The theory and experiments outlined in Weng 2015 [1] modeled brains as naturally emerging Turing Machines (TMs) inside Developmental Networks (DNs) - a new class of brain inspired neural networks. However, TMs origina...
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ISBN:
(纸本)9781509006212
The theory and experiments outlined in Weng 2015 [1] modeled brains as naturally emerging Turing Machines (TMs) inside Developmental Networks (DNs) - a new class of brain inspired neural networks. However, TMs originally proposed by Alan Turing 1936 [2] were deterministic. If they involved probability to handle uncertainty, the probability was in the mind of the human programmer for a specific task. Although the task-specific program will run on a Universal TM - a model of the popular Von Neumann computers - the Universal TM itself had no imbedded probability. Yet, each brain samples from infinitely many stimuli and actions through the real word, unlike a TM that deals with only tape-symbols from a finite and static alphabet. Computationally, is a brain optimal? If the answer is yes, in what sense? This theoretical work reports the overall brain optimality. It shows that a biological brain, modeled by the DN, is optimal in the sense of maximum likelihood, conditioned on (1) the genome program - the Developmental program (DP) that regulates the development of body, sensors, effectors and the limited computational resource (e.g., brain size and types of neural transmitters), and (2) the incremental lifetime experience - including teaching from the environments and self exploration and discovery through the real world.
Imaging materials and inner structures with resolution below the diffraction limit has become of fundamental importance in recent years for a wide variety of applications. In this work, we report sub-diffractive inter...
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We propose a paradigm for the realization of nonreciprocal photonic devices based on time-modulated graphene capacitors coupled to photonic waveguides, without relying on magneto-optic effects. The resulting hybrid gr...
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We propose a paradigm for the realization of nonreciprocal photonic devices based on time-modulated graphene capacitors coupled to photonic waveguides, without relying on magneto-optic effects. The resulting hybrid graphene-dielectric platform is low loss, silicon compatible, robust against graphene imperfections, scalable from terahertz to near-infrared frequencies, and it exhibits large nonreciprocal responses using realistic biasing schemes. We introduce an analytical framework based on solving the eigenstates of the modulated structure and on spatial coupled mode theory, unveiling the physical mechanisms that enable nonreciprocity and enabling a quick analysis and design of optimal isolator geometries based on synthetic linear and angular momentum bias. Our results, validated through harmonic-balance full-wave simulations, confirm the feasibility of the introduced low-loss (<3 dB) platform to realize large photonic isolation through various mechanisms, such as narrow-band asymmetric band gaps and interband photonic transitions that allow multiple isolation frequencies and large bandwidths. We envision that this technology may pave the wave to magnetic-free, fully integrated, and CMOS–compatible nonreciprocal components with wide applications in photonic networks and thermal management.
Having both avian-like receptors (?±2,3-linked sialic acid, SA2,3Gal) and human-like receptors (?±2,6-linked sialic acid, SA2,6Gal), swine are proposed as??úmixing vessel??ùfor generating influenza...
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Having both avian-like receptors (?±2,3-linked sialic acid, SA2,3Gal) and human-like receptors (?±2,6-linked sialic acid, SA2,6Gal), swine are proposed as??úmixing vessel??ùfor generating influenza pandemic strains. Laboratory experiments suggested all HA subtypes of influenza A virus (IAV) can infect swine. However, only sporadic cases of avian
作者:
Kaveh BakhtiyariNils BeckmannJürgen ZieglerInteractive Systems
Department of Computer and Cognitive Science Faculty of Engineering University of Duisburg-Essen 47057 Duisburg Germany Department of Electrical
Electronics and System Engineering Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (The National University of Malaysia) Bangi 43600 Selangor Darul Ehsan Malaysia Electronic Components and Circuits
Department of Electrical Engineering and Information Technology Faculty of Engineering University of Duisburg-Essen 47057 Duisburg Germany
Heart rate variability (HRV) is known to be correlated with emotional arousal, cognitive depletion, and health status. Despite the accurate HRV detection by various body-attached sensors, a contactless method is desir...
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Heart rate variability (HRV) is known to be correlated with emotional arousal, cognitive depletion, and health status. Despite the accurate HRV detection by various body-attached sensors, a contactless method is desirable for the HCI purposes. In this research, we propose a non-invasive contactless HRV measurement by Microsoft Kinect 2 sensor with Respiratory Sinus Arrhythmia (RSA) correction. The Infrared and RGB cameras are used to measure the heart rate signal, and its 3D Depth sensor is employed to capture the human respiratory signal to correct the initially calculated HRV with RSA. The correlation analysis among the calculated HRVs by different methods and devices showed a significant improvement in reliable HRV measurements. This study enlightens the researchers and developers to choose a proper method for HRV calculations based on their required accuracy and application.
Reporting-Guidelines in Medicine play an important role in promoting the quality of reports in health-related research. For instance, a poorly reported research may induce misinterpretation and inappropriate clinical ...
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Background: Decades of steady improvements in life expectancy in Europe slowed down from around 2011, well before the COVID-19 pandemic, for reasons which remain disputed. We aimed to assess how changes in risk factor...
Background: Decades of steady improvements in life expectancy in Europe slowed down from around 2011, well before the COVID-19 pandemic, for reasons which remain disputed. We aimed to assess how changes in risk factors and cause-specific death rates in different European countries related to changes in life expectancy in those countries before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: We used data and methods from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2021 to compare changes in life expectancy at birth, causes of death, and population exposure to risk factors in 16 European Economic Area countries (Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Spain, and Sweden) and the four UK nations (England, Northern Ireland, Scotland, and Wales) for three time periods: 1990–2011, 2011–19, and 2019–21. Changes in life expectancy and causes of death were estimated with an established life expectancy cause-specific decomposition method, and compared with summary exposure values of risk factors for the major causes of death influencing life expectancy. Findings: All countries showed mean annual improvements in life expectancy in both 1990–2011 (overall mean 0·23 years [95% uncertainty interval [UI] 0·23 to 0·24]) and 2011–19 (overall mean 0·15 years [0·13 to 0·16]). The rate of improvement was lower in 2011–19 than in 1990–2011 in all countries except for Norway, where the mean annual increase in life expectancy rose from 0·21 years (95% UI 0·20 to 0·22) in 1990–2011 to 0·23 years (0·21 to 0·26) in 2011–19 (difference of 0·03 years). In other countries, the difference in mean annual improvement between these periods ranged from –0·01 years in Iceland (0·19 years [95% UI 0·16 to 0·21] vs 0·18 years [0·09 to 0·26]), to –0·18 years in England (0·25 years [0·24 to 0·25] vs 0·07 years [0·06 to 0·08]). In 2019–21, there was an overall decrease in mean annual life expectancy a
The fields of music, health, and technology have seen significant interactions in recent years in developing music technology for health care and well-being. In an effort to strengthen the collaboration between the in...
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In a world where the demand is high for employees who can think creatively and apply entrepreneurial behaviors and thought processes to their work, it is critically important for engineering and computerscience progr...
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