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Preventing 51% Attack by Using Consecutive Block Limits in Bitcoin

IEEE Access 2024年 12卷 77852-77869页

作者： Mahmood Babur, Sohail Ur Rehman Khan, Shafiq Yang, Jing Chen, Yen-Lin Soon Ku, Chin Yee Por, Lip Government Murray College Department of Information Technology Sialkot51010 Pakistan Capital University of Science and Technology Department of Computer Science Islamabad44730 Pakistan Universiti Malaya Department of Computer System and Technology Kuala Lumpur50603 Malaysia National Taipei University of Technology Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering Taipei106344 Taiwan Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman Department of Computer Science Kampar31900 Malaysia

In permissionless blockchain systems, Proof of Work (PoW) is utilized to address the issues of double-spending and transaction starvation. When an attacker acquires more than 50% of the hash power of the entire network, they gain the ability to engage in double-spending activities, posing a significant threat to the PoW consensus algorithm. This research focuses on the consensus algorithm employed in the Bitcoin system, explaining how it operates and the security challenges it faces. The proposed modification to the PoW algorithm imposes a restriction on miners: they are not allowed to accept consecutive blocks from the same miner into the final local blockchain to prevent the 51% attack problem. This modification supports transactions that require six confirmations. In the event an attacker attempts a 51% attack with a private chain that consists of fewer than 6 blocks, it becomes easier to detect a double-spending attack before accepting the attacker's private chain. The modified algorithm introduces a 'Safe Mode Detection Algorithm' that scrutinizes incoming blocks for adjustments at the top of the local blockchain. If inconsistencies are identified, the consensus algorithm proceeds cautiously by comparing the UTXO dictionaries from the attacker's chain with those from the miner's own blockchain. This meticulous comparison aims to detect instances of double-spending. If such instances are detected, the miner rejects the attacker's chain, establishing a double-spend-free environment and thwarting 51% attacks. © 2013 IEEE.

关键词： Blockchain

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Automatic Transportation Mode Classification Using a Deep Reinforcement Learning Approach With Smartphone Sensors

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IEEE Access 2024年 12卷 514-533页

作者： Taherinavid, Siavash Moravvej, Seyed Vahid Chen, Yen-Lin Yang, Jing Ku, Chin Soon Yee, Por Lip Iran University of Science and Technology School of Civil Engineering Tehran13114-16846 Iran Isfahan University of Technology Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Isfahan84156-83111 Iran National Taipei University of Technology Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering Taipei106344 Taiwan Universiti Malaya Faculty of Computer Science and Information Technology Department of Computer System and Technology Kuala Lumpur50603 Malaysia Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman Department of Computer Science Kampar31900 Malaysia

The increasing dependence on smartphones with advanced sensors has highlighted the imperative of precise transportation mode classification, pivotal for domains like health monitoring and urban planning. This research is motivated by the pressing demand to enhance transportation mode classification, leveraging the potential of smartphone sensors, notably the accelerometer, magnetometer, and gyroscope. In response to this challenge, we present a novel automated classification model rooted in deep reinforcement learning. Our model stands out for its innovative approach of harnessing enhanced features through artificial neural networks (ANNs) and visualizing the classification task as a structured series of decision-making events. Our model adopts an improved differential evolution (DE) algorithm for initializing weights, coupled with a specialized agent-environment relationship. Every correct classification earns the agent a reward, with additional emphasis on the accurate categorization of less frequent modes through a distinct reward strategy. The Upper Confidence Bound (UCB) technique is used for action selection, promoting deep-seated knowledge, and minimizing reliance on chance. A notable innovation in our work is the introduction of a cluster-centric mutation operation within the DE algorithm. This operation strategically identifies optimal clusters in the current DE population and forges potential solutions using a pioneering update mechanism. When assessed on the extensive HTC dataset, which includes 8311 hours of data gathered from 224 participants over two years. Noteworthy results spotlight an accuracy of 0.88±0.03 and an F-measure of 0.87±0.02, underscoring the efficacy of our approach for large-scale transportation mode classification tasks. This work introduces an innovative strategy in the realm of transportation mode classification, emphasizing both precision and reliability, addressing the pressing need for enhanced classification mechanisms in an eve

关键词： Smartphones

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Evolutionary optimization of Yagi–Uda antenna design using grey wolf optimizer

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Neural Computing and Applications 2025年第6期37卷 4155-4183页

作者： Braik, Malik Sheta, Alaa Aljahdali, Sultan El-Hefnawi, Fatma Al-Hiary, Heba Elashmawi, Walaa H. Computer Science Department Al-Balqa Applied University Salt Jordan Department of Computer Science Southern Connecticut State University New HavenCT United States Computer Science Department Taif University Taif Saudi Arabia Microwave Department Electronics Research Institute Giza Egypt Department of Computer Information System Al-Balqa Applied University Salt Jordan Department of Computer Science Faculty of Computers & Informatics Suez Canal University Ismailia Egypt Department of Computer Science Faculty of Computer Science Misr International University Cairo Egypt

Meta-heuristic optimization algorithms have become widely used due to their outstanding features, such as gradient-free mechanisms, high flexibility, and great potential for avoiding local optimal solutions. This research explored the grey wolf optimizer (GWO) to find the ideal configuration for a six-element Yagi–Uda antenna. The GWO algorithm adjusted the lengths of the antenna wires and the spacings between them. The goal was to maximize the antenna’s ability to transmit signals (throughput gain). Optimal antenna selection relies on various parameters, including gain, bandwidth, impedance matching, frequency, side-lobe levels, etc. The optimization of a six-element Yagi–Uda antenna presents a challenging engineering design problem due to its multimodal and nonlinear nature. Achieving optimal performance hinges on the intricate interplay between the lengths of the constituent elements and the spacing configurations. To this end, a multiobjective function was adopted to design this antenna. The performance of several meta-heuristic algorithms, including genetic algorithms, biogeography-based optimization, simulated annealing, and grey wolf optimizer, was compared. The GWO-based approach has performed better than its competitors. This optimized antenna design based on GWO reported a gain of 14.21 decibel. Therefore, the GWO-based method optimizes antennas that can be further investigated for other antenna design problems. © The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag London Ltd., part of Springer Nature 2024.

关键词： Simulated annealing

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Multi-Source Data Integration for Segmentation of Unannotated MRI Images

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IEEE Journal of Biomedical and Health Informatics 2024年 PP卷 1-8页

作者： Nananukul, Navapat Soltanian-Zadeh, Hamid Rostami, Mohammad Department of Computer Science University of Southern California USA Medical Image Analysis Laboratory Departments of Radiology and Research Administration Henry Ford Health System USA

Automatic semantic segmentation of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) images using deep neural networks greatly assists in evaluating and planning treatments for various clinical applications. However, training these models is conditioned on the availability of abundant annotated data. Even if we annotate enough data, MRI images display considerable variability due to factors such as differences among patients, MRI scanners, and imaging protocols. This variability necessitates retraining neural networks for each specific application domain, which, in turn requires manual annotation by expert radiologists for all new domains. To relax the need for persistent data annotation, we develop a method for unsupervised federated domain adaptation using multiple annotated source domains. Our approach enables the transfer of knowledge from several annotated source domains for use in an unannotated target domain. Initially, we ensure that the target domain data shares similar representations with each source domain in a latent embedding space by minimizing the pair-wise distances between the distributions for the target and the source domains. We then employ an ensemble approach to leverage the knowledge obtained from all domains to build an integrated outcome. We perform experiments on two datasets to demonstrate our method is effective. Our implementation code is publicly available: https://***/navapatn/Unsupervised -Federated-Domain-Adaptation-for-Image-Segmentation new. IEEE

关键词： Semantics

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Road Traffic Monitoring from Aerial Images Using Template Matching and Invariant Features

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computers, Materials & Continua 2024年第3期78卷 3683-3701页

作者： Asifa Mehmood Qureshi Naif Al Mudawi Mohammed Alonazi Samia Allaoua Chelloug Jeongmin Park Department of Creative Technologies Air UniversityIslamabad46000Pakistan Department of Computer Science College of Computer Science and Information SystemNajran UniversityNajran55461Saudi Arabia Department of Information Systems College of Computer Engineering and SciencesPrince Sattam bin Abdulaziz UniversityAl-Kharj16273Saudi Arabia Department of Information Technology College of Computer and Information SciencesPrincess Nourah bint Abdulrahman UniversityP.O.Box 84428Riyadh11671Saudi Arabia Department of Computer Engineering Tech University of KoreaGyeonggi-do15073South Korea

Road traffic monitoring is an imperative topic widely discussed among *** used to monitor traffic frequently rely on cameras mounted on bridges or ***,aerial images provide the flexibility to use mobile platforms to detect the location and motion of the vehicle over a larger *** this end,different models have shown the ability to recognize and track ***,these methods are not mature enough to produce accurate results in complex road ***,this paper presents an algorithm that combines state-of-the-art techniques for identifying and tracking vehicles in conjunction with image *** extracted frames were converted to grayscale,followed by the application of a georeferencing algorithm to embed coordinate information into the *** masking technique eliminated irrelevant data and reduced the computational cost of the overall monitoring ***,Sobel edge detection combined with Canny edge detection and Hough line transform has been applied for noise *** preprocessing,the blob detection algorithm helped detect the *** of varying sizes have been detected by implementing a dynamic thresholding *** was done on the first image of every ***,to track vehicles,the model of each vehicle was made to find its matches in the succeeding images using the template matching *** further improve the tracking accuracy by incorporating motion information,Scale Invariant Feature Transform(SIFT)features have been used to find the best possible match among multiple *** accuracy rate of 87%for detection and 80%accuracy for tracking in the A1 Motorway Netherland dataset has been *** the Vehicle Aerial Imaging from Drone(VAID)dataset,an accuracy rate of 86%for detection and 78%accuracy for tracking has been achieved.

关键词： Unmanned Aerial Vehicles(UAV) aerial images dataset object detection object tracking data elimination template matching blob detection SIFT VAID

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Fusion Strategy for Improving Medical Image Segmentation

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computers, Materials & Continua 2023年第2期74卷 3627-3646页

作者： Fahad Alraddady E.A.Zanaty Aida HAbu bakr Walaa M.Abd-Elhafiez Department of Computer Engineering College of Computers and Information TechnologyTaif UniversityTaif21944Saudi Arabia Information System Department Faculty of Computers and InformationSohag UniversitySohagEgypt Mathematical and Computer Science Department Faculty of ScienceAswan UniversityAswanEgypt College of Computer Science&Information Technology Jazan UniversityJazanKingdom of Saudi Arabia Computer Science Department Faculty of Computers and Artificial IntelligenceSohag UniversitySohagEgypt

In this paper,we combine decision fusion methods with four metaheuristic algorithms(Particle Swarm Optimization(PSO)algorithm,Cuckoo search algorithm,modification of Cuckoo Search(CS McCulloch)algorithm and Genetic algorithm)in order to improve the image *** proposed technique based on fusing the data from Particle Swarm Optimization(PSO),Cuckoo search,modification of Cuckoo Search(CS McCulloch)and Genetic algorithms are obtained for improving magnetic resonance images(MRIs)*** algorithms are used to compute the accuracy of each method while the outputs are passed to fusion *** order to obtain parts of the points that determine similar membership values,we apply the different rules of incorporation for these *** proposed approach is applied to challenging applications:MRI images,gray matter/white matter of brain segmentations and original black/white images Behavior of the proposed algorithm is provided by applying to different medical *** is shown that the proposed method gives accurate results;due to the decision fusion produces the greatest improvement in classification accuracy.

关键词： Decision fusion particle swarmoptimization(PSO) cuckoo search algorithm CS McCulloch algorithm genetic algorithm CT and MRI

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Robust Human Interaction Recognition Using Extended Kalman Filter

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computers, Materials & Continua 2024年第11期81卷 2987-3002页

作者： Tanvir Fatima Naik Bukht Abdulwahab Alazeb Naif Al Mudawi Bayan Alabdullah Khaled Alnowaiser Ahmad Jalal Hui Liu Faculty of Computing&Artificial Intelligence Air UniversityIslamabad44000Pakistan Department of Computer Science College of Computer Science and Information SystemNajran UniversityNajran55461Saudi Arabia Department of Information Systems College of Computer and Information SciencesPrincess Nourah bint Abdulrahman UniversityRiyadh11671Saudi Arabia Department of Computer Engineering College of Computer Engineering and SciencesPrince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz UniversityAl-Kharj11942Saudi Arabia Cognitive Systems Lab University of BremenBremen28359Germany

In the field of computer vision and pattern recognition,knowledge based on images of human activity has gained popularity as a research *** recognition is the process of determining human behavior based on an *** implemented an Extended Kalman filter to create an activity recognition system *** proposed method applies an HSI color transformation in its initial stages to improve the clarity of the frame of the *** minimize noise,we use Gaussian *** of silhouette using the statistical *** use Binary Robust Invariant Scalable Keypoints(BRISK)and SIFT for feature *** next step is to perform feature discrimination using Gray *** that,the features are input into the Extended Kalman filter and classified into relevant human activities according to their definitive *** experimental procedure uses the SUB-Interaction and HMDB51 datasets to a 0.88%and 0.86%recognition rate.

关键词： Pattern recognition geometric features activity recognition full-body texture

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Enabling IoT Service Classification: A Machine Learning-Based Approach for Handling Classification Issues in Heterogeneous IoT Services

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IEEE Access 2023年 11卷 89024-89037页

作者： Abbasi, Mohammad Asad Chen, Yen-Lin Khan, Abdullah Ayub Memon, Zulfiqar A. Durrani, Nouman M. Yang, Jing Ku, Chin Soon Por, Lip Yee Benazir Bhutto Shaheed University Lyari Department of Computer Science and Information Technology Karachi75660 Pakistan National Taipei University of Technology Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering Taipei106344 Taiwan Sindh Madressatul Islam University Department of Computer Science Karachi74000 Pakistan -FAST Department of Computer Science Islamabad44000 Pakistan Universiti Malaya Faculty of Computer Science and Information Technology Department of Computer System and Technology Kuala Lumpur50603 Malaysia Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman Department of Computer Science Kampar31900 Malaysia

The Internet of Things (IoT) is a form of Internet-based distributed computing that allows devices and their services to interact and execute tasks for each other. Consequently, the footprint of the IoT is increasing and becoming more complex to the highest degree. This has also given birth to new IoT-enabled applications and services. Efficient service interaction and management also call for understanding and analyzing the nature of IoT services. Further, IoT services must be characterized into various classes, and different service-related attributes must be considered for the classification. This article assesses the requirements of heterogeneous IoT services by examining their interactions. Principally, heterogeneous IoT and their service interactions are targeted. The research work performs classification of IoT services into various classes. Services are classified on the basis of various attributes. The attributes reflect different characteristics of the services. This research enables improved utilization of IoT services through efficient classification of available resources using machine learning methods. To demonstrate service classification applicability, the SVM, voting classifier, and decision tree have been applied in a service-oriented environment along with different types of services. All the services in the data set were analyzed and divided into five classes. Moreover, the decision tree performed well and achieved higher accuracy values in all classes. However, the overall prediction and classification of the decision tree model were observed to be good and satisfactorily high. © 2013 IEEE.

关键词： Decision trees

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Coexistence of Wi-Fi 6E with LTE-U/LAA in the 5 GHz Frequency Band 8th

Coexistence of Wi-Fi 6E with LTE-U/LAA in the 5 GHz Frequen...

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8th International Congress on information and Communication Technology, ICICT 2023

作者： Ibrahim, Mohamed M. Azzuhri, Saaidal R. Department of Computer System and Technology Faculty of Computer Science and Information Technology University of Malaya Kuala Lumpur50603 Malaysia

ISBN: (纸本)9789819932351

This work is how to achieve high user throughput with high performance in congested areas by amending the existing coexistence methods and enhancing the performance metrics by updating some input metrics such as duty cycle period, energy detection threshold, data transfer period, etc. The simple topology will verify the basic concept of LTE-U/LAA coexistence with Wi-Fi. Then the indoor-crowded coexistence scenarios of LTE-LAA/U and Wi-Fi 6E in the 5 GHz will be the main idea of this study using the enhanced CAT-4 LBT algorithm design. The proposed model evaluated the coexistence performance based on CDF of throughput and latency. The transport layer of wireless communication will play a worthy role. When using the TCP protocol, the Wi-Fi throughput and latency will be more effective than the LAA operator. When using the UDP protocol, the LTE-LAA network has better throughput and latency than the Wi-Fi network. The throughput and latency for LTE-U and Wi-Fi operators are roughly identical using the FTP protocol. Overall, the throughput improved by 20%, and an approximately 2 ms delay time of the handover compared to the previous research results. © 2024, The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.

关键词： Wi-Fi

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Bald Eagle Search Algorithm with Hierarchical Deep Learning for Internet of Things Assisted Sleep Quality Recognition

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SN computer science 2024年第5期5卷 564页

作者： Duhayyim, Mesfer Al Sharif, Mahir Mohammed Munjal, Muskaan Hilal, Anwer A. Department of Computer Science College of Computer Engineering and Sciences Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University Al-Kharj 16273 Saudi Arabia Department of Computer Science Faculty of Computer Science and Information Technology Omdurman Islamic University Omdurman Sudan Computer Engineering Thapar Institute of Engineering and Technology Punjab Patiala India Department of Information System Faculty of Computer Science and Information Technology Omdurman Islamic University Omdurman Sudan

Sleep quality prediction in Internet of Things (IoT) involves leveraging a system of interrelated devices to gather as well as analyse related data. Smart devices like wearable devices or smart mattresses endlessly monitor many parameters such as body movement, heart rate, and environmental situations in bedroom. Real-time recommendations and feedback transported to consumers, allowing them to create informed lifestyle changes for superior sleep hygiene. As IoT ecosystem continues to develop, a combination of various data streams as well as classy analytics holds assurance for further refining sleep quality forecasts and improving overall well-being. The article designs a Bald Eagle Search Algorithm with Hierarchical Deep Learning for Internet of Things Assisted Sleep Quality Recognition (BESHDL-SQP) technique. The purpose of the BESHDL-SQP technique is to recognize and classify the quality of the sleep level in the IoT environment. In the presented BESHDL-SQP technique, the preliminary stage of data pre-processing using min–max normalization involved to normalize the input data. For predicting sleep quality, hierarchical long short-term memory (LSTM) technique exploited. Lastly, BES model utilized for optimal hyperparameter selection of LSTM method which helps in attaining enhanced results. To validate better performance of BESHDL-SQP technique, a huge range of simulation analysis is carried out. The extensive results stated that the BESHDL-SQP technique exhibits supreme performance over other models. © The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2024.

关键词： Bald eagle search Internet of things LSTM Sleep quality recognition Smart devices

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