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Empirical testing: The prototyper's evaluation mechanism

NAVAL ENGINEERS JOURNAL 1997年第1期109卷 41-46页

作者： Hafner, AN Arnold N. Hafner Ph.D.:is founder and president of Information Systems Research (ISR). He has twenty-five years of experience in systems development and is published in the field of systems development management. He served as corporate research scientist at Systems Exploration Inc. from 1988 to 1991 program director at Computer Science Corporation from 1983 to 1988 director of operations at Republic Management Systems Corporation from 1981 to 1983 and program manager at Computer Science Corporation from 1972 to 1981. A 1962 graduate of the US. Naval Academy he holds a doctoral degree in human behavior and engineering degrees in electronics and communications. He has taught courses on information systems and systems management at most of the colleges in the San Diego area. Dr. Hafner has presented fourteen refereed research papers while publishing sixteen articles and a book A Manager's Guide to Software System Development.

Evaluating complex systems is the subject of this paper, the third in a series investigating prototyping. It provides an interesting and helpful overview of how to evaluate systems prototypes and outlines the iterative stream of developer-user interactions that is replacing older approaches to testing and evaluating new military systems, which promise to reduce the time required to develop and field future military capabilities. Changes to the acquisition process, such as those the paper sketches, will facilitate the nation's rapid transit through its current revolution in military affairs.

关键词： Systems analysis

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Meeting the 21st century with SMART mission flexibility

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NAVAL ENGINEERS JOURNAL 1997年第3期109卷 341-346页

作者： Alexander, RK Olmstead, L Ronald K. Alexander P.E.:received his B.S. degree in mechnaical engineering from Purdue University and his M.S. degree in mechanical engineering from the Naval Postgraduate School. He is currently manager quality programs at RGE Engineering Service Company where he provides technical support to the ATC Program in the area of combat system modularity design. lhe is a member of ASNE and the Surface Navy Association. Larry Olmstead:received his B.L.S. degree in mathematics and computer scienc from Mary Washington College in 1982 and his M.S. degree in system management from the University of Southern California in 1986. He chaired the C'I Modular Implementation Wroking Group (MIWG) from its inception in September 1993 to December 1996 as a combat system engineer in the PEO CLA Engineering management Office (Code PMS307). He is currently employed at Science Application International Corporation.

A revolution is underway in the design, production and installation of the Navy/Marine Corps team's command, control, communications, computers and intelligence ((CI)-I-4) vision and strategies, which is significantly reducing costs, and dramatically improving the battle readiness of tomorrow's forward deployers. A strong emphasis on research and development has enabled the design, development and installation of the Shipboard Modular Arrangement Reconfiguration Technology (SMART) systems in ships. SMART is a methodology for installing equipment in shipboard spaces that will provide the fleet with enhanced mission flexibility. The heart of this technology is a track rail system, similar to that used by the aircraft industry, which enables equipment to be bolted to the deck, bulkheads or overhead, and meets all shipboard shock and vibration requirements. The fleet can reconfigure designated spaces to receive new systems, install equipment upgrades, position cross-decked systems, or rearrange work areas with minimal industrial work (welding, grinding, lagging, painting, etc.), and maximum cost savings. Key (CI)-I-4 spaces such as Tactical Flag Command Center (TFCC), Joint Operations Center (JOC), Communication Centers, etc., can be reconfigured as required. Thereby, new technology insertion can enable rapid deployment of state-of-the-art technologies much faster than the standard method of welding foundations in place to support various equipment installations. The SMART system includes a foundation track system, modular-connectorized power and lighting, and modular workstations.

关键词： Naval vessels

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Developing a prototype concurrent design tool for composite topside structures

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NAVAL ENGINEERS JOURNAL 1997年第3期109卷 279-290页

作者： Dirlik, S Hambric, S Azarm, S Marquardt, M Hellman, A Bartlett, S Castelli, V Steve Dirlik:began his career at the Naval Surface Warfare Center Carderock Division in 1981 as an aerospace engineer co-op student. He completed his bachelor of science degree in aeropace and ocean engineering from Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University in 1985 and his master of science degree in aerospace engineering from the University of Maryland in 1990. Mr. Dirlik recently completed a master of science program in applied physics at The Johns Hopins University and currently works in the Radar Cross Section and Target Physics Branch of the Signatures Directorate at the Naval Surface Warfare Center Corderoke Division. He has worked on Navy low observable programs since 1990. Stephen Hambric:is a research associate at the Applied Research Laboratory at The Pennsylvania State University. He received his B. S. and M.S. degree in mechanical engineering from Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University and his D. Sc. in mechnical engineering from the George Washington University. He has worked on several computer aided multidiscikplinary design and optimization projects over the years including an automated propeller design system and a structural acoustic optimization capability. Dr. Shpour Azarm:is currently working as an associate professor with the Design and Manufacturing Group of the Department of Mechanical Engineering at the University of maryland at College Park. Dr Azarm's expertise is in the areas of optimization-based designed and concurrent design and optimization of multidisciplinary systems. He was a consultant at Black & Decker Corporation (summer 1996) and worked as a Navy senior summer faculty fellow (summer 1995) and a NASA summer faculty fellow (summer 1994). He was a visiting scientist at NASA Langley Research Center for Multidisciplinary Analysis and Applied Structural Optimzatiom at the University of Siegen in Germany (spring 1992) and the Design Institute of the Technical University of Denmark (summer 1990). Dr Azarm was an associate technical editor of the ASME Jour

A prototype concurrent engineering tool has been developed for the preliminary design of composite topside structures for modern navy warships. This tool, named GELS for the Concurrent engineering of Layered Structures, provides designers with an immediate assessment of the impacts of their decisions on several disciplines which are important to the performance of a modern naval topside structure, including electromagnetic interference effects (EMI), radar cross section (RCS), structural integrity, cost, and weight. Preliminary analysis modules in each of these disciplines are integrated to operate from a common set of design variables and a common materials database. Performance in each discipline and an overall fitness function for the concept are then evaluated. A graphical user interface (GUI) is used to define requirements and to display the results from the technical analysis modules. Optimization techniques, including feasible sequential quadratic programming (FSQP) and exhaustive search are used to modify the design variables to satisfy all requirements simultaneously. The development of this tool, the technical modules, and their integration are discussed noting the decisions and compromises required to develop and integrate the modules into a prototype conceptual design tool.

关键词： Warships

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Operational systems, logistics engineering and technology insertion

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NAVAL ENGINEERS JOURNAL 1997年第3期109卷 205-220页

作者： Grubb, MJ Skolnick, A Michael J. Grubb:has perfomzed naval engineering at the Crane Division Naval Surface Warfare Center (NSWC) for more than twenty-five years. He currently the program manager for the Sustainable Hardware and Affordable Readiness Practice Program (SHARP). is a Navy-wide logistics research and development prgram aimed at the successful transiton of proved technologies inot the fleet. SHARP focuses on reducing acquisition performance capability reliability maintainability and readiness of these systems. Mr. Grubb has served as a department director for the past eleven years. His most recent assignment was as director of the Tactical Computer Resources and Test Equipment Department. This organization provided acquisition and in-service engineering support of the Navy's tectical embedded computers priphirals displays and mass memory storage devices. The organization also provided a complete range of product engineering and metrology engineerig services for SSP NevSeaSysCom and the Trident Program. Prior to this appointment Mr. Grubb was deptuy director psysical security programs department and site responsible for program management and system integration of ashore integrated security systems. Mr. Grubb holds a B.S. degree in industrial engineering from Iowa State Universtiy an M.S. degree in industrial engineering from Purdue University and has copleted the course work (Dec.'96 for a master's degree in public and environment affairs at Indiana University-Purdue Univeristy Indianapolis. Dr. Alfred Skolnick operates System Science Consultants (SSC) specilizing in strategic planning technical program definiton technology assessment and engineering analyses on selected matters of national interest. He has taught physics mathematics and management sciences at University of Virginia and Marymount University and is currently adjunct professor of mathematics at Northern Virginia Community College. Form 1985 to 1989 he was president of the American Society of Noval Engineers. Dr. Skolnick served at Applied Physic

In an era of fiscal austerity, downsizing and unforgiving pressure upon human and economic capital, it is an Augean task to identify resources for fresh and creative work. The realities of the day and the practical demands of more immediate fleet needs can often dictate higher priorities. Yet, the Navy must avoid eating its seed corn. Exercising both technical insight and management foresight, the fleet, the R&D community, the Office of the Chief of Naval Operations (OpNav) and the product engineering expertise of the Naval Surface Warfare Center (NSWC) are joined and underway with integrated efforts to marry new, fully demonstrated technologies and operational urgencies. Defense funding today cannot sponsor all work that can be mission-justified over the long term because budgets are insufficient to support product maturation within the classical development cycle. However, by rigorous technical filtering and astute engineering of both marketplace capabilities and currently available components, it is possible in a few select cases to compress and, in effect, integrate advanced development (6.3), engineering development (6.4), weapon procurement (WPN), ship construction (SCN), operation and maintenance (O&M,N) budgetary categories when fleet criticalities and technology opportunities can happily meet. In short, 6.3 funds can be applied directly to ''ripe gateways'' so modern technology is inserted into existing troubled or aging systems, sidestepping the lengthy, traditional development cycle and accelerating practical payoffs to recurrent fleet problems. To produce such constructive results has required a remarkable convergence of sponsor prescience and engineering workforce excellence. The paper describes, extensively, the philosophy of approach, transition strategy, polling of fleet needs, technology assessment, and management team requirements. The process for culling and selecting specific candidate tasks for SHARP sponsorship (matching operational need with t

关键词： Naval vessels

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Influence of human engineering on manning levels and human performance on ships

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NAVAL ENGINEERS JOURNAL 1997年第5期109卷 67-76页

作者： Anderson, DE Oberman, FR Malone, TB Baker, CC David E. Anderson:has a bachelor of science degree in environmental engineering from Florida Technological University and a master's degree in environmental engineering from the University of Central Florida. He is a graduate of the Naval Sea Systems Command's Engineer-In-Training (EIT) Program. Mr. Anderson was instrumental in introducing the collective protection system (CPS) in the U.S. Navy developing the initial forward-fit package for the USS Gunston Hall and the engineering change proposal (ECP) for the USS Wasp. In 1990 he joined the Human Systems Integration (HSI) Division (SEA 55W5) where he was task leader for auxiliary ships. He is currently the HSI manager for the future technology variant of the SeaLift ship and the future carrier. Association of Scientists and Engineers 33rdAnnual Technical Symposium 26 April 1996. Fred R. Oberman:has B.A. and M.A. degrees from the University of Chicago and Loyola University (experimental psychology) and an M.S. degree in industrial engineering and operations research from Virginia Polytechnic Institute (VPI). He has more than 30 years experience in HSI management planning research analysis design and testing in government and private sector positions. He is currently responsible for NavSea HSI generic research and tool development efforts. He is responsible for Human Engineering Specifications and Standards (Commercial Hypertext) and is the NavSea 03D7 representative on HSI in Performance Specifications and for integration of HSI within Integrated Logistic Support (ILS). He has served as DoD HSI SubTAG chair and member of the Simulation and Modeling Test and Evaluation Display and Control Systems Human Computer Interaction Specifications and Standards and Systems Design Sub Tags as a member of the Society of Naval Architects and Marine Engineers (SNAME) Systems Safety Panel and a member of NATO RSG 14 on man-machine analysis. Thomas B. Malone: CHFEP received a Ph.D. in experimental psychology from Fordham University in 1964. He is president of Carlow

The objectives of Human engineering (HE) are generally viewed as increasing human performance, reducing human error, enhancing personnel and equipment safety, and reducing training and related personnel costs. There are other benefits that are thoroughly consistent with the direction of the Navy of the future, chief among these is reduction of required numbers of personnel to operate and maintain Navy ships. The Naval Research Advisory Committee (NRAC) report on Man-Machine Technology in the Navy estimated that one of the benefits from increased application of man-machine technology to Navy ship design is personnel reduction as well as improving system availability, effectiveness, and safety The objective of this paper is to discuss aspects of the human engineering design of ships and systems that affect manning requirements, and impact human-performance and safety The paper will also discuss how the application of human engineering leads to improved performance, and crew safety, and reduced workload, all of which influence manning levels. Finally, the paper presents a discussion of tools and case studies of good human engineering design practices which reduce manning.

关键词： Human engineering

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An initial comparison of software and engineering designs of automotive cruise control systems

An initial comparison of software and engineering designs of...

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1996 Australian Software engineering Conference, ASWEC 1996

作者： Baragry, Jason Amdahl Australian Intelligent Tools Program Department of Computer Science and Computer Engineering La Trobe University BundooraVIC3083 Australia

ISBN: (纸本)0818676353

This paper contributes to the debate about the relation between software design and standard engineering design. We do this by examining the approaches taken by both disciplines to the design of a small embedded system. The example chosen is that of an automotive cruise control system whose design is described in both computing and automotive literature. This work was.75 cm undertaken as part of our goal of providing a more rigorous basis for discussions on the nature of software engineering which tend to hinge upon assertions about the nature of engineering in general, and conjecture about its relationship to software development. Our view is that such conjectures can be improved if they are based upon detailed comparisons of actual design approaches. The study undertaken suggests that tliere are significant differences in the design processes, and in particular, the nature and role of modelling. Software developers employ-design representations or models as means towards implementation by actually implementing the concepts contained within the model (states, processes, objects). Conversely, traditional engineering utilises design representations as means of modelling the properties of possible implementations which are constructed from componentry of the engineering discipline (sensors, actuators, controllers). This paper does not attempt to argue that software development should be more like other engineering disciplines nor does it support the argument that software development is too complex or different in nature to be compared to traditional engineering. This work is part of a series of studies which is required to clarify the relationship between the two disciplines. © 1996 IEEE.

关键词： Software design

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Combining function points software estimation model with ADISSA methodology for systems analysis and design 7

Combining function points software estimation model with ADI...

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7th Israeli Conference on computer Systems and Software engineering, ICCSSE 1996

作者： Shoval, Peretz Feldman, Ofer Information Systems Program Dept.of Industrial Engineering and Management Israel Dept.of Mathematics and Computer Science Ben-Gurion University of Negev Beer-Sheva84105 Israel

ISBN: (纸本)0818675365

The study proposes a combination of the function points model for software estimation with the ADISSA methodology for systems analysis and design. This combined approach, which is supported by a software tool, enables one to estimate various software metrics, such as size, effort, and duration, in the early stages of systems development, by basing them on the products of a thorough system analysis and design process. © 1996 IEEE.

关键词： Project management

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Teaching top-down design using VHDL and CPLD

Teaching top-down design using VHDL and CPLD

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Frontiers in Education (FIE) Conference

作者： M. Chang Computer Engineering Program Department of Computer Science Illinois Institute of Technology Chicago IL USA

The paper presents a teaching experience in using VHDL and CPLD in the senior digital design course. The course focuses on teaching the top-down design methodology through hands-on experiments. The industrially available tools-Maxplus2, made possible through Altera's University program, provide students with a smooth transition from academic concepts to industrial practice. VHDL, the industrial standard language (IEEE-1076), is used as the design entry. Thus the students are forced to learn the practical aspect of writing a synthesizable VHDL code. The hands-on weekly projects are exercised on the integrated CPLD design tool which has VHDL, compiler, logic synthesizer, functional and timing simulator, floor plan editor and programmer. With the help of programmable devices, students can bypass the timing period for IC fabrication and obtain ASIC designs after the devices have been programmed. The VHDL design entry in Maxplus2 is ideal for teaching top-down design methodology. Translating from a given algorithmic state machine (ASM) chart to a synthesizable and efficient VHDL code is presented. Exploiting the VHDL constructs to make a design reusable is demonstrated through examples. In this course, students learn how to partition a complex design into small components and focus on higher level of abstraction and hierarchy in design description which have become desirable to digital systems designers.

关键词： Education Design methodology Timing Writing program processors Logic devices Logic design Synthesizers programming profession Fabrication

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Investigations of Microwave Absorption in Insulating Dielectric Ionic Crystals Including the Role of Point Defects and Dislocations

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MRS Online Proceedings Library 1996年第1期430卷 397-402页

作者： Benjamin D.B. Klein Binshen Meng Samuel A. Freeman John H. Booske Reid F. Cooper Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering University of Wisconsin Madison USA Materials Science Program University of Wisconsin Madison USA Department of Materials Science and Engineering University of Wisconsin Madison USA

A theoretical model of microwave absorption in linear dielectric (non-ferroelectric) ionic crystals that takes into account the presence of point defects was synthesized and verified using NaCl single crystals. In the next stage of this research, we will introduce a controlled density of dislocations into the single crystal NaCl samples and study the effect on the microwave absorption mechanisms (ionic conduction, dielectric relaxation and multi-phonon processes) both theoretically and experimentally. Qualitative outlines of this modified theory are presented. The loss factor ε’ has been measured in the dislocation-free case by a cavity resonator insertion technique and the experimental results are in good agreement with the theoretical model. We describe the sample preparation technique that will be used to produce a controlled dislocation density in single crystal samples that will also be studied in our cavity resonator insertion system.

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A performance model of space-division ATM switches with input and output queueing 29

A performance model of space-division ATM switches with inpu...

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29th Hawaii International Conference on System sciences, HICSS 1996

作者： Zhang, Guogen Bulgren, William G. Wallace, Victor L. Computer Science Department University of California at Los Angeles Los AngelesCA90024 United States Engineering Management Program University of Kansas LawrenceKS66045 United States Department of Electrical Engineering University of Kansas LawrenceKS66045 United States

ISBN: (纸本)0818673249

An analytic model for the performance evaluation of space-division Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) switches is presented. This model assumes that the switch has a fixed capacity of m, where 12 is given. The result shows that the performance of switches with a small capacity can approach that of output queueing. The model and result can be used for switch design analysis and higher layer performance models. © 1996 IEEE

关键词： Asynchronous transfer mode

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