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Bias analysis of AI models for undergraduate student admissions

Neural computing and Applications 2025年第12期37卷 7785-7795页

作者： Van Busum, Kelly Fang, Shiaofen Department of Computer Science and Software Engineering Butler University IndianapolisIN United States Computing and Engineering Indiana University Luddy School of Informatics Indiana University Indianapolis IndianapolisIN United States

Bias detection and mitigation is an active area of research in machine learning. This work extends previous research done by the authors Van Busum and Fang (Proceedings of the 38th ACM/SIGAPP Symposium on Applied computing, 2023) to provide a rigorous and more complete analysis of the bias found in AI predictive models. Admissions data spanning six years was used to create an AI model to determine whether a given student would be directly admitted into the school of science under various scenarios at a large urban research university. During this time, submission of standardized test scores as part of a student’s application became optional which led to interesting questions about the impact of standardized test scores on admission decisions. We developed and analyzed AI models to understand which variables are important in admissions decisions, and how the decision to exclude test scores affects the demographics of the students who are admitted. We then evaluated the predictive models to detect and analyze biases these models may carry with respect to three variables chosen to represent sensitive populations: gender, race, and whether a student was the first in his/her family to attend college. We also extended our analysis to show that the biases detected were persistent. Finally, we included several fairness metrics in our analysis and discussed the uses and limitations of these metrics. © The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag London Ltd., part of Springer Nature 2024.

关键词： Students

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Parameter-efficient fine-tuning of pre-trained code models for just-in-time defect prediction

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Neural computing and Applications 2024年第27期36卷 16911-16940页

作者： Abu Talib, Manar Bou Nassif, Ali Azzeh, Mohammad Alesh, Yaser Afadar, Yaman Department of Computer Science College of Computing and Informatics University of Sharjah Sharjah United Arab Emirates Department of Computer Engineering College of Computing and Informatics Sharjah United Arab Emirates King Hussein School for Computing Sciences Princess Sumaya University for Technology Amman Jordan

Software engineering workflows use version control systems to track changes and handle merge cases from multiple contributors. This has introduced challenges to testing because it is impractical to test whole codebases to ensure each change is defect-free, and it is not enough to test changed files alone. Just-in-time software defect prediction (JIT-SDP) systems have been proposed to solve this by predicting the likelihood that a code change is defective. Numerous techniques have been studied to build such JIT software defect prediction models, but the power of pre-trained code transformer language models in this task has been underexplored. These models have achieved human-level performance in code understanding and software engineering tasks. Inspired by that, we modeled the problem of change defect prediction as a text classification task utilizing these pre-trained models. We have investigated this idea on a recently published dataset, ApacheJIT, consisting of 44k commits. We concatenated the changed lines in each commit as one string and augmented it with the commit message and static code metrics. Parameter-efficient fine-tuning was performed for 4 chosen pre-trained models, JavaBERT, CodeBERT, CodeT5, and CodeReviewer, with either partially frozen layers or low-rank adaptation (LoRA). Additionally, experiments with the Local, Sparse, and Global (LSG) attention variants were conducted to handle long commits efficiently, which reduces memory consumption. As far as the authors are aware, this is the first investigation into the abilities of pre-trained code models to detect defective changes in the ApacheJIT dataset. Our results show that proper fine-tuning improves the defect prediction performance of the chosen models in the F1 scores. CodeBERT and CodeReviewer achieved a 10% and 12% increase in the F1 score over the best baseline models, JITGNN and JITLine, when commit messages and code metrics are included. Our approach sheds more light on the abilities of l

关键词： Forecasting

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Improving Fundus Detection Precision in Diabetic Retinopathy Using Derivative-Based Deep Neural Networks

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computer Modeling in engineering & sciences 2025年第3期142卷 2487-2511页

作者： Asma Aldrees Hong Min Ashit Kumar Dutta Yousef Ibrahim Daradkeh Mohd Anjum Department of Informatics and Computer Systems College of Computer ScienceKing Khalid UniversityAbha61421Saudi Arabia School of Computing Gachon UniversitySeongnam13120Republic of Korea Department of Computer Science and Information Systems College of Applied SciencesAlMaarefa UniversityAd DiriyahRiyadh13713Saudi Arabia Department of Computer Engineering and Information College of Engineering in Wadi AlddawasirPrince Sattam bin Abdulaziz UniversityAl-Kharj16273Saudi Arabia Department of Computer Engineering Aligarh Muslim UniversityAligarh202002India

Fundoscopic diagnosis involves assessing the proper functioning of the eye’s nerves,blood vessels,retinal health,and the impact of diabetes on the optic *** disorders are a major global health concern,affecting millions of people worldwide due to their widespread *** photography generates machine-based eye images that assist in diagnosing and treating ocular diseases such as diabetic *** a result,accurate fundus detection is essential for early diagnosis and effective treatment,helping to prevent severe complications and improve patient *** address this need,this article introduces a Derivative Model for Fundus Detection using Deep NeuralNetworks(DMFD-DNN)to enhance diagnostic *** selects key features for fundus detection using the least derivative,which identifies features correlating with stored fundus *** filtering relies on the minimum derivative,determined by extracting both similar and varying *** this research,the DNN model was integrated with the derivative *** images were segmented,features were extracted,and the DNN was iteratively trained to identify fundus regions *** goal was to improve the precision of fundoscopic diagnosis by training the DNN incrementally,taking into account the least possible derivative across iterations,and using outputs from previous *** hidden layer of the neural network operates on the most significant derivative,which may reduce precision across *** derivatives are treated as inaccurate,and the model is subsequently trained using selective features and their corresponding *** proposed model outperforms previous techniques in detecting fundus regions,achieving 94.98%accuracy and 91.57%sensitivity,with a minimal error rate of 5.43%.It significantly reduces feature extraction time to 1.462 s and minimizes computational overhead,thereby improving operational efficiency and ***,the propo

关键词： Deep neural network feature extraction fundus detection medical image processing

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Efficient 3D Hilbert Curve Encoding and Decoding Algorithms

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Chinese Journal of Electronics 2022年第2期31卷 277-284页

作者： JIA Lianyin LIANG Binbin LI Mengjuan LIU Yong CHEN Yinong DING Jiaman Faculty of Information Engineering and Automation Kunming University of Science and Technology Yunnan Key Laboratory of Artificial Intelligence Kunming University of Science and Technology Library Yunnan Normal University School of Information Science and Engineering Guangxi University for Nationalities School of Computing Informatics and Decision Systems Arizona State University

Hilbert curve describes a one-to-one mapping between multidimensional space and 1 D *** traditional 3D Hilbert encoding and decoding algorithms work on order-wise manner and are not aware of the difference between different input data and spend equivalent computing costs on them, thus resulting in a low efficiency. To solve this problem, in this paper we design efficient 3D state views for fast encoding and decoding. Based on the state views designed, a new encoding algorithm(JFK-3HE) and a new decoding algorithm(JFK-3HD) are proposed. JFK-3HE and JFK-3HD can avoid executing iteratively encoding or decoding each order by skipping the first 0 s in input data, thus decreasing the complexity and improving the efficiency. Experimental results show that JFK-3HE and JFK-3HD outperform the state-of-the-arts algorithms for both uniform and skew-distributed data.

关键词： order-wise manner multidimensional space encoding state-of-the-arts algorithms encoding algorithm parallel algorithms JFK-3HE statistical distributions decoding solid modelling design efficient 3D JFK-3HD traditional 3D Hilbert encoding equivalent computing costs different input data decoding algorithm Hilbert curve state views iterative methods

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Modeling Hybrid Feature-Based Phishing Websites Detection Using Machine Learning Techniques

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Annals of Data science 2024年第1期11卷 217-242页

作者： Das Guptta, Sumitra Shahriar, Khandaker Tayef Alqahtani, Hamed Alsalman, Dheyaaldin Sarker, Iqbal H. Department of Computer Science and Engineering Chittagong University of Engineering & ampTechnology Chittagong4349 Bangladesh Unit of Cybersecurity Department of Computer Science Center of Artificial Intelligence King Khalid University Abha Saudi Arabia School of Engineering Computing and Informatics Dar Al-Hekma University Jeddah Saudi Arabia

In this paper, we mainly present a machine learning based approach to detect real-time phishing websites by taking into account URL and hyperlink based hybrid features to achieve high accuracy without relying on any third-party systems. In phishing, the attackers typically try to deceive internet users by masking a webpage as an official genuine webpage to steal sensitive information such as usernames, passwords, social security numbers, credit card information, etc. Anti-phishing solutions like blacklist or whitelist, heuristic, and visual similarity based methods cannot detect zero-hour phishing attacks or brand-new websites. Moreover, earlier approaches are complex and unsuitable for real-time environments due to the dependency on third-party sources, such as a search engine. Hence, detecting recently developed phishing websites in a real-time environment is a great challenge in the domain of cybersecurity. To overcome these problems, this paper proposes a hybrid feature based anti-phishing strategy that extracts features from URL and hyperlink information of client-side only. We also develop a new dataset for the purpose of conducting experiments using popular machine learning classification techniques. Our experimental result shows that the proposed phishing detection approach is more effective having higher detection accuracy of 99.17% with the XG Boost technique than traditional approaches. © The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2022.

关键词： Search engines

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Comparative Analysis of Cloud computing and the Gig Economy Pricing Strategies

Comparative Analysis of Cloud Computing and the Gig Economy ...

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2024 International Conference on Innovative computing, Intelligent Communication and Smart Electrical systems, ICSES 2024

作者： Jothish Kumar, M. Reddy, Gajulapalli Venkata Karthik Kumar Iyapparaja Nowritha, S. School of Computer Science Engineering and Information Systems Vit Vellore Department of Smart Computing Tamil Nadu Vellore India School of Computer Science Engineering and Information Systems Vit Vellore Tamil Nadu Vellore India School of Computer Science Engineering and Information Systems Vit University Department of Smart Computing Tamil Nadu Vellore India

ISBN: (纸本)9798331543617

Cloud computing services and gig economy platforms vary in flexibility, efficiency, and scalability due to their pricing schemes. Cloud computing services provide flexibility and cost control via pay-as-you-go, subscription, and freemium models. Like gig economy platforms, workers and customers pay for task completion, time-based contracts, and premium services. Assessing how successfully different pricing techniques fulfil varied demands, from short-term initiatives to long-term commitments, requires identifying their strengths and weaknesses. The goal is to evaluate these models' capacity to meet shifting demand, save money, and scale. The methodology also assesses cost predictability and company and consumer advantages of each pricing structure. The comparison seeks to improve resource allocation and financial planning by revealing how various pricing systems function in different circumstances. The research helps decision-makers use cloud services or gig economy platforms for different operational purposes by emphasizing their economic consequences. From datasets, simulated pricing model data was examined. The first example includes settings such as Hours Used (5-25), Pay-as-You-Go (10-50 USD), and Subscription-Based (30 USD). The second instance has Job Size (Resources) from 5 to 25, Freemium Model (USD) from 10 to 30, and Usage-Based Pricing (USD) from 10 to 50. © 2024 IEEE.

关键词： Cloud platforms

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IoT: Communication protocols and security threats

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Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical systems 2023年第1期3卷 1-13页

作者： Gerodimos, Apostolos Maglaras, Leandros Ferrag, Mohamed Amine Ayres, Nick Kantzavelou, Ioanna School of Computer Science and Informatics University of Thessaly Lamia Greece School of Computing at Edinburgh Napier University Edinburgh United Kingdom Technology Innovation Institute Abu Dhabi United Arab Emirates School of Computer Science and Informatics De Montfort University Leicester United Kingdom School of Engineering Dept.of Informatics and Computer Engineering University of West Attica Athens Greece

In this study, we review the fundamentals of IoT architecture and we thoroughly present the communication protocols that have been invented especially for IoT technology. Moreover, we analyze security threats, and general implementation problems, presenting several sectors that can benefit the most from IoT development. Discussion over the findings of this review reveals open issues and challenges and specifies the next steps required to expand and support IoT systems in a secure framework. © 2023 The Authors

关键词： Network architecture

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Slow Convergence of Interacting Kalman Filters in Word-of-Mouth Social Learning 60

Slow Convergence of Interacting Kalman Filters in Word-of-Mo...

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60th Annual Allerton Conference on Communication, Control, and computing, Allerton 2024

作者： Krishnamurthy, Vikram Rojas, Cristian R. School of Electrical and Computer Engineering Cornell University United States School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science KTH Royal Institute of Technology Division of Decision and Control Systems Stockholm Sweden

ISBN: (纸本)9798331541033

We consider word-of-mouth social learning involving m Kalman filter agents that operate sequentially. The first Kalman filter receives the raw observations, while each subsequent Kalman filter receives a noisy measurement of the conditional mean of the previous Kalman filter. The prior is updated by the m-th Kalman filter. When m=2, and the observations are noisy measurements of a Gaussian random variable, the covariance goes to zero as k-1/3 for 7kappa;observations, instead of O(k-1) in the standard Kalman filter. In this paper we prove that for m agents, the covariance decreases to zero as k-(2m-1), i.e, the learning slows down exponentially with the number of agents. We also show that by artificially weighing the prior at each time, the learning rate can be made optimal as k-1. The implication is that in word-of-mouth social learning, artificially re-weighing the prior can yield the optimal learning rate. © 2024 IEEE.

关键词： Kalman filters

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Evaluation Methods and Measures for Causal Learning Algorithms

IEEE Transactions on Artificial Intelligence

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IEEE Transactions on Artificial Intelligence 2022年第6期3卷 924-943页

作者： Cheng, Lu Guo, Ruocheng Moraffah, Raha Sheth, Paras Candan, K. Selcuk Liu, Huan Arizona State University School Of Computing Informatics And Decision Systems Engineering TempeAZ85287 United States City University Of Hong Kong School Of Data Science Hong Kong

The convenient access to copious multifaceted data has encouraged machine learning researchers to reconsider correlation-based learning and embrace the opportunity of causality-based learning, i.e., causal machine learning (causal learning). Recent years have, therefore, witnessed great effort in developing causal learning algorithms aiming to help artificial intelligence (AI) achieve human-level intelligence. Due to the lack of ground-truth data, one of the biggest challenges in current causal learning research is algorithm evaluations. This largely impedes the cross-pollination of AI and causal inference and hinders the two fields to benefit from the advances of the other. To bridge from conventional causal inference (i.e., based on statistical methods) to causal learning with Big Data (i.e., the intersection of causal inference and machine learning), in this survey, we review commonly used datasets, evaluation methods, and measures for causal learning using an evaluation pipeline similar to conventional machine learning. We focus on the two fundamental causal inference tasks and causality-aware machine learning tasks. Limitations of current evaluation procedures are also discussed. We, then, examine popular causal inference tools/packages and conclude with primary challenges and opportunities for benchmarking causal learning algorithms in the era of Big Data. The survey seeks to bring to the forefront the urgency of developing publicly available benchmarks and consensus-building standards for causal learning evaluation with observational data. In doing so, we hope to broaden the discussions and facilitate collaboration to advance the innovation and application of causal learning. © 2020 IEEE.

关键词： Maximum likelihood estimation

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Continuous-Time Prediction of Industrial Paste Thickener System With Differential ODE-Net

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IEEE/CAA Journal of Automatica Sinica 2022年第4期9卷 686-698页

作者： Zhaolin Yuan Xiaorui Li Di Wu Xiaojuan Ban Nai-Qi Wu Hong-Ning Dai Hao Wang the Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Materials Genome Engineering Institute of Artificial IntelligenceBeijing Key Laboratory of Knowledge Engineering for Materials ScienceSchool of Computer and Communication EngineeringUniversity of Science and Technology Beijing the Department of ICT and Natural Science Norwegian University of Science and Technology IEEE the Institute of Systems Engineering and Collaborative Laboratory for Intelligent Science and SystemsMacao University of Science and Technology the Department of Computing and Decision Sciences Lingnan University the Department of Computer Science Norwegian University of Science and Technology

It is crucial to predict the outputs of a thickening system,including the underflow concentration(UC)and mud pressure,for optimal control of the *** proliferation of industrial sensors and the availability of thickening-system data make this ***,the unique properties of thickening systems,such as the non-linearities,long-time delays,partially observed data,and continuous time evolution pose challenges on building data-driven predictive *** address the above challenges,we establish an integrated,deep-learning,continuous time network structure that consists of a sequential encoder,a state decoder,and a derivative module to learn the deterministic state space model from thickening *** a case study,we examine our methods with a tailing thickener manufactured by the FLSmidth installed with massive sensors and obtain extensive experimental *** results demonstrate that the proposed continuous-time model with the sequential encoder achieves better prediction performances than the existing discrete-time models and reduces the negative effects from long time delays by extracting features from historical system *** proposed method also demonstrates outstanding performances for both short and long term prediction tasks with the two proposed derivative types.

关键词： Industrial 24 paste thickener ordinary differential equation(ODE)-net recurrent neural network time series prediction

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