore, UIOS correctly predicted high uncertainty scores, which would prompt the need for a manual check in the datasets of non-target categories retinal diseases, low-quality fundus images, and non-fundus images. UIOS provides a robust method for real-world screening of retinal anomalies. © 2023, CC BY.

关键词： Uncertainty analysis

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Learning multi-agent coordination for enhancing target coverage in directional sensor networks 20

Learning multi-agent coordination for enhancing target cover...

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Proceedings of the 34th International Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems

作者： Jing Xu Fangwei Zhong Yizhou Wang Center for Data Science Peking University and Deepwise AI Lab Dept. of Computer Science Peking University and Adv. Inst. of Info. Tech Peking University and Advanced Innovation Center For Future Visual Entertainment Beijing Film Academy Dept. of Computer Science Peking University and Center on Frontiers of Computing Studies Peking University

ISBN: (纸本)9781713829546

Maximum target coverage by adjusting the orientation of distributed sensors is an important problem in directional sensor networks (DSNs). This problem is challenging as the targets usually move randomly but the coverage range of sensors is limited in angle and distance. Thus, it is required to coordinate sensors to get ideal target coverage with low power consumption, e.g. no missing targets or reducing redundant coverage. To realize this, we propose a Hierarchical Target-oriented Multi-Agent Coordination (HiT-MAC), which decomposes the target coverage problem into two-level tasks: targets assignment by a coordinator and tracking assigned targets by executors. Specifically, the coordinator periodically monitors the environment globally and allocates targets to each executor. In turn, the executor only needs to track its assigned targets. To effectively learn the HiT-MAC by reinforcement learning, we further introduce a bunch of practical methods, including a self-attention module, marginal contribution approximation for the coordinator, goal-conditional observation filter for the executor, etc. Empirical results demonstrate the advantage of HiT-MAC in coverage rate, learning efficiency, and scalability, comparing to baselines. We also conduct an ablative analysis on the effectiveness of the introduced components in the framework.

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How does the primate brain combine generative and discriminative computations in vision?

arXiv

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arXiv 2024年

作者： Peters, Benjamin DiCarlo, James J. Gureckis, Todd Haefner, Ralf Isik, Leyla Tenenbaum, Joshua Konkle, Talia Naselaris, Thomas Stachenfeld, Kimberly Tavares, Zenna Tsao, Doris Yildirim, Ilker Kriegeskorte, Nikolaus Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute Columbia University United States School of Psychology & Neuroscience University of Glasgow United Kingdom Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences MIT United States McGovern Institute for Brain Research MIT United States NSF Center for Brains Minds and Machines MIT United States Quest for Intelligence Schwarzman College of Computing MIT United States Department of Psychology New York University United States Brain and Cognitive Sciences University of Rochester United States Center for Visual Science University of Rochester United States Department of Cognitive Science Johns Hopkins University United States Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory MIT United States Department of Psychology Harvard University United States Center for Brain Science Harvard University United States Kempner Institute for Natural and Artificial Intelligence Harvard University United States Department of Neuroscience University of Minnesota United States DeepMind United Kingdom Data Science Institute Columbia University United States Dept of Molecular & Cell Biology University of California Berkeley United States Howard Hughes Medical Institute United States Department of Psychology Yale University United States Department of Statistics and Data Science Yale University United States Department of Psychology Columbia University United States Department of Neuroscience Columbia University United States Department of Electrical Engineering Columbia University United States

Vision is widely understood as an inference problem. However, two contrasting conceptions of the inference process have each been influential in research on biological vision as well as the engineering of machine vision. The first emphasizes bottom-up signal flow, describing vision as a largely feedforward, discriminative inference process that filters and transforms the visual information to remove irrelevant variation and represent behaviorally relevant information in a format suitable for downstream functions of cognition and behavioral control. In this conception, vision is driven by the sensory data, and perception is direct because the processing proceeds from the data to the latent variables of interest. The notion of "inference" in this conception is that of the engineering literature on neural networks, where feedforward convolutional neural networks processing images are said to perform inference. The alternative conception is that of vision as an inference process in Helmholtz's sense, where the sensory evidence is evaluated in the context of a generative model of the causal processes that give rise to it. In this conception, vision inverts a generative model through an interrogation of the sensory evidence in a process often thought to involve top-down predictions of sensory data to evaluate the likelihood of alternative hypotheses. The authors include scientists rooted in roughly equal numbers in each of the conceptions and motivated to overcome what might be a false dichotomy between them and engage the other perspective in the realm of theory and experiment. The primate brain employs an unknown algorithm that may combine the advantages of both conceptions. We explain and clarify the terminology, review the key empirical evidence, and propose an empirical research program that transcends the dichotomy and sets the stage for revealing the mysterious hybrid algorithm of primate vision. © 2024, CC BY.

关键词： Feedforward neural networks

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Large AI Models in Health Informatics: Applications, Challenges, and the Future

arXiv

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arXiv 2023年

作者： Qiu, Jianing Li, Lin Sun, Jiankai Peng, Jiachuan Shi, Peilun Zhang, Ruiyang Dong, Yinzhao Lam, Kyle Lo, Frank P.-W. Xiao, Bo Yuan, Wu Wang, Ningli Xu, Dong Lo, Benny The Department of Computing Imperial College London United Kingdom The Department of Biomedical Engineering The Chinese University of Hong Kong Hong Kong Ltd. Hong Kong The Department of Informatics King’s College London United Kingdom The School of Engineering Stanford University United States The Department of Engineering Science University of Oxford United Kingdom The Faculty of Engineering The University of Hong Kong Hong Kong The Department of Surgery and Cancer Imperial College London United Kingdom The Hamlyn Centre for Robotic Surgery Imperial College London United Kingdom Beijing Tongren Eye Center Beijing Tongren Hospital Capital Medical University China Beijing Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences Key Laboratory Beijing China The Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science United States The Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center University of Missouri United States The Facualty of Medicine Imperial College London United Kingdom

Large AI models, or foundation models, are models recently emerging with massive scales both parameter-wise and data-wise, the magnitudes of which can reach beyond billions. Once pretrained, large AI models demonstrate impressive performance in various downstream tasks. A prime example is ChatGPT, whose capability has compelled people’s imagination about the far-reaching influence that large AI models can have and their potential to transform different domains of our lives. In health informatics, the advent of large AI models has brought new paradigms for the design of methodologies. The scale of multi-modal data in the biomedical and health domain has been ever-expanding especially since the community embraced the era of deep learning, which provides the ground to develop, validate, and advance large AI models for breakthroughs in health-related areas. This article presents a comprehensive review of large AI models, from background to their applications. We identify seven key sectors in which large AI models are applicable and might have substantial influence, including 1) bioinformatics;2) medical diagnosis;3) medical imaging;4) medical © 2023, CC BY-NC-ND.

关键词： Medical imaging

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Adaptivity of stochastic gradient methods for nonconvex optimization

arXiv

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arXiv 2020年

作者： Horváth, Samuel Lei, Lihua Richtárik, Peter Jordan, Michael I. Visual Computing Center KAUST Thuwal Saudi Arabia Department of Statistics Stanford University Palo AltoCA94305 United States Computer Science Division Department of Statistics University of California Berkeley BerkeleyCA94704 United States

Adaptivity is an important yet under-studied property in modern optimization theory. The gap between the state-of-the-art theory and the current practice is striking in that algorithms with desirable theoretical guarantees typically involve drastically different settings of hyperparameters, such as step-size schemes and batch sizes, in different regimes. Despite the appealing theoretical results, such divisive strategies provide little, if any, insight to practitioners to select algorithms that work broadly without tweaking the hyperparameters. In this work, blending the "geometrization" technique introduced by Lei & Jordan (2016) and the SARAH algorithm of Nguyen et al. (2017), we propose the Geometrized SARAH algorithm for non-convex finite-sum and stochastic optimization. Our algorithm is proved to achieve adaptivity to both the magnitude of the target accuracy and the Polyak-Lojasiewicz (PL) constant, if present. In addition, it achieves the best-available convergence rate for non-PL objectives simultaneously while outperforming existing algorithms for PL objectives. Copyright © 2020, The Authors. All rights reserved.

关键词： Blending

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Representing ambiguity in registration problems with conditional invertible neural networks

arXiv

引用

arXiv 2020年

作者： Trofimova, Darya Adler, Tim Kausch, Lisa Ardizzone, Lynton Maier-Hein, Klaus Köthe, Ulrich Rother, Carsten Maier-Hein, Lena Division of Computer Assisted Medical Interventions German Cancer Research Center Heidelberg Germany Faculty of Mathematics and Computer Science Heidelberg University Heidelberg Germany Division of Medical Image Computing German Cancer Research Center Heidelberg Germany Visual Learning Lab Heidelberg University Heidelberg Germany Medical Faculty Heidelberg University Heidelberg Germany

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REFUGE2 CHALLENGE: A TREASURE TROVE FOR MULTI-DIMENSION ANALYSIS AND EVALUATION IN GLAUCOMA SCREENING

arXiv

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arXiv 2022年

作者： Fang, Huihui Li, Fei Wu, Junde Fu, Huazhu Sun, Xu Son, Jaemin Yu, Shuang Zhang, Menglu Yuan, Chenglang Bian, Cheng Lei, Baiying Zhao, Benjian Xu, Xinxing Li, Shaohua Fumero, Francisco Sigut, José Almubarak, Haidar Bazi, Yakoub Guo, Yuanhao Zhou, Yating Baid, Ujjwal Innani, Shubham Guo, Tianjiao Yang, Jie Orlando, José Ignacio Bogunović, Hrvoje Zhang, Xiulan Xu, Yanwu The REFUGE2 Challenge Australia State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center Sun Yat-Sen University Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science Guangzhou China Intelligent Healthcare Unit Baidu Inc. Beijing China The Institute of High Performance Computing Agency for Science Technology and Research Singapore Yatiris Group PLADEMA Institute CONICET UNICEN Tandil Argentina Christian Doppler Lab for Artificial Intelligence in Retina Department of Ophthalmology and Optometry Medical University of Vienna Vienna Austria VUNO Inc Seoul Korea Republic of Tencent HealthCare Tencent Shenzhen China Computer Vision Institute College of Computer Science and Software Engineering of Shenzhen University Shenzhen China School of Biomedical Engineering Health Science Center Shenzhen University China Xiaohe Healthcare ByteDance Guangdong Guangzhou510000 China School of Biomedical Engineering Shenzhen University China College of Computer Science & Software Engineering Shenzhen University China Department of Computer Science and Systems Engineering Universidad de La Laguna Spain Saudi Electronic University Saudi Arabia King Saud University Saudi Arabia Institute of Automation Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China SGGS Institute of Engineering and Technology India Institute of Medical Robotics Shanghai Jiao Tong University China Institute of Image Processing and Pattern Recognition Shanghai Jiao Tong University China

With the rapid development of artificial intelligence (AI) in medical image processing, deep learning in color fundus photography (CFP) analysis is also evolving. Although there are some open-source, labeled datasets of CFPs in the ophthalmology community, large-scale datasets for screening only have labels of disease categories, and datasets with annotations of fundus structures are usually small in size. In addition, labeling standards are not uniform across datasets, and there is no clear information on the acquisition device. Here we release a multi-annotation, multi-quality, and multi-device color fundus image dataset for glaucoma analysis on an original challenge-Retinal Fundus Glaucoma Challenge 2nd Edition (REFUGE2). The REFUGE2 dataset contains 2000 color fundus images with annotations of glaucoma classification, optic disc/cup segmentation, as well as fovea localization. Meanwhile, the REFUGE2 challenge sets three sub-tasks of automatic glaucoma diagnosis and fundus structure analysis and provides an online evaluation framework. Based on the characteristics of multi-device and multi-quality data, some methods with strong generalizations are provided in the challenge to make the predictions more robust. This shows that REFUGE2 brings attention to the characteristics of real-world multi-domain data, bridging the gap between scientific research and clinical application. © 2022, CC BY-NC-ND.

关键词： Color

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Common and Rare Fundus Diseases Identification Using Vision-Language Foundation Model with Knowledge of Over 400 Diseases

arXiv

引用

arXiv 2024年

作者： Wang, Meng Lin, Tian Lin, Aidi Yu, Kai Peng, Yuanyuan Wang, Lianyu Chen, Cheng Zou, Ke Liang, Huiyu Chen, Man Yao, Xue Zhang, Meiqin Huang, Binwei Zheng, Chaoxin Zhang, Peixin Chen, Wei Luo, Yilong Chen, Yifan Xia, Honghe Shi, Tingkun Zhang, Qi Guo, Jinming Chen, Xiaolin Wang, Jingcheng Chung Tham, Yih Liu, Dianbo Wong, Wendy Thakur, Sahil Fenner, Beau Fang, Danqi Liu, Siying Liu, Qingyun Huang, Yuqiang Zeng, Hongqiang Meng, Yanda Zhou, Yukun Jiang, Zehua Qiu, Minghui Zhang, Changqing Chen, Xinjian Wang, Sophia Y. Lee, Cecilia S. Sobrin, Lucia Cheung, Carol Y. Pang, Chi Pui Keane, Pearse A. Cheng, Ching-Yu Chen, Haoyu Fu, Huazhu Centre for Innovation & Precision Eye Health Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine National University of Singapore Singapore117549 Singapore Department of Ophthalmology Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine National University of Singapore Singapore117549 Singapore Joint Shantou International Eye Center Shantou University Chinese University of Hong Kong Guangdong Shantou515041 China Department of Radiology University of Pennsylvania PhiladelphiaPA19104 United States School of Biomedical Engineering Anhui Medical University Anhui Hefei230032 China College of Computer Science and Technology Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics Jiangsu Nanjing211100 China Center of Advanced Medical Computing and Analysis Massachusetts General Hospital Harvard Medical School BostonMA02114 United States National Key Laboratory of Fundamental Science on Synthetic Vision College of Computer Science Sichuan University Sichuan Chengdu610065 China Big Vision Medical Technology Ltd. Suzhou China Singapore Eye Research Institute Singapore National Eye Centre Singapore Duke-NUS Medical School Singapore Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences The Chinese University of Hong Kong 999077 Hong Kong Shenzhen Longgang E.N.T Hospital Guangdong Shenzhen518172 China Dongguan Songshan Lake Central Hospital Guangdong Dongguan523326 China Department of Computer Science University of Exeter ExeterEX4 4RN United Kingdom Centre for Medical Image Computing University College London London United Kingdom NIHR Biomedical Research Centre Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust London United Kingdom Institute of Ophthalmology University College London London United Kingdom Tsinghua Medicine of Tsinghua University Beijing100084 China School of Clinical Medicine Beijing Tsinghua Changgung Hospital Beijing102218 China Foshan Aier Eye Hospital Guangdong Foshan528000 China College of Intelligence and Computing Tianjin University Tianjin300350 China School of Electr

Previous foundation models for retinal images were pre-trained with limited disease categories and knowledge base. Here we introduce RetiZero, a vision-language foundation model that leverages knowledge from over 400 fundus diseases. For RetiZero's pre-training, we compiled 341,896 fundus images paired with text descriptions, sourced from public datasets, ophthalmic literature, and online resources, encompassing a diverse range of diseases across multiple ethnicities and countries. RetiZero exhibits superior performance in several downstream tasks, including zero-shot disease recognition, image-to-image retrieval, and internal- and cross-domain disease identification. In zero-shot scenarios, RetiZero achieves Top5 accuracy scores of 0.8430 for 15 fundus diseases and 0.7561 for 52 fundus diseases. For image retrieval, it achieves Top5 scores of 0.9500 and 0.8860 for the same disease sets, respectively. Clinical evaluations show that RetiZero's Top3 zero-shot performance surpasses the average of 19 ophthalmologists from Singapore, China, and the United States. Furthermore, RetiZero significantly enhances clinicians' accuracy in diagnosing fundus disease. These findings underscore the value of integrating the RetiZero foundation model into clinical settings, where a variety of fundus diseases are encountered. © 2024, CC0.

关键词： Ophthalmology

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Learning an Effective Charging Scheme for Mobile Devices

Learning an Effective Charging Scheme for Mobile Devices

引用

International Symposium on Parallel and Distributed Processing (IPDPS)

作者： Tang Liu Baijun Wu Wenzheng Xu Xianbo Cao Jian Peng Hongyi Wu Visual Computing and Virtual Reality Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province Sichuan Normal University Chengdu China University of Louisiana at Lafayette Lafayette LA USA College of Computer Science Sichuan University Chengdu China Center for Cybersecurity Education and Research Dominion University Norfolk VA USA

ISBN: (数字)9781728168760

ISBN: (纸本)9781728168777

Wireless charging has been demonstrated as a promising technology for prolonging device operational lifetimes in Wireless Rechargeable Networks (WRNs). To schedule a mobile charger to move along a predesigned trajectory to charge devices, most existing studies assume that the precise location information of devices is already known. Unfortunately, this assumption does not always hold in real mobile application, because the activities of vast majority of mobile devices carried by mobile agents appear dynamic and random. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first work to study how to wirelessly charge mobile devices with non-deterministic mobility. We aim to provide effective charging service to them, subject to the energy capacity of the mobile charger. Then, we formalize the effective charging problem as a charging reward maximization problem (CRMP), where the amount of reward obtained by charging a de-vice is inversely proportional to the residual lifetime of the device. To derive an effective charging heuristic, an algorithm based on Reinforcement Learning (RL) is proposed. The evaluation results show that the RL-based charging algorithm achieves excellent charging effectiveness. We further interpret the learned heuristic to gain deep and valuable insights into the design options.

关键词： Mobile handsets Heuristic algorithms Batteries Trajectory Wireless communication Energy consumption Wireless sensor networks

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Why is the Winner the Best?

Why is the Winner the Best?

引用

Conference on computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR)

作者： M. Eisenmann A. Reinke V. Weru M. D. Tizabi F. Isensee T. J. Adler S. Ali V. Andrearczyk M. Aubreville U. Baid S. Bakas N. Balu S. Bano J. Bernal S. Bodenstedt A. Casella V. Cheplygina M. Daum M. De Bruijne A. Depeursinge R. Dorent J. Egger D. G. Ellis S. Engelhardt M. Ganz N. Ghatwary G. Girard P. Godau A. Gupta L. Hansen K. Harada M. Heinrich N. Heller A. Hering A. Huaulmé P. Jannin A. E. Kavur O. Kodym M. Kozubek J. Li H. Li J. Ma C. Martín-Isla B. Menze A. Noble V. Oreiller N. Padoy S. Pati K. Payette T. Rädsch J. Rafael-Patiño V. Singh Bawa S. Speidel C. H. Sudre K. Van Wijnen M. Wagner D. Wei A. Yamlahi M. H. Yap C. Yuan M. Zenk A. Zia D. Zimmerer D. Aydogan B. Bhattarai L. Bloch R. Brüngel J. Cho C. Choi Q. Dou I. Ezhov C. M. Friedrich C. Fuller R. R. Gaire A. Galdran Á. García Faura M. Grammatikopoulou S. Hong M. Jahanifar I. Jang A. Kadkhodamohammadi I. Kang F. Kofler S. Kondo H. Kuijf M. Li M. Luu T. Martinčič P. Morais M. A. Naser B. Oliveira D. Owen S. Pang J. Park S. Park S. Płotka E. Puybareau N. Rajpoot K. Ryu N. Saeed A. Shephard P. Shi D. Štepec R. Subedi G. Tochon H. R. Torres H. Urien J. L. Vilaça K. A. Wahid H. Wang J. Wang L. Wang X. Wang B. Wiestler M. Wodzinski F. Xia J. Xie Z. Xiong S. Yang Y. Yang Z. Zhao K. Maier-Hein P. F. Jäger A. Kopp-Schneider L. Maier-Hein Division of Intelligent Medical Systems German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) Heidelberg Germany Helmholtz Imaging German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) Heidelberg Germany Faculty of Mathematics and Computer Science Heidelberg University Heidelberg Germany Division of Biostatistics German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) Heidelberg Germany Division of Medical Image Computing German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) Heidelberg Germany Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences School of Computing University of Leeds Leeds UK Institute of Informatics School of Management HES-SO Valais-Wallis University of Applied Sciences and Arts Western Switzerland Sierre Switzerland Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging Lausanne University Hospital Lausanne Switzerland Technische Hochschule Ingolstadt Ingolstadt Germany Center for Artificial Intelligence and Data Science for Integrated Diagnostics (AI2D) and Center for Biomedical Image Computing and Analytics (CBICA) University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia PA USA Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine Perelman School of Medicine University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia PA USA Department of Radiology Perelman School of Medicine University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia PA USA Department of Radiology University of Washington Seattle WA USA Department of Computer Science Wellcome/EPSRC Centre for Interventional and Surgical Sciences (WEISS) University College London London UK Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona & Computer Vision Center Barcelona Spain Division of Translational Surgical Oncology National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT/UCC) Dresden Dresden Germany Department of Advanced Robotics Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia Italy Department of Electronics Information and Bioengineering Politecnico di Milano Milan Italy IT University of Copenhagen Copenhagen Denmark Department of General Visceral and Transplantation Surgery Heidelberg University Hospital Heidelberg Germany Department of Radiology and Nuc

International benchmarking competitions have become fundamental for the comparative performance assessment of image analysis methods. However, little attention has been given to investigating what can be learnt from these competitions. Do they really generate scientific progress? What are common and successful participation strategies? What makes a solution superior to a competing method? To address this gap in the literature, we performed a multicenter study with all 80 competitions that were conducted in the scope of IEEE ISBI 2021 and MICCAI 2021. Statistical analyses performed based on comprehensive descriptions of the submitted algorithms linked to their rank as well as the underlying participation strategies revealed common characteristics of winning solutions. These typically include the use of multi-task learning (63%) and/or multi-stage pipelines (61%), and a focus on augmentation (100%), image preprocessing (97%), data curation (79%), and post-processing (66%). The “typical” lead of a winning team is a computer scientist with a doctoral degree, five years of experience in biomedical image analysis, and four years of experience in deep learning. Two core general development strategies stood out for highly-ranked teams: the reflection of the metrics in the method design and the focus on analyzing and handling failure cases. According to the organizers, 43% of the winning algorithms exceeded the state of the art but only 11% completely solved the respective domain problem. The insights of our study could help researchers (1) improve algorithm development strategies when approaching new problems, and (2) focus on open research questions revealed by this work.

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