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Lessons Learned from Assessing Trustworthy AI in Practice

Digital Society 2023年第3期2卷 1-25页

作者： Vetter, Dennis Amann, Julia Bruneault, Frédérick Coffee, Megan Düdder, Boris Gallucci, Alessio Gilbert, Thomas Krendl Hagendorff, Thilo van Halem, Irmhild Hickman, Eleanore Hildt, Elisabeth Holm, Sune Kararigas, Georgios Kringen, Pedro Madai, Vince I. Wiinblad Mathez, Emilie Tithi, Jesmin Jahan Westerlund, Magnus Wurth, Renee Zicari, Roberto V. Computational Vision and Artificial Intelligence Lab Goethe University Frankfurt Frankfurt Am Main Germany Z-Inspection® Initiative Venice Italy Health Ethics and Policy Lab ETH Zurich Zurich Switzerland Strategy and Innovation Careum Foundation Zurich Switzerland Philosophie Departement Collège André-Laurendeau Montréal Canada École Des Médias Université du Québec À Montréal Montréal Canada Department of Medicine Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology New York University Grossman School of Medicine New York City USA Department of Computer Science University of Copenhagen Copenhagen Denmark Digital Life Initiative Cornell Tech New York City USA Cluster of Excellence “Machine Learning: New Perspectives for Science” University of Tuebingen Tuebingen Germany School of Law University of Bristol Bristol UK Center for the Study of Ethics in the Professions Illinois Institute of Technology Chicago USA Department of Business Management and Analytics Arcada University of Applied Sciences Helsinki Finland Department of Food & Resource Economics University of Copenhagen Copenhagen Denmark Department of Physiology Faculty of Medicine University of Iceland Reykjavik Iceland QUEST Centre for Responsible Research Berlin Institute of Health Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin Berlin Germany Faculty of Computing Engineering and the Built Environment School of Computing and Digital Technology Birmingham City University Birmingham UK Parallel Computing Labs Intel Santa Clara USA School of Economics Innovation and Technology Kristiania University College Oslo Norway Data Science Graduate School Seoul National University Seoul South Korea

Building artificial intelligence (AI) systems that adhere to ethical standards is a complex problem. Even though a multitude of guidelines for the design and development of such trustworthy AI systems exist, these guidelines focus on high-level and abstract requirements for AI systems, and it is often very difficult to assess if a specific system fulfills these requirements. The Z-Inspection® process provides a holistic and dynamic framework to evaluate the trustworthiness of specific AI systems at different stages of the AI lifecycle, including intended use, design, and development. It focuses, in particular, on the discussion and identification of ethical issues and tensions through the analysis of socio-technical scenarios and a requirement-based framework for ethical and trustworthy AI. This article is a methodological reflection on the Z-Inspection® process. We illustrate how high-level guidelines for ethical and trustworthy AI can be applied in practice and provide insights for both AI researchers and AI practitioners. We share the lessons learned from conducting a series of independent assessments to evaluate the trustworthiness of real-world AI systems, as well as key recommendations and practical suggestions on how to ensure a rigorous trustworthiness assessment throughout the lifecycle of an AI system. The results presented in this article are based on our assessments of AI systems in the healthcare sector and environmental monitoring, where we used the framework for trustworthy AI proposed in the Ethics Guidelines for Trustworthy AI by the European Commission’s High-Level Expert Group on AI. However, the assessment process and the lessons learned can be adapted to other domains and include additional frameworks.

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Roadmap on Nonlocality in Photonic Materials and Metamaterials

arXiv

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arXiv 2025年

作者： Monticone, Francesco Mortensen, N. Asger Fernández-Domínguez, Antonio I. Luo, Yu Tserkezis, Christos Khurgin, Jacob B. Shahbazyan, Tigran V. Chaves, André J. Peres, Nuno M.R. Wegner, Gino Busch, Kurt Hu, Huatian della Sala, Fabio Zhang, Pu Ciracì, Cristian Aizpurua, Javier Babaze, Antton Borisov, Andrei G. Chen, Xue-Wen Christensen, Thomas Yan, Wei Yang, Yi Hohenester, Ulrich Huber, Lorenz Wubs, Martijn de Liberato, Simone Gonçalves, P.A.D. de Abajo, F. Javier García Hess, Ortwin Tarasenko, Illya Cox, Joel D. Jelver, Line Dias, Eduardo J.C. Sánchez, Miguel Sánchez Margetis, Dionisios Gómez-Santos, Guillermo Stauber, Tobias Tretyakov, Sergei Simovski, Constantin Pakniyat, Samaneh Gómez-Díaz, J. Sebastián Bondarev, Igor V. Biehs, Svend-Age Boltasseva, Alexandra Shalaev, Vladimir M. Krasavin, Alexey V. Zayats, Anatoly V. Alù, Andrea Song, Jung-Hwan Brongersma, Mark L. Levy, Uriel Long, Olivia Y. Guo, Cheng Fan, Shanhui Bozhevolnyi, Sergey I. Overvig, Adam Prudêncio, Filipa R. Silveirinha, Mário G. Gangaraj, S. Ali Hassani Argyropoulos, Christos Huidobro, Paloma A. Galiffi, Emanuele Yang, Fan Pendry, John B. Miller, David A.B. School of Electrical and Computer Engineering Cornell University IthacaNY14853 United States POLIMA Center for Polariton-driven Light–Matter Interactions University of Southern Denmark Campusvej 55 Odense MDK-5230 Denmark D-IAS—Danish Institute for Advanced Study University of Southern Denmark Campusvej 55 Odense MDK-5230 Denmark Departamento de Física Teórica de la Materia Condensada Universidad Autónoma de Madrid MadridE-28049 Spain Universidad Autónoma de Madrid MadridE-28049 Spain School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering Nanyang Technological University Singapore639798 Singapore Key Laboratory of Radar Imaging and Microwave Photonics Ministry of Education College of Electronic and Information Engineering Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics Nanjing211106 China Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Johns Hopkins University BaltimoreMD21218 United States Department of Physics Jackson State University JacksonMS39217 United States Department of Physics Aeronautics Institute of Technology SP So Jos dos Campos12228-900 Brazil Departamento de Física Universidade do Minho BragaP-4710-057 Portugal Av Mestre José Veiga Braga4715-330 Portugal Max-Born-Institut Berlin12489 Germany Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin Institut für Physik AG Theoretische Optik and Photonik Berlin12489 Germany Center for Biomolecular Nanotechnologies Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia Via Barsanti 14 Arnesano73010 Italy Via Monteroni Campus Unisalento Lecce73100 Italy School of physics Huazhong University of Science and Technology Luoyu Road 1037 Wuhan430074 China Donostia International Physics Center DIPC Donostia-San Sebastián20018 Spain Ikerbasque Basque Foundation for Science Bilbao48009 Spain Department of Electricity and Electronics University of the Basque Country Leioa48940 Spain Department of Applied Physics University of the Basque Country Donostia20018 Spain Université Paris-Saclay CNRS Institut des Scienc

Photonic technologies continue to drive the quest for new optical materials with unprecedented responses. A major frontier in this field is the exploration of nonlocal (spatially dispersive) materials, going beyond the local, wavevector-independent assumption traditionally made in optical material modeling. On one end, the growing interest in plasmonic, polaritonic and quantum materials has revealed naturally occurring nonlocalities, emphasizing the need for more accurate models to predict and design their optical responses. This has major implications also for topological, nonreciprocal, and time-varying systems based on these material platforms. Beyond natural materials, artificially structured materials—metamaterials and metasurfaces–can provide even stronger and engineered nonlocal effects, emerging from long-range interactions or multipolar effects. This is a rapidly expanding area in the field of photonic metamaterials, with open frontiers yet to be explored. In the case of metasurfaces, in particular, nonlocality engineering has become a powerful tool for designing strongly wavevector-dependent responses, enabling enhanced wavefront control, spatial compression, multifunctional devices, and wave-based computing. Furthermore, nonlocality and related concepts play a critical role in defining the ultimate limits of what is possible in optics, photonics, and wave physics. This Roadmap aims to survey the most exciting developments in nonlocal photonic materials, highlight new opportunities and open challenges, and chart new pathways that will drive this emerging field forward–toward new scientific discoveries and technological advancements. Copyright © 2025, The Authors. All rights reserved.

关键词： Nanocrystals

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XCloud-VIP: Virtual Peak Enables Highly Accelerated NMR Spectroscopy and Faithful Quantitative Measures

arXiv

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arXiv 2021年

作者： Guo, Di Tu, Zhangren Guo, Yi Zhou, Yirong Wang, Jian Wang, Zi Qiu, Tianyu Xiao, Min Chen, Yinran Feng, Liubin Huang, Yuqing Lin, Donghai Hong, Qing Goldbourt, Amir Lin, Meijin Qu, Xiaobo The School of Computer and Information Engineering Fujian Engineering Research Center for Medical Data Mining and Application Xiamen University of Technology Xiamen361024 China Department of Electronic Science Biomedical Intelligent Cloud R&D Center Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Plasma and Magnetic Resonance Xiamen University Xiamen361102 China School of Opto-Electronic and Communication Engineering Xiamen University of Technology Xiamen361024 China Department of Computer Science School of Information Xiamen University Xiamen361102 China College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Key Laboratory for Chemical Biology of Fujian Province High-field NMR Center Xiamen University Xiamen361005 China China Mobile Group Xiamen361005 China School of Chemistry Tel Aviv University Tel Aviv6997801 Israel Department of Applied Marine Physics and Engineering College of Ocean and Earth Sciences Xiamen University Xiamen361102 China

—Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy is an important bio-engineering tool to determine the metabolic concentrations, molecule structures and so on. The data acquisition time, however, is very long in multi-dimensional NMR. To accelerate data acquisition, non-uniformly sampling is an effective way but may encounter severe spectral distortions and unfaithful quantitative measures when the acceleration factor is high. By modelling the acquired signal as the superimposed exponentials, we proposed a virtual peak (VIP) approach to self-adapt the prior spectral information, such as the resonance frequency and peak lineshape, and then feed these information into the reconstruction. The proposed method is further implemented with cloud computing to facilitate online, open, and easy access. Results on simulated and experimental data demonstrate that, compared with the low-rank Hankel matrix method, the new approach reconstructs high-fidelity NMR spectra from highly undersampled data and achieves more accurate quantification. The maximum quantitative errors of distances between nuclear pairs and concentrations of metabolites in mixtures have been reduced by 61.1% and 57.7%, respectively. Copyright © 2021, The Authors. All rights reserved.

关键词： Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy

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Genome assembly and transcriptome analysis provide insights into the antischistosome mechanism of Microtus fortis

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Journal of Genetics and Genomics 2020年第12期47卷 743-755页

作者： Hong Li Zhen Wang Shumei Chai Xiong Bai Guohui Ding Yuanyuan Li Junyi Li Qingyu Xiao Benpeng Miao Weili Lin Jie Feng Mingyue Huang Cheng Gao Bin Li Wei Hu Jiaojiao Lin Zhiqiang Fu Jianyun Xie Yixue Li Bio-Med Big Data Center CAS Key Laboratory of Computational BiologyShanghai Institute of Nutrition and HealthUniversity of Chinese Academy of SciencesChinese Academy of SciencesShanghai 200031China Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesKey Laboratory of Animal ParasitologyMinistry of AgricultureShanghai 200241China Shanghai Laboratory Animal Research Center Shanghai 201203China Institute for Digital Health International Human Phenome Institutes(Shanghai)Shanghai 200433China Shanghai Center for Bioinformation Technology Shanghai Academy of Science and TechnologyShanghai 201203China School of Computer Science and Technology Harbin Institute of Technology(Shenzhen)ShenzhenGuangdong 518055China Shanghai Institute of Immunology Department of Immunology and MicrobiologyShanghai JiaoTong University School of MedicineShanghai 200025China State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Contemporary AnthropologyCollaborative Innovation Center for Genetics and DevelopmentSchool of Life SciencesFudan UniversityShanghai 200438China Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study University of Chinese Academy of SciencesHangzhouZhejiang 330106China

Microtus fortis is the only mammalian host that exhibits intrinsic resistance against Schistosoma japonicum ***,the underlying molecular mechanisms of this resistance are not yet ***,we perform the first de novo genome assembly of ***,comprehensive gene annotation analysis,and evolution ***,we compare the recovery rate of schistosomes,pathological changes,and liver transcriptomes between *** and mice at different time points after *** observe that the time and type of immune response in *** are different from those in *** activates immune and inflammatory responses on the 10th day post infection,such as leukocyte extravasation,antibody activation,Fc-gamma receptor-mediated phagocytosis,and the interferon signaling cascade,which play important roles in preventing the development of *** contrast,an intense immune response occurrs in mice at the late stages of infection and could not eliminate *** mice suffer severe pathological injury and continuous decreases in cell cycle,lipid metabolism,and other *** findings offer new insights into the intrinsic resistance mechanism of *** against schistosome *** genome sequence also provides the basis for future studies of other important traits in ***.

关键词： Genome assembly Microtus fortis Schistosome Immune Transcriptome

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Optimizing blood-brain barrier permeability in KRAS inhibitors: A Structure-constrained molecular generation approach

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Journal of Pharmaceutical Analysis 2025年

作者： Xia Sheng Yike Gui Jie Yu Yitian Wang Zhenghao Li Xiaoya Zhang Yuxin Xing Yuqing Wang Zhaojun Li Mingyue Zheng Liquan Yang Xutong Li Drug Discovery and Design Center State Key Laboratory of Drug Research Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica Chinese Academy of Sciences Shanghai 201203 China University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine Nanjing 210023 China Lingang Laboratory Shanghai 200031 China School of Information Science and Technology ShanghaiTech University Shanghai 201210 China Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies and School of Life Science and Technology ShanghaiTech University Shanghai 201210 China School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study Hangzhou 330106 China College of Computer and Information Engineering Dezhou University Dezhou Shandong 253023 China College of Agriculture and Biological Science Dali University Dali Yunnan 671003 China

Kirsten rat sarcoma viral oncogene homolog (KRAS) protein inhibitors are a promising class of therapeutics, but research on molecules that effectively penetrate the blood-brain barrier (BBB) remains limited, which is crucial for treating central nervous system (CNS) malignancies. Although molecular generation models have recently advanced drug discovery, they often overlook the complexity of biological and chemical factors, leaving room for improvement. In this study, we present a structure-constrained molecular generation workflow designed to optimize lead compounds for both drug efficacy and drug absorption properties. Our approach utilizes a variational autoencoder (VAE) generative model integrated with reinforcement learning for multi-objective optimization. This method specifically aims to enhance BBB permeability while maintaining high-affinity substructures of KRAS inhibitors. To support this, we incorporate a specialized KRAS BBB predictor based on active learning and an affinity predictor employing comparative learning models. Additionally, we introduce two novel metrics, the knowledge-integrated reproduction score (KIRS) and the composite diversity score (CDS), to assess structural performance and biological relevance. Retrospective validation with KRAS inhibitors, AMG510 and MRTX849, demonstrates the framework’s effectiveness in optimizing BBB permeability and highlights its potential for real-world drug development applications. This study provides a robust framework for accelerating the structural enhancement of lead compounds, advancing the drug development process across diverse targets.

关键词： KRAS inhibitors Drug design Blood-brain barrier permeability Molecular optimization Deep learning Generation models

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Recycling qubits for the generation of Bell nonlocality between independent sequential observers

arXiv

引用

arXiv 2021年

作者： Cheng, Shuming Liu, Lijun Baker, Travis J. Hall, Michael J.W. The Department of Control Science and Engineering Tongji University Shanghai 201804 China Shanghai Institute of Intelligent Science and Technology Tongji University Shanghai 201804 China Institute for Advanced Study Tongji University Shanghai 200092 China College of Mathematics and Computer Science Shanxi Normal University Linfen041000 China Centre for Quantum Dynamics Griffith University BrisbaneQLD4111 Australia Department of Theoretical Physics Research School of Physics Australian National University CanberraACT0200 Australia

There is currently much interest in the recycling of entangled systems, for use in quantum information protocols by sequential observers. In this work, we study the sequential generation of Bell nonlocality via recycling one or both components of two-qubit states. We first give a description of two-valued qubit measurements in terms of measurement bias, strength, and reversibility, and derive useful tradeoff relations between them. Then, we derive one-sided monogamy relations for unbiased observables, that strengthen the recent Conjecture in [S. Cheng et al., Phys. Rev. A 104, L060201 (2021) ] that if the first pair of observers violate Bell nonlocality then a subsequent independent pair cannot, and give semi-analytic results for the best possible monogamy relation. We also extend the construction in [P. J. Brown and R. Colbeck, Phys. Rev. Lett. 125, 090401 (2020)] to obtain (i) a broader class of two-qubit states that allow the recycling of one qubit by a given number of observers on one side, and (ii) a scheme for generating Bell nonlocality between arbitrarily many independent observers on each side, via the two-sided recycling of multiqubit states. Our results are based on a formalism that is applicable to more general problems in recycling entanglement, and hence is expected to aid progress in this field. Copyright © 2021, The Authors. All rights reserved.

关键词： Recycling

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Reentrant quantum anomalous Hall effect in molecular beam epitaxy-grown MnBi2Te4 thin films

arXiv

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arXiv 2024年

作者： Li, Yuanzhao Bai, Yunhe Feng, Yang Luan, Jianli Gao, Zongwei Chen, Yang Tong, Yitian Liu, Ruixuan Chong, Su Kong Wang, Kang L. Zhou, Xiaodong Shen, Jian Zhang, Jinsong Wang, Yayu Chen, Chui-Zhen Xie, XinCheng Feng, Xiao He, Ke Xue, Qi-Kun Beijing Academy of Quantum Information Sciences Beijing100193 China State Key Laboratory of Low Dimensional Quantum Physics Department of Physics Tsinghua University Beijing100084 China Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering University of California Los Angeles Los AngelesCA90095 United States Department of Physics and Astronomy University of California Los Angeles Los AngelesCA90095 United States State Key Laboratory of Surface Physics Department of Physics Fudan University Shanghai200438 China Institute for Nanoelectronic Devices and Quantum Computing Fudan University Shanghai200438 China Zhangjiang Fudan International Innovation Center Fudan University Shanghai201210 China Shanghai Research Center for Quantum Sciences Shanghai201315 China Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures Nanjing210093 China School of Physical Science and Technology Soochow University Suzhou215006 China Institute for Advanced Study Soochow University Suzhou215006 China International Center for Quantum Materials School of Physics Peking University Beijing100871 China Southern University of Science and Technology Shenzhen518055 China Frontier Science Center for Quantum Information Beijing100084 China Hefei National Laboratory Hefei230088 China

In the realm of topological quantum physics, it is widely accepted that a global bandgap is necessary to achieve quantized Hall conductance, irrespective of its origin-magnetic field, exchange coupling or other mechanisms. A material exhibiting the quantum anomalous Hall (QAH) effect had been considered equivalent to a Chern insulator, a band insulator with non-zero Chern number. However, a Chern Anderson insulator (CAI), which arises in a conducting state with exchange-induced Berry curvature splitting and disorder-induced Anderson localization, can in principle exhibit the QAH effect. In this study, we investigate intrinsic magnetic topological insulator MnBi2Te4 thin films grown by molecular beam epitaxy (MBE). We observe a reentrant QAH effect when the Fermi energy enters the valance band and magnetic field equals zero, indicating the emergence of the CAI state. The discovery opens a new avenue for realizing the QAH effect and underscores the fundamental role of both Berry curvature and Anderson localization. © 2024, CC BY-NC-ND.

关键词： Molecular beam epitaxy

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An efficient adaptive online neural spikes detection and classification engine based on Bayesian inference 6

An efficient adaptive online neural spikes detection and cla...

引用

6th International Conference on Systems and Informatics, ICSAI 2019

作者： Li, Nan Sawan, Mohamad Wang, Lei College of Computer Science National University of Defense Technology Changsha China Polystim Neurotech. Lab Polytechnique Montreal Electrical Engineering Dept. Montreal Canada School of Engineering Westlake University Hangzhou310024 China Institute of Advanced Study Westlake Institute for Advanced Study Hangzhou310024 China

ISBN: (纸本)9781728152561

A new method, called Bayesian inference-based template matching (BIBTM) method, is proposed in this article, which is designed to detect and classify neural spikes from real neural signals. Through this spike detection and classification method, the templates do not need be given in advance, and they can be automatically generated. To evaluate the performance of our method, we built signals with diverse signal-to-noise ratios and firing rates, and also researched two spike template generation methods. Based on the experimental results and comparison, BIBTM method has excellent detection performance. The true positive rates (TPR) and false positive rates (FPR) of the spike detection can reach 0.92 and 0.05 respectively, and the average FPR and average TPR of the spike classification can reach 0.05 and 0.6 respectively. From the discussion and analysis, our proposed BIBTM method not only has high detection and classification accuracy, but also has a simple structure and low complexity. © 2019 IEEE.

关键词： Template matching

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Limitations on sharing bell nonlocality between sequential pairs of observers

arXiv

引用

arXiv 2021年

作者： Cheng, Shuming Liu, Lijun Baker, Travis J. Hall, Michael J.W. The Department of Control Science and Engineering Tongji University Shanghai201804 China Shanghai Institute of Intelligent Science and Technology Tongji University Shanghai201804 China Institute for Advanced Study Tongji University Shanghai200092 China College of Mathematics and Computer Science Shanxi Normal University Linfen041000 China Centre for Quantum Computation and Communication Technology Australian Research Council Centre for Quantum Dynamics Griffith University BrisbaneQLD4111 Australia Department of Theoretical Physics Research School of Physics Australian National University CanberraACT0200 Australia

We give strong analytic and numerical evidence that, under mild measurement assumptions, two qubits cannot both be recycled to generate Bell nonlocality between multiple independent observers on each side. This is surprising, as under the same assumptions it is possible to recycle just one of the qubits an arbitrarily large number of times [P. J. Brown and R. Colbeck, Phys. Rev. Lett. 125, 090401 (2020)]. We derive corresponding 'one-sided monogamy relations' that rule out two-sided recycling for a wide range of parameters, based on a general tradeoff relation between the strengths and maximum reversibilities of qubit measurements. We also show if the assumptions are relaxed to allow sufficiently biased measurement selections, then there is a narrow range of measurement strengths that allows two-sided recycling for two observers on each side, and propose an experimental test. Our methods may be readily applied to other types of quantum correlations, such as steering and entanglement, and hence to general information protocols involving sequential measurements. Copyright © 2021, The Authors. All rights reserved.

关键词： Recycling

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Time-domain identification of distinct mechanisms for competing charge density waves in a rare-earth tritelluride

arXiv

引用

arXiv 2025年

作者： Su, Yifan Lv, B.Q. Zong, Alfred Müller, Aaron Chattopadhyay, Sambuddha Dolgirev, Pavel E. Singh, Anisha G. Straquadine, Joshua A.W. Choi, Dongsung Azoury, Doron Mogi, Masataka Fisher, Ian R. Demler, Eugene Gedik, Nuh Massachusetts Institute of Technology Department of Physics CambridgeMA02139 United States Tsung-Dao Lee Institute School of Physics and Astronomy Zhangjiang Institute for Advanced Study Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai200240 China Departments of Physics and of Applied Physics Stanford University StanfordCA94305 United States SIMES SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory Menlo ParkCA94025 United States Institute for Theoretical Physics ETH Zürich Zürich8093 Switzerland Lyman Laboratory Department of Physics Harvard University CambridgeMA02138 United States Geballe Laboratory for Advanced Materials Stanford University StanfordCA94305 United States Department of Applied Physics Stanford University StanfordCA94305 United States Massachusetts Institute of Technology Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science CambridgeMA02139 United States Department of Applied Physics University of Tokyo Bunkyo-ku Tokyo113-8656 Japan

Understanding the origin of phase transitions and the interactions between distinct phases remains a central task in condensed matter physics. Charge density wave (CDW) systems provide an ideal platform for investigating these phenomena. While the dominant CDW phases in many materials can be explained through Fermi surface nesting or electron-phonon interactions, certain CDW phase transitions remain poorly understood, challenging conventional paradigms. One notable example is rare-earth tritelluride ErTe3, which hosts two competing CDW orders. While the dominant CDW phase fits within the electron-phonon coupling framework, the formation mechanism of the subdominant CDW remains enigmatic. In this study, we combine time- and angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy and time-dependent Ginzburg-Landau theory to establish a time-domain approach for probing phase transitions in solid-state systems. By analyzing the distinct recovery dynamics of the two CDW orders in ErTe3 following light excitation, we reveal a novel nucleation and growth mechanism that likely drives the secondary CDW phase transition. This work not only uncovers a previously unknown CDW formation mechanism in rare-earth tritellurides but also introduces a non-equilibrium framework for understanding phase transitions and phase competition in quantum materials. Copyright © 2025, The Authors. All rights reserved.

关键词： Charge density waves

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