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ROLE OF SIMULATION IN RAPID PROTOTYPING FOR CONCEPT DEVELOPMENT

NAVAL ENGINEERS JOURNAL 1991年第3期103卷 204-211页

作者： KING, JF BARTON, DE J. Fred King:is the manager of the Advanced Technology Department for Unisys in Reston Virginia. He earned his Ph.D. in mathematics from the University of Houston in 1977. He has been principal investigator of research projects in knowledge engineering pattern recognition and heuristic problem-solving. Efforts include the development of a multi-temporal multispectral classifier for identifying graincrops using LANDSAT satellite imagery data for NASA. Also as a member of the research team for a NCI study with Baylor College of Medicine and NASA he helped develop techniques for detection of carcinoma using multispectral microphotometer scans of lung tissue. He established and became technical director of the AI Laboratory for Ford Aerospace where he developed expert scheduling modeling and knowledge acquisition systems for NASA. Since joining Unisys in 1985 he has led the development of object-oriented programming environments blackboard architectures data fusion techniques using neural networks and intelligent data base systems. Douglas E. Barton:is manager of Logistics Information Systems for Unisys in Reston Virginia. He earned his B.A. degree in computer science from the College of William and Mary in 1978 and did postgraduate work in London as a Drapers Company scholar. Since joining Unisys in 1981 his work has concentrated on program management and software engineering of large scale data base management systems and design and implementation of knowledge-based systems in planning and logistics. As chairman of the Logistics Data Subcommittee of the National Security Industrial Association (NSIA) he led an industry initiative which examined concepts in knowledge-based systems in military logistics. His responsibilities also include evaluation development and tailoring of software engineering standards and procedures for data base and knowledge-based systems. He is currently program manager of the Navigation Information Management System which provides support to the Fleet Ballistic Missile Progr

A valuable technique during concept development is rapid prototyping of software for key design components. This approach is particularly useful when the optimum design approach is not readily apparent or several known alternatives need to be rapidly evaluated. A problem inherent in rapid prototyping is the lack of a "target system" with which to interface. Some alternatives are to develop test driver libraries, integrate the prototype with an existing working simulator, or build one for the specific problem. This paper presents a unique approach to concept development using rapid prototyping for concept development and scenario-based simulation for concept verification. The rapid prototyping environment, derived from artificial intelligence technology, is based on a blackboard architecture. The rapid prototype simulation capability is provided through an object-oriented modeling environment. It is shown how both simulation and blackboard technologies are used collectively to rapidly gain insight into a tenacious problem. A specific example will be discussed where this approach was used to evolve the logic of a mission controller for an autonomous underwater vehicle.

关键词： Military engineering

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ON THE FREQUENCY-DOMAIN SPECIFICATION OF ESD WAVE-FORMS

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JOURNAL OF ELECTROSTATICS 1990年第2期24卷 197-206页

作者： WU, CY RUDKO, M CHANG, Y IBM System Development Laboratory Poughkeepsie NY 12602 U.S.A. Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Union College Schenectady NY 12308 U.S.A.

Traditionally, electrostatic discharge (ESD) waveforms have been measured and analyzed in the time domain and various waveform parameters have been related to the severity of the discharge charge induce effects. The present paper proposes the specification of ESD waveforms in the frequency domain. Measured ESD waveforms are digitized and their amplitude spectra are calculated and plotted. Parameters of the frequency domain spectra are related to the time domain parameters. It is demonstrated that frequency domain characteristics provide a standardized and easily interpreted specification of ESD waveforms which should be considered in conjunction with traditional time domain parameters.

关键词： Electrostatics

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Contact point detection for grasping of an unknown object using joint compliance

Contact point detection for grasping of an unknown object us...

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1990 IEEE International Workshop on Intelligent Robots and systems, IROS 1990

作者： Kaneko, Makoto Tanie, Kazuo Computer Science and System Engineering Kyushu Institute of Technology Kawazu 680-4 Iizuka-shi Fukuoka820 Japan Cybernetics Division Robotics Department Mechanical Engineering Laboratory Namiki 1-2 Tsukuba-shi Ibaraki305 Japan

This paper focuses on a scheme for searching for a contact point between a multifmgered hand and an unknown object. Instead of mounting a attributed tactile sensor all over the finger links, we propose an active touch approach using joint compliance from the viewpoint of considerably reduced hardware improvement. The algorithm is composed of two phases. One is the approach phase, in which each finger is opened widely and approaches to an object until a part of a finger link is in contact with the object. The other is the detection phase, in which each finger posture is changed with slip while maintaining Contact between object and finger. Using two selected postures during the detection phase we can compute the intersecting point which leads to an approximate contact point. With a suitable combination of compliant joints and position-controlled joints, a finger link has the capability of changing its posture while maintaining contact with an object over a small angular displacement at a particular joint. This motion is essential in the contact point detection phase. The proposed algorithm is confirmed through simple experiments using a two-fingered robot hand. © 1990 Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc.. All rights reserved.

关键词： Object detection

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Development of micro actuator using shape memory alloy thin film

Development of micro actuator using shape memory alloy thin ...

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1990 IEEE International Workshop on Intelligent Robots and systems, IROS 1990

作者： Ikuta, Koji Fujita, Hiroyuki Arimoto, Suguru Ikeda, Michiaki Yamashita, Shinji Department of Mechanical System Engineering Faculty of Computer Science and System Engineering Kyushu Institute of Technology Fukuoka Iizuka820 Japan Institute of Industrial Science University of Tokyo Roppongi Minato-ku Tokyo106 Japan Department of Mathematical Engineering and Information Physics Faculty of Engineering University of Tokyo Hongo Bunkyo-ku Tokyo113 Japan Research Laboratory Yaskawa Electric Mfg. Co. Ltd. Yahatanishi-ku Kitakyushu806 Japan

Basic research for the micro actuator using TiNi Shape Memory Alloy (SMA) is conducted from the crystallographic point of view. SMA (TiNi) thin film is fabricated by sputtering deposition. First, the influence of substrate temperature on crystal structure is verified by measuring resistivity-temperature curve and X-ray diffraction. Though high temperature substrate condition makes TiNi film in regular crystal, amorphous structure appears at low substrate temperature. Next, Optimal composition of sputtered SMA thin film is found by SSQ and negative slope of the resistivity curve due to phase transformation between R-phase and parent phase is observed. Finally, annealing methods is examined to crystalize amorphous TiNi. © 1990 Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc.. All rights reserved.

关键词： Crystal structure

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Development of micro actuator using shape memory alloy thin film

Development of micro actuator using shape memory alloy thin ...

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EEE International Workshop on Intelligent Robots and systems, Towards a New Frontier of Applications

作者： K. Ikuta H. Fujita S. Arimoto M. Ikeda S. Yamashita Department of Mechanical System Engineering Faculty of Computer Science and System Engineering Kyushu Institute of Technology Fukuoka Japan Institute of Industrial Science University of Tokyo Tokyo Japan Department of Mathematical Engineering and Information Physics Faculty of Engineering University of Tokyo Tokyo Japan Research Laboratory Yaskawa Electric Manufacturing Company Limited Japan

Basic research for the micro actuator using TiNi shape memory alloy (SMA) is conducted from the crystallographic point of view. SMA (TiNi) thin film is fabricated by sputter deposition. First, the influence of substrate temperature on crystal structure is verified by measuring resistivity-temperature curve and X-ray diffraction. Though high temperature substrate conditions make TiNi film in regular crystal, an amorphous structure appears at low substrate temperature. Next optimal composition of sputtered SMA thin film is found by SSQ. The negative slope of the resistivity curve due to phase transformation between R-phase and parent phase is observed. Finally, annealing methods are examined to crystallize amorphous TiNi.< >

关键词： Microactuators Shape memory alloys Transistors Sputtering Substrates Temperature Crystallization Amorphous materials Crystallography X-ray diffraction

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A finger shaped tactile sensor using an optical waveguide

A finger shaped tactile sensor using an optical waveguide

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Annual Conference of Industrial Electronics Society

作者： N. Nakao M. Kaneko N. Suzuki K. Tanie NTT Tsukuba Field Engineering Development Center Tsukuba Ibaraki Japan School of Computer Science and System Engineering Department Kyushu Institute of Technology Fukuoka Japan Cybernetics Division Robotics Department Mechanical Engineering Laboratory Tsukuba Ibaraki Japan

A finger-shaped tactile sensor consisting of a charge-coupled device (CCD) and a semispherical optical waveguide covered with an elastic sheet and connected to a light source is proposed. The principle of the sensor is based on producing the scattering light at the sensor-object contact. The contact location is recognized using a CCD to detect light. By a simple calculation of the equation derived from the sensor surface geometry, the sensor can also provide the surface normal of the touched object. Through experiments using a prototype sensor, the fundamental characteristics of the sensor are evaluated and the principle of the sensor is confirmed.< >

关键词： Optical waveguides Fingers Tactile sensors Optical sensors Sensor phenomena and characterization Optical scattering Charge coupled devices Optical surface waves Optical devices Light sources

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AEGIS AAW CORRELATOR TRACKER (AACT) EXPERIMENT

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NAVAL ENGINEERS JOURNAL 1990年第3期102卷 37-42页

作者： GRANT, CJ The Author:is an assistant group supervisor of the Anti-Air Warfare Systems Engineering Group in the Fleet Systems Department of The Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory (JHU/APL). He received a B.S. in physics from the University of Maryland in 1978 an M.S. in applied physics and an M.S. in computer science from The Johns Hopkins University in 1982 and 1984 respectively. Since joining JHU/APL in 1978 Mr. Grant has been involved in the development and integration of advanced command support systems and communications in U.S. Navy shipboard combat systems with particular emphasis on the Aegis Combat System. He is currently the lead engineer of the Command Support At Sea Experiment in which an Aegis AAW Correlator/Tracker capability is being developed for shipboard evaluation.

The Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics laboratory, in continuing development of the Aegis Command and Control capabilities aboard USS Ticonderoga class cruisers and USS Arleigh Burke class destroyers, under the direction of the Aegis Shipbuilding Project (PMS-400), is in the process of developing the Aegis AAW Correlator/Tracker (AACT) to experiment with and evaluate the capability to correlate track and contact data from over-the-horizon (OTH) sources and sensors with the shipboard real-time tactical picture. AACT, which is based on multi-hypothesis correlation algorithms, is intended to be fully automated; requiring little or no operator interaction in spite of ambiguous or conflicting data. Unlike other OTH correlator/tracker designs, the experimental AACT capability is highly integrated with the combat system. It makes maximum use of the shipboard sensor data, such as that provided by the AN/SPY-1 radar, to provide the basis from which to correlate the OTH data in areas of mutual sensor coverage. This approach helps to resolve the traditional conflicts between the tactical picture derived from battle group sensors and that derived from OTH sensors, and provides command the track data in the formats, rates, and timeliness needed to fight the AAW battle. This paper describes the AACT concept, design, and implementation. It addresses the plans for installation of AACT aboard an Aegis cruiser for evaluation of this capability in an operational environment.

关键词： computer Graphics

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THE COMMAND SUPPORT AT-SEA EXPERIMENT

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NAVAL ENGINEERS JOURNAL 1990年第3期102卷 25-36页

作者： BUSCHER, DJ SUNDAY, DM David J. Buscher:is an electrical engineer on the Principal Professional Staff of the Fleet Systems Department of The Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory. He earned his BS degree in electrical engineering from Villanova University in 1967 an MSEE degree from the University of Maryland in 1972 and an MS degree in technical management from The Johns Hopkins University in 1985. He was the lead engineer on the Command Support At-Sea Experiment Project. He started his career in 1967 with the U.S. Army Harry Diamond Laboratory working on computer and communications projects. During this time he worked in Vietnam with the United States Army Vietnam Science Advisor Office. Since joining JHU/APL in 1978 he has worked on a variety of projects associated with computer graphics hospital patient information systems computer networks autonomous underwater vehicles and satellite communications. He is currently assistant group supervisor of the Computer Systems Group. Daniel M. Sunday:is a mathematician on the Principal Professional Staff of the Fleet Systems Department of The Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory. He earned his Ph.D. in mathematics from the University of Minnesota in 1971 and did postdoctoral research on neural networks at the University of California at Berkeley. Since joining JHU/APL in 1980 Dr. Sunday has worked as a designer and developer of software systems with emphasis on medical imaging interactive graphics natural language interfaces and software standards. He was the network designer for the Headquarters Integrated Office System (HIOS) Network for the Army at the Pentagon. He is currently the lead software engineer on the Command Support At-Sea Experiment Project.

The Command Support At-Sea Experiment (CS@SE) provides experimental advanced graphics display systems consisting of large screen color displays and operator console color displays in the combat information center (CIC) of an Aegis cruiser and in the tactical flag command center (TFCC) of an aircraft carrier. CS@SE systems are designed to prototype potential command support capabilities in an at-sea environment to validate and refine requirements for planned production system upgrades. These systems use sophisticated color graphics techniques to provide real-time tactical displays that improve the availability of information to an operator by reducing clutter through the use of color, area fill, transparen overlays and intensity coding of track symbols. Interfaces wen developed with the Aegis Display system (ADS), Shipboarc Gridlock system with Auto-correlation (SGS/AC), Flag Dats Display system (FDDS) and Tomahawk Engagement Planning and Exercise Evaluation system (TEPEE) that provided the data for the presentation of a tactical display. Display elements included both real-time and over-the-horizon (OTH) surface track data, velocity leaders, tags, uncertainty ellipses, and history trails. The display also included filled land masses, country boundaries, commercial airways, cities, graphics overlays (i.e., operational areas), weapon system missile performance contours, and engagement plans. This paper describes the experiment, its installation and integration into the shipboard environments of an Aegis cruiser (USS Leyte Gulf ) and an aircraft carrier (USS America , its usage by the ships companies and embarked staffs, and the experiment result! and findings. Key conclusions of the experiment are: 1 Advanced graphics color displays can significantly enhance the ability of the warfighter to assimilate a complex tactical display. 2 Both ships reported a requirement for a correlated OTH and real-time track display with the ability to clearly differentiate the two types

关键词： computer Graphics

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computer-system ARCHITECTURE CONCEPTS FOR FUTURE COMBAT systemS

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NAVAL ENGINEERS JOURNAL 1990年第3期102卷 43-62页

作者： ZITZMAN, LH FALATKO, SM PAPACH, JL Dr. Lewis H. Zitzman:is the group supervisor of the Advanced Systems Design Group Fleet Systems Department The Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory (JHU/APL). He has been employed at JHU/APL since 1972 performing applied research in computer science and in investigating and applying advanced computer technologies to Navy shipboard systems. He is currently chairman of Aegis Computer Architecture Data Bus and Fiber Optics Working Group from which many concepts for this paper were generated. Dr. Zitzman received his B.S. degree in physics from Brigham Young University in 1963 and his M.S. and Ph.D. degrees in physics from the University of Illinois in 1967 and 1972 respectively. Stephen M. Falatko:was a senior engineering analyst in the Combat Systems Engineering Department Comptek Research Incorporated for the majority of this effort. He is currently employed at ManTech Services Corporation. During his eight-year career first at The Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory and currently with ManTech Mr. Falatko's work has centered around the development of requirements and specifications for future Navy systems and the application of advanced technology to Navy command and control systems. He is a member of both the Computer Architecture Fiber Optics and Data Bus Working Group and the Aegis Fiber Optics Working Group. Mr. Falatko received his B.S. degree in aerospace engineering with high distinction from the University of Virginia in 1982 and his M.S. degree in applied physics from The Johns Hopkins University in 1985. Mr. Falatko is a member of Tau Beta Pi Sigma Gamma Tau the American Society of Naval Engineers and the U.S. Naval Institute. Janet L. Papach:is a section leader and senior engineering analyst in the Combat Systems Engineering Department Comptek Research Incorporated. She has ten years' experience as an analyst supporting NavSea Spa War and the U.S. Department of State. She currently participates in working group efforts under Aegis Combat System Doctrin

This paper sets forth computer systems architecture concepts for the combat system of the 2010–2030 timeframe that satisfy the needs of the next generation of surface combatants. It builds upon the current Aegis computer systems architecture, expanding that architecture while preserving, and adhering to, the Aegis fundamental principle of thorough systems engineering, dedicated to maintaining a well integrated, highly reliable, and easily operable combat system. The implementation of these proposed computer systems concepts in a coherent architecture would support the future battle force capable combat system and allow the expansion necessary to accommodate evolutionary changes in both the threat environment and the technology then available to effectively counter that threat. Changes to the current Aegis computer architecture must be carefully and effectively managed such that the fleet will retain its combat readiness capability at all times. This paper describes a possible transition approach for evolving the current Aegis computer architecture to a general architecture for the future. The proposed computer systems architecture concepts encompass the use of combinations of physically distributed, microprocessor-based computers, collocated with the equipment they support or embedded within the equipment itself. They draw heavily on widely used and available industry standards, including instruction set architectures (ISAs), backplane busses, microprocessors, computer programming languages and development environments, and local area networks (LANs). In this proposal, LANs, based on fiber optics, will provide the interconnection to support system expandability, redundancy, and higher data throughput rates. A system of cross connected LANs will support a high level of combat system integration, spanning the major warfare areas, and will facilitate the coordination and development of a coherent multi-warfare tactical picture supporting the future combatant command st

关键词： computer Architecture

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Control-flow checking using watchdog assists and extended-precision checksums

Control-flow checking using watchdog assists and extended-pr...

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International Symposium on Fault-Tolerant Computing (FTCS)

作者： N.R. Saxena E.J. McCluskey Computer System Laboratory Departments of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science University of Stanford Stanford CA USA

A control-flow checking method is proposed. Extended-precision checksum-based control-flow checking is shown to have low error detection latency compared to previously proposed methods. Analytical measures are derived to demonstrate the effectiveness of using extended-precision checksums for control-flow checking. The error detection latency in the extended-precision checksum-based control-flow checking remains relatively constant for both single and multiple sequence errors. In the case of signature-based methods, error detection latency increases linearly with the number of sequence errors. A watchdog assist architecture for control-flow checking in programs is defined. Unlike previously proposed control-flow checking methods, this watchdog assist architecture is well suited for multiprocessor, multiprogramming, and cache-based environments. The Hewlett-Packard precision architecture is used as an example to demonstrate the feasibility of watchdog assists.< >

关键词： Control systems Error correction Delay Process control Redundancy Power system restoration Operating systems Laboratories computer errors Fluid flow measurement

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