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Exploring the neural basis of reaction time variability in ADHD: The importance of examining data at the trial level

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NeuroImage: Reports 2025年第2期5卷 100263-100263页

作者： Tamm, Leanne Dudley, Jonathan A. Karalunas, Sarah L. Simon, John O. Maloney, Thomas C. Atluri, Gowtham Epstein, Jeffery N. Department of Pediatrics Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center 3333 Burnet Avenue Cincinnati 45229 OH United States University of Cincinnati College of Medicine Medical Sciences Building P.O. Box 670761 Cincinnati 45267 OH United States Department of Radiology Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center 3333 Burnet Avenue Cincinnati 45229 OH United States Department of Psychology Purdue University Purdue University Department of Psychological Sciences 703 Third St. West Lafayette 47907 IN United States Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science University of Cincinnati 2901 Woodside Drive Cincinnati 45221 OH United States

Patients with ADHD evidence elevated reaction time variability (RTV) due to periodic long reaction times (RTs). Even though reaction time variability (RTV) reflects intraindividual differences in RT across time, prior research exploring the neural basis of RTV in ADHD has primarily examined associations between neural activation and summary RTV outcomes (e.g., standard deviation of reaction time, tau). Here, we explore group differences in the neural basis of RTV by examining association between trial-level RTs and fMRI BOLD activation obtained during a Stop Signal Task in a large (n = 5719) sample of 9- to 10-year-old children participating in the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) study. Children with ADHD demonstrated greater RTV than those without ADHD. ADHD-related group differences were not observed between fMRI BOLD activation and summary RTV outcomes. At the trial level, longer RTs were associated with increased BOLD activation in salience/ventral attention and executive control networks and decreased BOLD activation in the default mode network, consistent with time-on-task effects (i.e., stimulus processing time) in which long RTs require maintaining task-positive activation and DMN suppression for more time than short RTs. Moreover, children with ADHD showed weaker associations between long RTs and BOLD activation in these regions than children without ADHD supporting models that point to dysregulated competition between the DMN and executive network as mechanism of cognitive impairment in ADHD. © 2025 The Authors

关键词： Intraindividual variability Reaction time variability Trial-by-trial

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Learning-to-Fly: Learning-based Collision Avoidance for Scalable Urban Air Mobility

arXiv

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arXiv 2020年

作者： Rodionova, Alëna Pant, Yash Vardhan Jang, Kuk Abbas, Houssam Mangharam, Rahul Department of Electrical and Systems Engineering University of Pennsylvania PhiladelphiaPA United States Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences University of California Berkeley United States School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Oregon State University Corvallis United States

With increasing urban population, there is global interest in Urban Air Mobility (UAM), where hundreds of autonomous Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UAS) execute missions in the airspace above cities. Unlike traditional human-in-the-loop air traffic management, UAM requires decentralized autonomous approaches that scale for an order of magnitude higher aircraft densities and are applicable to urban settings. We present Learning-to-Fly (L2F), a decentralized on-demand airborne collision avoidance framework for multiple UAS that allows them to independently plan and safely execute missions with spatial, temporal and reactive objectives expressed using Signal Temporal Logic. We formulate the problem of predictively avoiding collisions between two UAS without violating mission objectives as a Mixed Integer Linear Program (MILP). This however is intractable to solve online. Instead, we develop L2F, a two-stage collision avoidance method that consists of: 1) a learning-based decision-making scheme and 2) a distributed, linear programming-based UAS control algorithm. Through extensive simulations, we show the real-time applicability of our method which is ≈6000× faster than the MILP approach and can resolve 100% of collisions when there is ample room to maneuver, and shows graceful degradation in performance otherwise. We also compare L2F to two other methods and demonstrate an implementation on quad-rotor robots. Copyright © 2020, The Authors. All rights reserved.

关键词： Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV)

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Periodically Driven Open Quantum Systems: Spectral Properties and Non-Equilibrium Steady States

arXiv

引用

arXiv 2023年

作者： Chen, Hao Hu, Yu-Min Zhang, Wucheng Kurniawan, Michael Alexander Shao, Yuelin Chen, Xueqi Prem, Abhinav Dai, Xi Department of Physics Princeton University NJ08544 United States Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Princeton University NJ08544 United States Institute for Advanced Study Tsinghua University Beijing100084 China Department of Physics Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Clear Water Bay Road Kowloon Hong Kong Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics Institute of Physics Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing100190 China School of Physical Sciences University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing100049 China Department of Physics Stanford University StanfordCA94305 United States School of Natural Sciences Institute for Advanced Study PrincetonNJ08540 United States

In this article, we investigate periodically driven open quantum systems within the framework of Floquet-Lindblad master equations. Specifically, we discuss Lindblad master equations in the presence of a coherent, time-periodic driving and establish their general spectral features. We also clarify the notions of transient and non-decaying solutions from this spectral perspective, and then prove that any physical system described by a Floquet-Lindblad equation must have at least one physical non-equilibrium steady state (NESS), corresponding to an eigenoperator of the Floquet-Lindblad evolution superoperator UF with unit eigenvalue. Since the Floquet-Lindblad formalism encapsulates the entire information regarding the NESS, it in principle enables us to obtain nonlinear effects to all orders at once. The Floquet-Lindblad formalism thus provides a powerful tool for studying driven-dissipative solid-state systems, which we illustrate by deriving the nonlinear optical response of a simple two-band model of an insulating solid and comparing it with prior results established through Keldysh techniques. © 2023, CC BY-NC-ND.

关键词： Eigenvalues and eigenfunctions

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Midinfrared Tunable Laser with Noncritical Frequency Matching in Box Resonator Geometry

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Physical Review Letters 2021年第21期127卷 213902-213902页

作者： Kunpeng Jia Xiaohan Wang Jian Guo Yihao Li Xin Ni Pengfei Fan Qiqi Shen Tao Wang Xinjie Lv Gang Zhao Shu-Wei Huang Xueming Yang Zhenda Xie Shi-ning Zhu National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures School of Electronic Science and Engineering College of Engineering and Applied Sciences School of Physics and Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures Nanjing University Nanjing 210093 China State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics Chinese Academy of Sciences Dalian Liaoning 116023 China Department of Chemistry College of Science Southern University of Science and Technology Shenzhen Guangdong 518055 China Department of Electrical Computer and Energy Engineering University of Colorado Boulder Boulder Colorado 80309 USA

Monolithic optical parametric oscillators extend laser frequencies in compact architectures, but normally guide and circulate all pump, signal, and idler beams. Critical frequency matching is raised among these resonances, limiting operation stability and continuous tuning. Here, we develop a box resonator geometry that guides all beams but only resonates for signal. Such noncritical frequency matching enables 227 GHz continuous tuning, with sub-10 kHz linewidth and 0.43 W power at 3310 nm. Our results confirm that monolithic resonator can be effectively used as a tunable laser including midinfrared wavelength, as further harnessed with methane fine spectral measurement at MHz accuracy.

关键词： Optical parametric oscillators & amplifiers Optical microcavities Tunable lasers Optical absorption spectroscopy

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All-dielectric meta-optics for high-efficiency independent amplitude and phase manipulation

arXiv

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arXiv 2021年

作者： Raeker, Brian O. Grbic, Anthony Zheng, Hanyu Zhou, You Kravchenko, Ivan I. Valentine, Jason Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science University of Michigan Ann ArborMI48109 United States Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Vanderbilt University NashvilleTN37212 United States Photonics Initiative Advanced Science Research Center City University of New York New YorkNY10031 United States Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences Oak Ridge National Laboratory Oak RidgeTN37831 United States Department of Mechanical Engineering Vanderbilt University NashvilleTN37212 United States

Metasurfaces, composed of subwavelength scattering elements, have demonstrated remarkable control over the transmitted amplitude, phase, and polarization of light. However, manipulating the amplitude upon transmission has required loss if a single metasurface is used. Here, we describe high-efficiency independent manipulation of the amplitude and phase of a beam using two lossless phase-only metasurfaces separated by a distance. With this configuration, we experimentally demonstrate optical components such as combined beam-forming and splitting devices, as well as those for forming complex-valued, three-dimensional holograms. The compound meta-optic platform provides a promising approach for achieving high performance optical holographic displays and compact optical components, while exhibiting a high overall efficiency. Copyright © 2021, The Authors. All rights reserved.

关键词： Holographic displays

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Heralding Single Photons from a Photon Pair Source using a Superconducting Nanowire Detector

Heralding Single Photons from a Photon Pair Source using a S...

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Quantum 2.0, QUANTUM 2022

作者： Davis, Samantha I. Mueller, Andrew Valivarthi, Raju Lauk, Nikolai Narvaez, Lautaro Korzh, Boris Beyer, Andrew D. Colangelo, Marco Berggren, Karl K. Shaw, Matthew D. Sinclair, Neil Spiropulu, Maria Division of Physics Mathematics and Astronomy California Institute of Technology 1200 E California Blvd. PasadenaCA91125 United States California Institute of Technology 1200 E California Blvd. PasadenaCA91125 United States Jet Propulsion Laboratory California Institute of Technology 4800 Oak Grove Dr. PasadenaCA91109 United States Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Massachusetts Institute of Technology 50 Vassar St. CambridgeMA02139 United States John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences Harvard University 29 Oxford St. CambridgeMA02138 United States

We experimentally demonstrate an improved heralded single photon source using a photon-number-resolving superconducting nanowire detector compared to that using a conventional bucket detector. This work delineates a p... 详细信息

ISBN: (纸本)9781957171111

关键词： Photons

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Retrospective for the dynamic sensorium competition for predicting large-scale mouse primary visual cortex activity from videos 24

Retrospective for the dynamic sensorium competition for pred...

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Proceedings of the 38th International Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems

作者： Polina Turishcheva Paul G. Fahey Michaela Vystrčilová Laura Hansel Rachel Froebe Kayla Ponder Yongrong Qiu Konstantin F. Willeke Mohammad Bashiri Ruslan Baikulov Yu Zhu Lei Ma Shan Yu Tiejun Huang Bryan M. Li Wolf De Wulf Nina Kudryashova Matthias H. Hennig Nathalie L. Rochefort Arno Onken Eric Wang Zhiwei Ding Andreas S. Tolias Fabian H. Sinz Alexander S. Ecker Institute of Computer Science and Campus Institute Data Science University of Göttingen Germany Department of Neuroscience & Center for Neuroscience and Artificial Intelligence Baylor College of Medicine Houston Texas and Department of Ophthalmology Byers Eye Institute Stanford University School of Medicine Stanford CA and Stanford Bio-X Stanford University Stanford CA and Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute Stanford University Stanford CA Department of Neuroscience & Center for Neuroscience and Artificial Intelligence Baylor College of Medicine Houston Texas Institute of Computer Science and Campus Institute Data Science University of Göttingen Germany and Department of Ophthalmology Byers Eye Institute Stanford University School of Medicine Stanford CA and Stanford Bio-X Stanford University Stanford CA and Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute Stanford University Stanford CA Institute of Computer Science and Campus Institute Data Science University of Göttingen Germany and International Max Planck Research School for Intelligent Systems Tübingen Germany and Institute for Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics Tübingen University Germany lRomul Russia Institute of Automation Chinese Academy of Sciences China and Beijing Academy of Artificial Intelligence China Beijing Academy of Artificial Intelligence China Institute of Automation Chinese Academy of Sciences China The Alan Turing Institute UK and School of Informatics University of Edinburgh UK School of Informatics University of Edinburgh UK Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences University of Edinburgh UK and Simons Initiative for the Developing Brain University of Edinburgh UK Department of Neuroscience & Center for Neuroscience and Artificial Intelligence Baylor College of Medicine Houston Texas and Department of Ophthalmology Byers Eye Institute Stanford University School of Medicine Stanford CA and Stanford Bio-X Stanford University Stanford CA and Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute Stanford University Stanf

ISBN: (纸本)9798331314385

Understanding how biological visual systems process information is challenging because of the nonlinear relationship between visual input and neuronal responses. Artificial neural networks allow computational neuroscientists to create predictive models that connect biological and machine vision. Machine learning has benefited tremendously from benchmarks that compare different models on the same task under standardized conditions. However, there was no standardized benchmark to identify state-of-the-art dynamic models of the mouse visual system. To address this gap, we established the SENSORIUM 2023 Benchmark Competition with dynamic input, featuring a new large-scale dataset from the primary visual cortex of ten mice. This dataset includes responses from 78,853 neurons to 2 hours of dynamic stimuli per neuron, together with behavioral measurements such as running speed, pupil dilation, and eye movements. The competition ranked models in two tracks based on predictive performance for neuronal responses on a held-out test set: one focusing on predicting in-domain natural stimuli and another on out-of-distribution (OOD) stimuli to assess model generalization. As part of the NeurIPS 2023 Competition Track, we received more than 160 model submissions from 22 teams. Several new architectures for predictive models were proposed, and the winning teams improved the previous state-of-the-art model by 50%. Access to the dataset as well as the benchmarking infrastructure will remain online at ***.

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Optimal assignment of collaborating agents in multi-body asset-guarding games

Optimal assignment of collaborating agents in multi-body ass...

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American Control Conference

作者： Emmanuel Sin Murat Arcak Andrew Packard Douglas Philbrick Peter Seiler Department of Mechanical Engineering University of California Berkeley Department of Electrical Engineering & Computer Sciences University of California Berkeley U.S. Naval Air Warfare Center-Weapons Division Department of Electrical Engineering & Computer Science University of Michigan

ISBN: (数字)9781538682661

ISBN: (纸本)9781538682678

We study a multi-body asset-guarding game in missile defense where teams of interceptor missiles collaborate to defend a non-manuevering asset against a group of threat missiles. We approach the problem in two steps. We first formulate an assignment problem where we optimally assign subsets of collaborating interceptors to each threat so that all threats are intercepted as far away from the asset as possible. We assume that each interceptor is controlled by a collaborative guidance law derived from linear quadratic dynamic games. Our results include a 6-DOF simulation of a 5-interceptor versus 3-threat missile engagement where each agent is modeled as a missile airframe controlled by an autopilot. Despite the assumption of linear dynamics in our collaborative guidance law and the unmodeled dynamics in the simulation environment (e.g., varying density and gravity), we show that the simulated trajectories match well with those predicted by our approach. Furthermore, we show that a more agile threat, with greater speed and acceleration, can be intercepted by inferior interceptors when they collaborate. We believe the concepts introduced in this paper may be applied in asymmetric missile defense scenarios, including defense against advanced cruise missiles and hypersonic vehicles.

关键词： Games Missiles Collaboration Mathematical model Predictive models Vehicle dynamics Multi-agent systems

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Burst-Deletion-Correcting Codes for Permutations and Multipermutations

Burst-Deletion-Correcting Codes for Permutations and Multipe...

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作者： Chee, Yeow Meng Ling, San Nguyen, Tuan Thanh Vu, Van Khu Wei, Hengjia Zhang, Xiande Department of Industrial Systems Engineering and Management National University of Singapore Singapore119077 Singapore School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences Nanyang Technological University Singapore639798 Singapore Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Ben Gurion University of the Negev Beersheba8410501 Israel Division of Mathematical Sciences University of Science and Technology of China Hefei230026 China

Permutation codes and multipermutation codes are widely studied due to various applications in information theory. Designing codes correcting deletion errors has been the main subject of works in the literature and to the best of our knowledge, there exist only optimal codes capable of correcting a single deletion in a permutation. In this paper, we construct several classes of permutation and multipermutation codes that are capable of correcting a burst deletion of length s2, for both stable and unstable models. Efficient error decoders are provided to show the correctness of our constructions. © 1963-2012 IEEE.

关键词： Flash memory

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Topological Surface State Evolution in Bi2Se3 via Surface Etching

arXiv

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arXiv 2024年

作者： Yue, Ziqin Huang, Jianwei Wang, Ruohan Li, Jia-Wan Rong, Hongtao Guo, Yucheng Wu, Han Zhang, Yichen Kono, Junichiro Zhou, Xingjiang Hou, Yusheng Wu, Ruqian Yi, Ming Department of Physics and Astronomy Rice University HoustonTX77005 United States Applied Physics Graduate Program Smalley-Curl Institute Rice University HoustonTX77005 United States Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Magnetoelectric Physics and Devices Center for Neutron Science and Technology School of Physics Sun Yat-Sen University Guangzhou510275 China Institute of Physics Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing100190 China Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Rice University HoustonTX77005 United States Department of Materials Science and NanoEngineering Rice University HoustonTX77005 United States Department of Physics and Astronomy University of California Irvine IrvineCA92697 United States

Topological insulators are materials with an insulating bulk interior while maintaining gapless boundary states against back scattering. Bi2Se3 is a prototypical topological insulator with a Dirac-cone surface state around Γ. Here, we present a controlled methodology to gradually remove Se atoms from the surface Se-Bi-Se-Bi-Se quintuple layers, eventually forming bilayer-Bi on top of the quintuple bulk. Our method allows us to track the topological surface state and confirm its robustness throughout the surface modification. Importantly, we report a relocation of the topological Dirac cone in both real space and momentum space, as the top surface layer transitions from quintuple Se-Bi-Se-Bi-Se to bilayer-Bi. Additionally, charge transfer among different surface layers is identified. Our study provides a precise method to manipulate surface configurations, allowing for the fine-tuning of the topological surface states in Bi2Se3, which represents a significant advancement towards nano-engineering of topological states. Copyright © 2024, The Authors. All rights reserved.

关键词： Topological insulators

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