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Chaining and the process of scientific innovation 42

Chaining and the process of scientific innovation

42nd Annual Meeting of the cognitive science Society: Developing a Mind: Learning in Humans, Animals, and Machines, CogSci 2020

作者： Liu, Emmy Xu, Yang Computer Science and Cognitive Science Programs University of Toronto Canada Department of Computer Science Cognitive Science Program University of Toronto Canada

A scientist's academic pursuit can follow a winding path. Starting with one topic of research in earlier career, one may later pursue topics that relate remotely to the initial point. Philosophers and cognitive scientists have proposed theories about how science has developed, but their emphasis is typically not on explaining the processes of innovation in individual scientists. We examine regularity in the emerging order of a scientist's publications over time. Our basic premise is that scientific papers should emerge in non-arbitrary ways that tend to follow a process of chaining, whereby novel papers are linked to existing papers with closely related ideas. We evaluate this proposal with a set of probabilistic models on the historical publications from 70 Turing Award winners. We show that an exemplar model of chaining best explains the data among the alternative models, mirroring recent findings on chaining in the growth of linguistic meaning. © 2020 The Author(s)

关键词： Philosophical aspects

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A computational evaluation of gender asymmetry in semantic change 43

A computational evaluation of gender asymmetry in semantic c...

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43rd Annual Meeting of the cognitive science Society: Comparative Cognition: Animal Minds, CogSci 2021

作者： Schnell, Eric Xu, Yang Cognitive Science and Mathematics Programs University of Toronto Canada Department of Computer Science Cognitive Science Program University of Toronto Canada

A fundamental goal in cognitive and historical linguistic research on semantic change is to characterize the regularity in how word meanings change over time. We examine a common belief that has not yet been evaluated comprehensively, which asserts that gender of a word influences its direction of semantic change. By this account, female terms like mistress should undergo pejorative change in meaning systematically more so than male terms like master. We evaluate this claim in gender-marked word pairs in English and French respectively as languages without and with grammatical gender. Our results provide supporting evidence for gender asymmetry in semantic change of English words but not French words. Our study raises questions about the generality of the claim about gender asymmetry in semantic change and provides a scalable computational framework for understanding the social roots of word meaning change. © cognitive science Society: Comparative Cognition: Animal Minds, CogSci *** rights reserved.

关键词： Sentiment analysis

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Information-theoretic objective functions for lifelong learning

Information-theoretic objective functions for lifelong learn...

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2013 AAAI Spring Symposium

作者： Zhang, Byoung-Tak School of Computer Science and Engineering Graduate Programs in Cognitive Science and Brain Science Seoul National University Seoul 151-742 Korea Republic of

ISBN: (纸本)9781577356028

Conventional paradigms of machine learning assume all the training data are available when learning starts. However, in lifelong learning, the examples are observed sequentially as learning unfolds, and the learner should continually explore the world and reorganize and refine the internal model or knowledge of the world. This leads to a fundamental challenge: How to balance long-term and short-term goals and how to trade-off between information gain and model complexity? These questions boil down to "what objective functions can best guide a lifelong learning agent?" Here we develop a sequential Bayesian framework for lifelong learning, build a taxonomy of lifelong-learning paradigms, and examine information-theoretic objective functions for each paradigm, with an emphasis on active learning. The objective functions can provide theoretical criteria for designing algorithms and determining effective strategies for selective sampling, representation discovery, knowledge transfer, and continual update over a lifetime of experience. © 2013, Association for the Advancement of artificial intelligence.

关键词： Learning systems

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Effective EEG Connectivity Analysis of Episodic Memory Retrieval 36

Effective EEG Connectivity Analysis of Episodic Memory Retri...

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36th Annual Meeting of the cognitive science Society, CogSci 2014

作者： Lee, Chung-Yeon Zhang, Byoung-Tak Computer Science and Engineering Seoul National University Seoul151-744 Korea Republic of Computer Science and Engineering & Cognitive Science and Brain Science Programs Seoul National University Seoul151-744 Korea Republic of

ISBN: (纸本)9780991196708

Episodic memory formation is associated with large-scale neuronal activity distributed across the cortex. Decades of neuroimaging and patient lesion studies demonstrated the correlation between the roles of specific brain structures in episodic memory retrieval. Distributed, coordinated and synchronized activities across brain regions have also been investigated. However, neuronal mechanisms based on effective connectivity underlying the coordination of this anatomically distributed information processing into introspectively coherent cognition have remained largely unknown. Here we investigate the information flow network of the human brain during episodic memory retrieval. We have estimated local oscillation amplitudes and asymmetric inter-areal synchronization from EEG recordings in individual cortical anatomy by using source reconstruction techniques and effective connectivity methods during episodic memory retrieval. The strength and spectro-anatomical patterns of these inter-areal interactions in sub-second time-scales reveal that the episodic memory retrieval involves the increase of information flow and densely interconnected networks between the prefrontal cortex, the medial temporal lobe, and some subregions of the parietal cortex. In this network, interestingly, the SFG acted as a hub, globally interconnected across broad brain regions. © 2014 Proceedings of the 36th Annual Meeting of the cognitive science Society, CogSci 2014. All rights reserved.

关键词： Neuroimaging

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Tracing the emergence of gendered language in childhood 42

Tracing the emergence of gendered language in childhood

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42nd Annual Meeting of the cognitive science Society: Developing a Mind: Learning in Humans, Animals, and Machines, CogSci 2020

作者： Prystawski, Ben Grant, Erin Nematzadeh, Aida Lee, Spike W.S. Stevenson, Suzanne Xu, Yang Computer Science and Cognitive Science Programs University of Toronto Canada Department of Electrical Engineering & Computer Sciences University of California Berkeley United States DeepMind Rotman School of Management Department of Psychology University of Toronto Canada Department of Computer Science University of Toronto Canada Department of Computer Science Cognitive Science Program University of Toronto Canada

Are gender associations in general language reflected in the words spoken to and by children? Previous work has suggested that language reveals gender differences in discourse, speech style, language use and acquisition. Work in artificial intelligence has shown that word embeddings trained on large corpora reflect human gender associations. We connect this work to developmental psychology by exploring whether gender associations in word embeddings are present in the linguistic input and output of children, and if so, how early gendered language emerges. We present a computational method that quantifies the gender associations of words and use a corpus of child-caretaker speech to show that these gender associations correlate significantly with those in word embeddings. We discover that gendered word use emerges in English-speaking children around age 2, and the gender associations cannot be explained solely by variables including word length, frequency, concreteness, and valence. © 2020 The Author(s)

关键词： Embeddings

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Neural Correlates of Episodic Memory Formation in Audio-Visual Pairing Tasks 34

Neural Correlates of Episodic Memory Formation in Audio-Visu...

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34th Annual Meeting of the cognitive science Society: Building Bridges Across cognitive sciences Around the World, CogSci 2012

作者： Lee, Chung-Yeon Lee, Beom-Jin Kim, Joon Shik Zhang, Byoung-Tak Brain Science Program Seoul National University Seoul151-744 Korea Republic of Computer Science and Engineering Seoul National University Seoul151-744 Korea Republic of Cognitive Science and Brain Science Programs Seoul National University Seoul151-744 Korea Republic of Computer Science and Engineering and Cognitive Science and Brain Science Programs Seoul National University Seoul151-744 Korea Republic of

ISBN: (纸本)9780976831884

Understanding episodic memory formation of real-world events is essential for the investigation of human cognition. Most studies have stressed on delimiting the upper boundaries of this memory by using memorization tasks with conditional experimental paradigms, rather than the performance of everyday tasks. However, naturally occurring sensory stimuli are multimodal and dynamic. In an effort to investigate the encoding and retrieval of episodic memory under more naturalistic and ecological conditions, we here demonstrate a memory experiment that employs audio-visual movies as naturalistic stimuli. Electroencephalography measurements were used to analyze neural activations during memory formation. We found that oscillatory activities in the theta frequency bands on the left parietal lobe, and gamma frequency bands on the temporal lobes are related to overall memory formation. Theta and gamma power of the frontal lobes, and gamma power of the occipital lobes were both increased during retrieval tasks. Furthermore, subjects’ memory retrieval performance on the query task was used to clarify our experimental results. Correlation between behavioral differences and neural activation was observed in the same regions. Our results extend the previous results of neurocognitive studies on memory formation via naturalistic stimuli, neural oscillations, and behavioral analysis combined. © CogSci *** rights reserved.

关键词： Electroencephalography

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Sparse Population Code Models of Word Learning in Concept Drift 34

Sparse Population Code Models of Word Learning in Concept Dr...

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34th Annual Meeting of the cognitive science Society: Building Bridges Across cognitive sciences Around the World, CogSci 2012

作者： Zhang, Byoung-Tak Ha, Jung-Woo Kang, Myunggu School of Computer Science and Engineering Seoul National University Seoul151-744 Korea Republic of Cognitive Science and Brain Science Programs Seoul National University Seoul151-744 Korea Republic of

ISBN: (纸本)9780976831884

Computational modeling has served a powerful tool for studying cross-situational word learning. Previous research has focused on convergence behaviors in a static environment, ignoring dynamic cognitive aspects of concept change. Here we investigate concept drift in word learning in story-telling situations. Informed by findings in cognitive neuroscience, we hypothesize that a large ensemble of sparse codes flexibly represents and robustly traces drifting concepts. We experimentally test the population coding hypothesis on children’s cartoon videos. Our results show that learning the meanings of words over time is hard, especially when the concept evolves slowly, but the sparse population coding can handle the concept drift problem effectively while hypothesis elimination and simplistic parametric models have difficulty. © CogSci *** rights reserved.

关键词： Population statistics

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Estimating Multiple Evoked Emotions from Videos 35

Estimating Multiple Evoked Emotions from Videos

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35th Annual Meeting of the cognitive science Society - Cooperative Minds: Social Interaction and Group Dynamics, CogSci 2013

作者： Choe, Wonhee Chun, Hyo-Sun Noh, Junhyug Lee, Seong-Deok Zhang, Byoung-Tak Cognitive Science Program Seoul National University Seoul151-744 Korea Republic of R&D Center Samsung Electronics Suwon 443-742 Korea Republic of School of Computer Science and Engineering Seoul National University Seoul151-744 Korea Republic of Yongin449-712 Korea Republic of Computer Science and Engineering Cognitive Science and Brain Science Programs Seoul National University Seoul151-744 Korea Republic of

ISBN: (纸本)9780976831891

Video-sharing websites have begun to provide easy access to user-generated video content. How do we find what we want to view among the huge video database? When people search for a video, they may want to know whether the video evokes a certain emotional sensation. The evoked emotion is one of the important factors we consider when we select a video. One of the key concepts of evoked emotions from videos: the evoked emotions are different for each scene and for each viewer. Considering these differences, we obtained human-evoked emotions from 33 videos. We used these emotions to estimate the multiple emotions evoked by each scene of the videos. Using a computational model of emotion estimation based on mid-level visual features, we found that, in individual videos, the same scene evoked multiple emotions. Our results show that a video evoked different emotions from different people. A computational model might deliver probabilistic multiple-evoked emotions from video analyses. © CogSci *** rights reserved.

关键词： Video recording

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cognitive learning and the multimodal memory game: Toward human-level machine learning

Cognitive learning and the multimodal memory game: Toward hu...

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International Joint Conference on Neural Networks (IJCNN)

作者： Byoung-Tak Zhang School of Computer Science and Engineering and Graduate Programs in Cognitive Science Brain Science and Bioinformatics Seoul National University Seoul South Korea

Machine learning has made great progress during the last decades and is being deployed in a wide range of applications. However, current machine learning techniques are far from sufficient for achieving human-level intelligence. Here we identify the properties of learners required for human-level intelligence and suggest a new direction of machine learning research, i.e. the cognitive learning approach, that takes into account the recent findings in brain and cognitive sciences. In particular, we suggest two fundamental principles to achieve human-level machine learning: continuity (forming a lifelong memory continuously) and glocality (organizing a plastic structure of localized micromodules connected globally). We then propose a multimodal memory game as a research platform to study cognitive learning architectures and algorithms, where the machine learner and two human players question and answer about the scenes and dialogues after watching the movies. Concrete experimental results are presented to illustrate the usefulness of the game and the cognitive learning framework for studying human-level learning and intelligence.

关键词： Games Machine learning Humans Motion pictures Machine learning algorithms Joints Chemistry

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Book reviews

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Minds and Machines 1994年第2期4卷 233-257页

作者： Robert E. Filman Donald Nute Merrie Bergmann Thomas Tymoczko Barry Smith Gerard Ellis Ronald N. Giere IntelliCorp Inc. Mountain View USA Artificial Intelligence Programs and Department of Philosophy The University of Georgia Athens USA Department of Computer Science Smith College Northampton USA Department of Philosophy Smith College Northampton USA Department of Philosophy and Center for Cognitive Science State University of New York at Buffalo Buffalo USA Department of Computer Science The University of Queensland Brisbane Australia Department of Philosophy and Minnesota Center for Philosophy of Science University of Minnesota Minneapolis USA

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