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An approach to specification-based attack detection for in-vehicle networks

An approach to specification-based attack detection for in-v...

引用

IEEE Symposium on Intelligent Vehicle

作者： Ulf E. Larson Dennis K. Nilsson Erland Jonsson Department of Computer Science and Engineering Chalmers University of Technology Gothenburg Sweden

An upcoming trend for automotive manufacturers is to create seamless interaction between a vehicle and fleet management to provide remote diagnostics and firmware updates over the air. To allow this, the previously isolated in-vehicle network must be connected to an external network, and can thus be exposed to a whole new range of threats known as cyber attacks. In this paper we explore the applicability of a specification-based approach to detect cyber attacks within the in-vehicle network. We derive information to create security specifications for communication and ECU behavior from the CANopen draft standard 3.01 communication protocol and object directory sections. We also provide a set of example specifications, propose a suitable location for the attack detector, and evaluate the detection using a set of attack actions.

关键词： Vehicles

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Combining Physical and Digital Evidence in Vehicle Environments

Combining Physical and Digital Evidence in Vehicle Environme...

引用

International Workshop on Systematic Approaches to Digital Forensic engineering (SADFE)

作者： Dennis K. Nilsson Ulf E. Larson Department of Computer Science and Engineering Chalmers University of Technology Gothenburg Sweden

Traditional forensic investigations of vehicles aims at gathering physical evidence since most crimes involving vehicles are physical. However, in the near future digital crimes on vehicles will most likely surge, and therefore it will be necessary to also gather digital evidence. In this paper, we investigate the possibilities of combining physical and digital evidence in forensic investigations of vehicle crime scenes. We show that digital evidence can be used to improve the investigation of physical crimes and, respectively, that physical evidence can be used to improve the investigation of digital crimes. We also recognize that by gathering purely physical or digital evidence certain crimes cannot be solved. Finally, we show that by combining physical and digital evidence it is possible to distinguish between different types of physical and digital crime.

关键词： Vehicles Layout Automotive engineering Digital forensics computer science Surges Windows Fingerprint recognition Blood Glass

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Secure Firmware Updates over the Air in Intelligent Vehicles

Secure Firmware Updates over the Air in Intelligent Vehicles

引用

IEEE International Conference on Communications Workshops, ICC

作者： D. K. Nilsson U. E. Larson Department of Computer Science and Engineering Chalmers University of Technology Gothenburg Sweden

Modern intelligent vehicles have electronic control units containing firmware that enables various functions in the vehicle. New firmware versions are constantly developed to remove bugs and improve functionality. Automobile manufacturers have traditionally performed firmware updates over cables but in the near future they are aiming at conducting firmware updates over the air, which would allow faster updates and improved safety for the driver. In this paper, we present a protocol for secure firmware updates over the air. The protocol provides data integrity, data authentication, data confidentiality, and freshness. In our protocol, a hash chain is created of the firmware, and the first packet is signed by a trusted source, thus authenticating the whole chain. Moreover, the packets are encrypted using symmetric keys. We discuss the practical considerations that exist for implementing our protocol and show that the protocol is computationally efficient, has low memory overhead, and is suitable for wireless communication. Therefore, it is well suited to the limited hardware resources in the wireless vehicle environment.

关键词： Microprogramming Intelligent vehicles Wireless application protocol computer bugs Automobile manufacture Cables Air safety Vehicle safety Authentication Cryptography

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Improving Fault Injection of Soft Errors Using Program Dependencies

Improving Fault Injection of Soft Errors Using Program Depen...

引用

Testing: Academic and Industrial Conference - Practice And Research Techniques (TAICPART)

作者： Gustav Munkby Sibylle Schupp Department of Computer Science and Engineering Chalmers University of Technology Goteborg Sweden

Research has shown that modern micro-architectures are vulnerable to soft errors, i.e., temporary errors caused by voltage spikes produced by cosmic radiation. Soft-error impact is usually evaluated using fault injection, a black-box testing approach similar to mutation testing. In this paper, we complement an existing evaluation of a prototype brake-by-wire controller, developed by Volvo technology, with static-analysis techniques to improve test effectiveness. The fault-injection tests are both time- and data-intensive, which renders their qualitative and quantitative assessment difficult. We devise a prototype visualization tool, which groups experiments by injection point and provides an overview of both instruction and fault coverage, and the ability to detect patterns and anomalies. We use the program-dependence graph to identify experiments with a priori known outcome, and implement a static analysis to reduce the test volume. The existing pre-injection heuristic is extended with liveness analysis to enable an unbiased fault-to-failure probability.

关键词： Prototypes computer errors Visualization Fault detection Software testing Genetic mutations Fault tolerance Fault diagnosis computer industry computer science

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Software Implemented Detection and Recovery of Soft Errors in a Brake-by-Wire System

Software Implemented Detection and Recovery of Soft Errors i...

引用

European Dependable Computing Conference (EDCC)

作者： Daniel Skarin Johan Karlsson Department of Computer Science and Engineering Chalmers University of Technology Gothenburg Sweden

This paper presents an experimental study of the impact of soft errors in a prototype brake-by-wire system. To emulate the effects of soft errors, we injected single bit-flips into "live" data in the architected state of a MPC565 microcontroller. We first describe the results of an error injection campaign with a brake-by-wire controller in which hardware exceptions are the only means for error detection. In this campaign, 30% of the injected errors passed undetected and caused the controller to produce erroneous outputs to the brake actuator. Of these, 15% resulted in critical failures. An analysis showed that a majority of the critical failures were caused by errors affecting either the stack pointer or the controller's integrator. Hence, we designed two software implemented error handling mechanisms that protect the stack pointer and the integrator state, inducing an overhead of 4% in data and 8% in speed. A second error injection campaign showed that these mechanisms reduced the proportion of critical failures one order of magnitude, from 4.6% to 0.4% of the injected soft errors.

关键词： Error correction computer errors Hardware Circuit faults Microcontrollers Control systems Failure analysis Driver circuits Automotive engineering Safety

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Vehicle ECU classification based on safety-security characteristics

Vehicle ECU classification based on safety-security characte...

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IET Road Transport Information and Control - RTIC 2008 and ITS United Kingdom Members' Conference

作者： Dennis K. Nilsson Phu H. Phung Ulf E. Larson Department of Computer Science and Engineering Chalmers University of Technology Gothenburg Sweden

An upcoming trend for automotive manufacturers is to perform remote diagnostics and firmware updates over the air, which allows identifying hardware problems and correction of software flaws with minimal customer inconvenience. These procedures require that the previously isolated in-vehicle network permits external communication, which introduces a number of security risks, e.g., cyber attack threats. In this paper, we identify cyber attack threats and classify the electronic control units (ECUs) in the in-vehicle network to assist in determining which ones to protect and restrict access to. We divide the ECUs into five categories: powertrain, vehicle safety, comfort, infotainment, and telematics. We then use four safety integrity levels to classify the ECU categories. Moreover, we define safety effect levels of security threats which are used to classify identified attacks in the remote diagnostics and firmware updates over the air procedures. The safety and security levels are combined to classify the ECU categories. From the results we conclude that ECU categories such as powertrain and vehicle safety require further protection prior to introducing remote connectivity. As a conclusion, we suggest that automotive manufacturers should emphasize security or restrict the remote diagnostics and firmware updates over the air procedures to certain ECUs.

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Mitigating Distributed Denial of Service Attacks in Multiparty Applications in the Presence of Clock Drifts

Mitigating Distributed Denial of Service Attacks in Multipar...

引用

Reliable Distributed Systems

作者： Zhang Fu Marina Papatriantafilou Philippas Tsigas Department of Computer Science and Engineering Chalmers University of Technology Gothenburg Sweden

A weak point in network-based applications is that they commonly open some known communication port(s), making themselves targets for denial of service (DoS) attacks. Considering adversaries that can eavesdrop and launch directed DoS attacks to the applications' open ports, solutions based on pseudo-random port-hopping have been suggested. As port-hopping needs that the communicating parties hop in a synchronized manner, these solutions suggest acknowledgment-based protocols between a client-server pair or assume the presence of synchronized clocks. Acknowledgments, if lost, can cause a port to be open for a longer time and thus be vulnerable to DoS attacks; Time servers for synchronizing clocks can become targets to DoS attack themselves. Here we study the case where the communicating parties have clocks with rate drift, which is common in networking. We propose an algorithm, BigWheel, for servers to communicate with multiple clients in a port-hopping manner, thus enabling support to multi-party applications as well. The algorithm does not rely on the server having a fixed port open in the beginning, neither does it require from the client to get a "first-contact" port from a third party. We also present an adaptive algorithm, HoPerAA, for hopping in the presence of clock-drift, as well as the analysis and evaluation of the methods. The solutions are simple, based on each client interacting with the server independently of the other clients, without the need of acknowledgments or time server. Provided that one has an estimation of the time it takes for the adversary to detect that a port is open and launch an attack, the method we propose doesnot make it possible to the eavesdropping adversary to launch an attack directed to the application's open port(s).

关键词： computer crime Clocks Application software Synchronization Network servers Floods Protection Information filtering Information filters computer network reliability

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Zonal adaptive workload management systems: Limiting secondary tasks while driving

Zonal adaptive workload management systems: Limiting seconda...

引用

IEEE Symposium on Intelligent Vehicle

作者： Fang Chen Patrick W. Jordan Department of Computer Science & Engineering Chalmers University of Technology Gothenburg Sweden

This paper looks at automated systems which manage driverspsila access to secondary tasks while driving vehicles. Alternative control algorithms for such systems are identified and discussed. We propose a new approach to managing workload - zonal systems - based on vehicle location and other external parameters. Zonal systems are compared and contrasted to systems which operate based on the monitoring of driving parameters. The advantages and disadvantages of each are discussed and a formula proposed for a control algorithm for zonal systems.

关键词： Vehicles

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Unidirectional Auxiliary Channel Challenge-Response Authentication

Unidirectional Auxiliary Channel Challenge-Response Authenti...

引用

7th Wireless Telecommunications Symposium (WTS 2008)

作者： Dennis K. Nilsson Ulf E. Larson Erland Jonsson Department of Computer Science and Engineering Chalmers University of Technology Gothenburg Sweden

We propose an approach for authentication of exchanged public values between two previously unknown devices in close proximity. We suggest using a unidirectional auxiliary channel challenge-response scheme, where the response and challenge from one device are transmitted over an auxiliary channel. It is assumed that a network attacker cannot access the auxiliary channel, and thus, man-in-the-middle attacks are prevented since the attacker cannot learn the response and challenge. In addition, passive eavesdropping is prevented since no shared secrets are used. We design a unidirectional auxiliary channel challenge-response protocol for Bluetooth and show that it is substantially more efficient and achieves an equal or increased level of security while maintaining the usability and convenience level for the user in comparison to the original Bluetooth protocol.

关键词： Wireless Pairing Authentication Unidirectional auxiliary channel challenge-response

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A practical analysis of the robustness and stability of the network stack in smartphones

A practical analysis of the robustness and stability of the ...

引用

International Conference on computer and Information technology (ICCIT)

作者： Sheikh Mahbub Habib Cyril Jacob Tomas Olovsson Department of Computer Science & Engineering Chalmers University of Technology Gothenburg Sweden

Smartphones are widely used nowadays and their popularity will certainly not slow down in the near future due to improved functionality and new technology improvements. Becoming more and more similar to PCs and laptops, they will also begin to face the same security problems especially in terms of network security. In this paper, we provide an overview of security issues for smartphones and give a brief introduction of the network stack architecture of Windows Mobile 5.0 platform in order to motivate and plan for efficient penetration tests against Windows Mobile 5.0 powered smartphones. Furthermore, a number of attacks have been done against different layers of the network stack and a list of supporting penetration tools are provided for interested practitioners. Detailed results are provided from the penetration tests performed which should be very useful for security vendors, researchers and OS vendors to give more attention to security architectures and development of security software (e.g. firewalls, antivirus) for the mobile operating systems. In a whole, robustness and stability will be assessed for the mobile OSs used by the smartphones throughout the paper.

关键词： Robust stability Stability analysis Smart phones Personal communication networks Portable computers Software testing System testing Performance evaluation Power system security computer architecture

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