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Visualizing Field-free Deterministic Magnetic Switching of all–van der Waals Spin-Orbit Torque System Using Spin Ensembles in Hexagonal Boron Nitride

arXiv

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arXiv 2025年

作者： Zhang, Xi Zhou, Jingcheng Hu, Chaowei Deng, Kuangyin Wang, Chuangtang Agarwal, Nishkarsh Jin, Hanshang Al-Matouq, Faris A. Xu, Stelo Trivedi, Roshan S. Li, Senlei Rathi, Sumedh Lu, Hanyi Jiang, Zhigang Taufour, Valentin Hovden, Robert Zhao, Liuyan Cheng, Ran Xu, Xiaodong Chu, Jiun-Haw Du, Chunhui Rita Wang, Hailong School of Physics Georgia Institute of Technology AtlantaGA30332 United States Department of Physics University of Washington SeattleWA98105 United States Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering University of California RiversideCA92521 United States Department of Physics University of Michigan Ann ArborMI48109 United States Department of Materials Science and Engineering University of Michigan Ann ArborMI48109 United States Department of Physics and Astronomy University of California DavisCA95616 United States Department of Physics University of California San Diego La Jolla CA92093 United States Applied Physics Program University of Michigan Ann ArborMI48109 United States Department of Physics and Astronomy University of California RiversideCA92521 United States Department of Materials Science and Engineering University of Washington SeattleWA98105 United States

Recently, optically active spin defects embedded in van der Waals (vdW) crystals have emerged as a transformative quantum sensing platform to explore cutting-edge materials science and quantum physics. Taking advantage of excellent solid-state integrability, this new class of spin defects can be arranged in controllable nanoscale proximity of target materials in vdW heterostructures, showing great promise for improving spatial resolution and field sensitivity of current sensing technologies. Building on this state-of-the-art measurement platform, here we report hexagonal boron nitride-based quantum imaging of field-free deterministic magnetic switching of room-temperature two-dimensional magnet Fe3GaTe2 in an all-vdW spin-orbit torque (SOT) system. By visualizing SOT-driven variations of nanoscale Fe3GaTe2 magnetic stray field profile under different conditions, we have revealed how the observed magnetic switching evolves from deterministic to indeterministic behavior due to the interplay between out-of-plane spins, in-plane spins and Joule heating. This understanding, which is otherwise difficult to access by conventional transport measurements, offers valuable insights on material design, testing, and evaluation of next-generation vdW spintronic devices. Copyright © 2025, The Authors. All rights reserved.

关键词： Van der Waals forces

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Detection and Recognition of Vehicle Components Using Image Processing and Deep Learning Techniques

Detection and Recognition of Vehicle Components Using Image ...

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Research, Invention, and Innovation Congress (RI2C)

作者： Mahasak Ketcham Thittaporn Ganokratanaa Patiyuth Pramkeaw Phumraphi Boonthai Narumol Chumuang Department of Information Technology Management King Mongkut's University of Technology North Bangkok Bangkok Thailand Applied Computer Science Program King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi Bangkok Thailand Media Technology Program King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi Bangkok Thailand Department Media Technology Muban Chombueng Rajabhat University Ratchaburi Thailand

This research study presents an algorithmic approach for the detection and identification of key components on license plates, including numerical digits, province codes, vehicle colors, and vehicle makes and types. The methodology integrates image processing techniques and deep learning methodologies to achieve comprehensive image analysis. The algorithm incorporates image preprocessing techniques to optimize the input images, followed by a deep neural network trained on a large annotated dataset. The algorithm utilizes image segmentation and character recognition techniques to detect and classify numerical digits on license plates. Similarly, it employs segmentation and classification processes for identifying province codes, vehicle colors, makes, and types. Extensive training ensures the algorithm's accuracy and robustness under varying conditions. The proposed algorithm demonstrates the potential for accurate license plate component detection and identification, with applications in law enforcement and traffic monitoring systems.

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A 100x100 CMOS SPAD Array with In-Pixel Correlation Techniques for Fast Quantum Ghost Imaging Applications

A 100x100 CMOS SPAD Array with In-Pixel Correlation Techniqu...

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European Conference on Solid-State Circuits (ESSCIRC)

作者： Massimo Gandola Enrico Manuzzato Matteo Perenzoni Filippo Dal Farra Valerio Flavio Gili Dupish Dupish Andres Vega Thomas Pertsch Frank Setzpfandt Leonardo Gasparini Fondazione Bruno Kessler Povo (TN) Italy Department of Information Engineering and Computer Science University of Trento Trento Italy now at Sony Semiconductor Solutions Europe Povo (TN) Italy Department of Physics University of Trento Trento Italy Abbe Center of Photonics Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena Institute of Applied Physics Jena Germany Fraunhofer Institute for Applied Optics and Precision Engineering Jena Germany

In this paper, a 100x100 CMOS Single Photon Avalanche Diode (SPAD) array designed for quantum imaging applications requiring synchronization with an external unpredictable and aperiodic trigger is presented. The targeted application takes advantage of non-classical quantum states of light to achieve quantum ghost imaging in the middle-infrared (MIR) up to 7 $\mu \mathrm{m}$ wavelength by detecting the corresponding entangled photons in the visible spectrum with the SPAD imager. For this purpose, a SPAD array with in-pixel backward-looking temporal correlation capabilities has been implemented to spatially resolve the entangled photons in a ghost imaging setup. The correlation is performed through a pixel-wise asynchronous delayed time window, whose width can be tuned to maximize the correlation efficiency. Two pixel variants, without and with resource sharing, have been designed: the resulting imager has been implemented in a 110 nm CIS FSI technology, achieving a correlation window width between 2 ns and 27 ns and a delay range between 5 ns and 40 ns, with 17 $\mu \mathrm{m}$ pixel pitch and fill-factor of 19.3% and 31.3%. A smart readout architecture has been implemented to improve the acquisition duty cycle, given the expected sparsity of the detected events.

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Estimating distinguishability measures on quantum computers

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Physical Review A 2023年第1期108卷 012409-012409页

作者： Soorya Rethinasamy Rochisha Agarwal Kunal Sharma Mark M. Wilde Hearne Institute for Theoretical Physics Department of Physics and Astronomy and Center for Computation and Technology Louisiana State University Baton Rouge Louisiana 70803 USA School of Applied and Engineering Physics Cornell University Ithaca New York 14850 USA Department of Physics Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee Roorkee Uttarakhand 247667 India School of Electrical and Computer Engineering Cornell University Ithaca New York 14850 USA Joint Center for Quantum Information and Computer Science University of Maryland College Park Maryland 20742 USA IBM Quantum IBM T. J. Watson Research Center Yorktown Heights New York 10598 USA

The performance of a quantum information processing protocol is ultimately judged by distinguishability measures that quantify how distinguishable the actual result of the protocol is from the ideal case. The most prominent distinguishability measures are those based on the fidelity and trace distance, due to their physical interpretations. In this paper we propose and review several algorithms for estimating distinguishability measures based on trace distance and fidelity. The algorithms can be used for distinguishing quantum states, channels, and strategies (the last also known in the literature as “quantum combs”). The fidelity-based algorithms offer physical interpretations of these distinguishability measures in terms of the maximum probability with which a single prover (or competing provers) can convince a verifier to accept the outcome of an associated computation. We simulate many of these algorithms by using a variational approach with parameterized quantum circuits. We find that the simulations converge well in both the noiseless and noisy scenarios for all examples considered. Furthermore, the noisy simulations exhibit a parameter noise resilience. Finally, we establish a strong relationship between various quantum computational complexity classes and distance estimation problems.

关键词： Machine learning Quantum algorithms Quantum channels Quantum computation Quantum information theory

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Characterizations of Second-order Nonlinear Optical Susceptibility for ϵ-phase Gallium Oxide

Characterizations of Second-order Nonlinear Optical Suscepti...

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2022 Compound Semiconductor Week, CSW 2022

作者： Zhou, Jingan Zhao, Xuan Xu, Rui Fu, Kai Li, Tao Xu, Mingfei He, Ziyi Robinson, Jacob T. Zhu, Hanyu Zhang, Xiaodong Zhao, Yuji Rice University Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering HoustonTX77005 United States Rice University Smalley-Curl Institute Applied Physics Graduate Program HoustonTX77005 United States Rice University Department of Materials Science and NanoEngineering HoustonTX77005 United States Arizona State University School of Electrical Computer and Energy Engineering TempeAZ85287 United States Suzhou Institute of Nano-tech and Nano-bionics CAS Key Laboratory of Nanodevices and Applications Suzhou215123 China

ISBN: (数字)9781665453400

ISBN: (纸本)9781665453400

In this work, we report the second-order nonlinear optical susceptibility χ(2) for epsilon phase Gallium Oxide (ϵ-Ga2O3) thin film on sapphire. ϵ-Ga2O3 exhibits hexagonal P63mc space group symmetry, which is a non-centrosymmetric structure with non-zero second order susceptibility. By focusing a pulsed laser beam on to a polished ϵ-Ga2O3 thin film, we collected the generated second harmonic photons with an ultra-sensitive femtowatt photodetector, obtaining effective second-order nonlinear optical susceptibility of χ(2) = 4.89×10-3 pm/V at wavelength of 800 nm. Two different measurement systems collecting reflected and transmitted photons were applied separately to make the result more convincing. The wavelength dependence from 790 nm to 900 nm and polarization dependence from TM mode to TE mode were measured as well. These results will be helpful for the design and fabrication of Ga2O3 based integrated photonics platform in the infrared-visible spectral range. © 2022 IEEE.

关键词： Gallium compounds

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Quantifying Efficiency of Remote Excitation for Surface Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy in Molecular Junctions

arXiv

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arXiv 2023年

作者： Liao, Shusen Zhu, Yunxuan Ye, Qian Sanders, Stephen Yang, Jiawei Alabastri, Alessandro Natelson, Douglas Applied Physics Graduate Program Smalley-Curl Institute Rice University HoustonTX77005 United States Department of Physics and Astronomy Rice University HoustonTX77005 United States Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Rice University HoustonTX77005 United States Department of Materials Science and NanoEngineering Rice University HoustonTX77005 United States

Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) is enabled by local surface plasmon resonances (LSPRs) in metallic nanogaps. When SERS is excited by direct illumination of the nanogap, the background heating of lattice and electrons can prevent further manipulation of the molecules. To overcome this issue, we report SERS in electromigrated gold molecular junctions excited remotely: surface plasmon polaritons (SPPs) are excited at nearby gratings, propagate to the junction, and couple to the local nanogap plasmon modes. Like direct excitation, remote excitation of the nanogap can generate both SERS emission and an open-circuit photovoltage (OCPV). We compare SERS intensity and OCPV in both direct and remote illumination configurations. SERS spectra obtained by remote excitation are much more stable than those obtained through direct excitation when photon count rates are comparable. By statistical analysis of 33 devices, coupling efficiency of remote excitation is calculated to be around 10%, consistent with the simulated energy flow. Copyright © 2023, The Authors. All rights reserved.

关键词： Raman spectroscopy

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A Brief Review of Explainable Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare

arXiv

引用

arXiv 2023年

作者： Sadeghi, Zahra Alizadehsani, Roohallah Cifci, Mehmet Akif Kausar, Samina Rehman, Rizwan Mahanta, Priyakshi Bora, Pranjal Kumar Almasri, Ammar Alkhawaldeh, Rami S. Hussain, Sadiq Alatas, Bilal Shoeibi, Afshin Moosaei, Hossein Hladík, Milan Nahavandi, Saeid Pardalos, Panos M. Institute for Big Data Analytics Faculty of Computer Science Dalhousie University Canada Deakin University Geelong Australia The Institute of Computer Technology Tu Wien University Vienna1040 Austria University of Kotli Azad Jammu and Kashmir Azad Kashmir Kotli Pakistan Centre for Computer Science and Applications Dibrugarh University Assam India Department of Management Information Sys Al-Balqa Applied University Salt19117 Jordan Department of Computer Information Systems The University of Jordan Aqaba77110 Jordan Examination Branch Dibrugarh University Assam Dibrugarh India Department of Software Eng. Firat University Elazig23100 Turkey Data Science and Computational Intelligence Institute University of Granada Spain Department of Informatics Faculty of Science Jan Evangelista Purkyně University in Ústí nad Labem Czech Republic Department of Applied Mathematics School of Computer Science Faculty of Mathematics and Physics Charles University Prague Czech Republic Harvard Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences Harvard University AllstonMA02134 United States Center for Applied Optimization Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering University of Florida Gainesville32611 United States

XAI refers to the techniques and methods for building AI applications which assist end users to interpret output and predictions of AI models. Black box AI applications in high-stakes decision-making situations, such as medical domain have increased the demand for transparency and explainability since wrong predictions may have severe consequences. Model explainability and interpretability are vital successful deployment of AI models in healthcare practices. AI applications' underlying reasoning needs to be transparent to clinicians in order to gain their trust. This paper presents a systematic review of XAI aspects and challenges in the healthcare domain. The primary goals of this study are to review various XAI methods, their challenges, and related machine learning models in healthcare. The methods are discussed under six categories: Features-oriented methods, global methods, concept models, surrogate models, local pixel-based methods, and human-centric methods. Most importantly, the paper explores XAI role in healthcare problems to clarify its necessity in safety-critical applications. The paper intends to establish a comprehensive understanding of XAI-related applications in the healthcare field by reviewing the related experimental results. To facilitate future research for filling research gaps, the importance of XAI models from different viewpoints and their limitations are investigated. © 2023, CC BY-NC-ND.

关键词： Decision making

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Full-Duplex Beamforming in the Sub-Terahertz Regime

Full-Duplex Beamforming in the Sub-Terahertz Regime

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International Conference on Infrared and Millimeter Waves

作者： Subhajit Karmakar Atsutse Kludze Jacques Doumani Andrey Baydin Junichiro Kono Yasaman Ghasempour Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Princeton University Princeton NJ USA Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Rice University Houston TX USA Applied Physics Graduate Program Smalley-Curl Institute Rice University Houston TX USA Smalley-Curl Institute Rice University Houston TX USA Department of Physics and Astronomy Rice University Houston TX USA Department of Material Science and NanoEngineering Rice University Houston TX USA

We propose a novel architecture that realizes full-duplex directional beamforming in the sub-terahertz regime. Our architecture leverages the frequency-controlled beam steering of leaky-wave antenna together with the polarization-dependent response of aligned single-wall carbon nanotubes. We evaluate the performance of this architecture via preliminary experiments.

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Engineering the directionality of hot carrier tunneling in plasmonic tunneling structures

arXiv

引用

arXiv 2023年

作者： Abbasi, Mahdiyeh Liao, Shusen Zhu, Yunxuan Natelson, Douglas Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Rice University HoustonTX77005 United States Applied Physics Graduate Program Smalley-Curl Institute Rice University HoustonTX77005 United States Department of Physics and Astronomy Engineering Rice University HoustonTX77005 United States Department of Materials Science and Nanoengineering Rice University HoustonTX77005 United States

Tunneling metal-insulator-metal (MIM) junctions can exhibit an open-circuit photovoltage (OCPV) response under illumination that may be useful for photodetection. One mechanism for photovoltage generation is hot carrier tunneling, in which photoexcited carriers generate a net photocurrent that must be balanced by a drift current in the open-circuit configuration. We present experiments in electromigrated planar MIM structures, designed with asymmetric plasmonic properties using Au and Pt electrodes. Decay of optically excited local plasmonic modes preferentially creates hot carriers on the Au side of the junction, leading to a clear preferred directionality of the hot electron photocurrent and hence a preferred polarity of the resulting OCPV. In contrast, in an ensemble of symmetric devices constructed from only one Au, polarity of the OCPV has no preferred direction. Copyright © 2023, The Authors. All rights reserved.

关键词： Plasmonics

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The challenges of measuring spin Seebeck noise

arXiv

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arXiv 2023年

作者： Luo, Renjie Zhao, Xuanhan Legvold, Tanner J. Chen, Liyang Liu, Changjiang Hong, Deshun Bhattacharya, Anand Natelson, Douglas Department of Physics and Astronomy Rice University HoustonTX77005 United States Applied Physics Program Smalley-Curl Institute Rice University HoustonTX77005 United States Materials Science Division Argonne National Laboratory LemontIL60439 United States Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Rice University HoustonTX77005 United States Department of Materials Science and NanoEngineering Rice University HoustonTX77005 United States

Just as electronic shot noise in driven conductors results from the granularity of charge and the statistical variation in the arrival times of charge carriers, there are predictions for fundamental noise in magnon currents due to angular momentum being carried by discrete excitations. The inverse spin Hall effect as a transduction mechanism to convert spin current into charge current raises the prospect of experimental investigations of such magnon shot noise. Spin Seebeck effect measurements have demonstrated the electrical detection of thermally driven magnon currents and have been suggested as an avenue for accessing spin current fluctuations. Using spin Seebeck structures made from yttrium iron garnet on gadolinium gallium garnet, we demonstrate the technical challenges inherent in such noise measurements. While there is a small increase in voltage noise in the inverse spin Hall detector at low temperatures associated with adding a magnetic field, the dependence on field orientation implies that this is not due to magnon shot noise. We describe theoretical predictions for the expected magnitude of magnon shot noise, highlighting ambiguities that exist. Further, we show that magnon shot noise detection through the standard inverse spin Hall approach is likely impossible due to geometric factors. Implications for future attempts to measure magnon shot noise are discussed. Copyright © 2023, The Authors. All rights reserved.

关键词： Shot noise

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