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Evaluating Two Semantics for Falsification using an Autonomous Driving Example

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Evaluating Two Semantics for Falsification using an Autonomo...

IEEE International Conference on Industrial Informatics (INDIN)

作者： Zahra Ramezani Nicholas Smallbone Martin Fabian Knut Åkesson Department of Electrical Engineering Department of Computer Science and Engineering Chalmers University of Technology Gothenburg Sweden

We consider the falsification of temporal logic properties as a method to test complex systems, such as autonomous systems. Since these systems are often safety-critical, it is important to assess whether they fulfill given specifications or not. An adaptive cruise controller for an autonomous car is considered where the closed-loop model has unknown parameters and an important problem is to find parameter combinations for which given specification are broken. We assume that the closed-loop system can be simulated with the known given parameters, no other information is available to the testing framework. The specification, such as, the ability to avoid collisions, is expressed using Signal Temporal Logic (STL). In general, systems consist of a large number of parameters, and it is not possible or feasible to explicitly enumerate all combinations of the parameters. Thus, an optimization-based approach is used to guide the search for parameters that might falsify the specification. However, a key challenge is how to select the objective function such that the falsification of the specification, if it can be falsified, can be falsified using as few simulations as possible. For falsification using optimization it is required to have a measure representing the distance to the falsification of the specification. The way the measure is defined results in different objective functions used during optimization. Different measures have been proposed in the literature and in this paper the properties of the Max Semantics (MAX) and the Mean Alternative Robustness Value (MARV) semantics are discussed. After evaluating these two semantics on an adaptive cruise control example, we discuss their strengths and weaknesses to better understand the properties of the two semantics.

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Navigating protein landscapes with a machine-learned transferable coarse-grained model

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arXiv 2023年

作者： Charron, Nicholas E. Musil, Felix Guljas, Andrea Chen, Yaoyi Bonneau, Klara Pasos-Trejo, Aldo S. Venturin, Jacopo Gusew, Daria Zaporozhets, Iryna Krämer, Andreas Templeton, Clark Kelkar, Atharva Durumeric, Aleksander E.P. Olsson, Simon Pérez, Adrià Majewski, Maciej Husic, Brooke E. Patel, Ankit De Fabritiis, Gianni Noé, Frank Clementi, Cecilia Department of Physics Freie Universität Berlin Arnimallee 12 Berlin14195 Germany Department of Physics Rice University 6100 Main Street HoustonTX77005 United States Center for Theoretical Biological Physics Rice University 6100 Main Street HoustonTX77005 United States Department of Mathematics and Computer Science Freie Universität Berlin Arnimallee 12 Berlin14195 Germany Department of Chemistry Rice University 6100 Main Street HoustonTX77005 United States Department of Computer Science and Engineering Chalmers University of Technology Chalmersplatsen 4 Gothenburg412 96 Sweden Carrer Dr. Aiguader 88 Barcelona08003 Spain Acellera Labs Doctor Trueta 183 Barcelona08005 Spain Lewis Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics Princeton University 330 Alexander Street PrincetonNJ08540 United States Department of Neuroscience Baylor College of Medicine 1 Baylor Plaza HoustonTX77030 United States Passeig Lluis Companys 23 Barcelona08010 Spain AI4Science Microsoft Research Karl-Liebknecht Str. 32 Berlin10178 Germany

The most popular and universally predictive protein simulation models employ all-atom molecular dynamics (MD), but they come at extreme computational cost. The development of a universal, computationally efficient coarse-grained (CG) model with similar prediction performance has been a long-standing challenge. By combining recent deep learning methods with a large and diverse training set of all-atom protein simulations, we here develop a bottom-up CG force field with chemical transferability, which can be used for extrapolative molecular dynamics on new sequences not used during model parametrization. We demonstrate that the model successfully predicts folded structures, intermediates, metastable folded and unfolded basins, and the fluctuations of intrinsically disordered proteins while it is several orders of magnitude faster than an all-atom model. This showcases the feasibility of a universal and computationally efficient machine-learned CG model for proteins. Copyright © 2023, The Authors. All rights reserved.

关键词： Coarse-grained modeling

Estimating return on investment for GUI test automation tools

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arXiv 2019年

作者： Dobslaw, Felix Feldt, Robert Michaëlsson, David Haar, Patrik De Oliveira Neto, Francisco G. Torkar, Richard Dept. of Computer Science and Engineering Chalmers University of Technology Canea Partner Group Dept. of Computer Science and Engineering University of Gothenburg

Automated graphical user interface (GUI) tests can reduce manual testing activities and increase test frequency. This motivates the conversion of manual test cases into automated GUI tests. However, it is not clear whether such automation is cost-effective given that GUI automation scripts add to the code base and demand maintenance as a system evolves. In this paper, we introduce a method for estimating maintenance cost and Return on Investment (ROI) for Automated GUI Testing (AGT). The method utilizes the existing source code change history and can be used for evaluation also of other testing or quality assurance automation technologies. We evaluate the method for a real-world, industrial software system and compare two fundamentally different AGT tools, namely Selenium and EyeAutomate, to estimate and compare their ROI. We also report on their defect-finding capabilities and usability. The quantitative data is complemented by interviews with employees at the case company. The method was successfully applied and estimated maintenance cost and ROI for both tools are reported. Overall, the study supports earlier results showing that implementation time is the leading cost for introducing AGT. The findings further suggest that while EyeAutomate tests are significantly faster to implement, Selenium tests require more of a programming background but less maintenance. Copyright © 2019, The Authors. All rights reserved.

关键词： Graphical user interfaces

Detection of the [O I] 63 µm emission line from the z = 6.04 quasar J2054-0005

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arXiv 2024年

作者： Ishii, Nozomi Hashimoto, Takuya Ferkinhoff, Carl Rybak, Matus Inoue, Akio K. Michiyama, Tomonari Donevski, Darko Fujimoto, Seiji Salak, Dragan Kuno, Nario Matsuo, Hiroshi Mawatari, Ken Tamura, Yoichi Izumi, Takuma Nagao, Tohru Nakazato, Yurina Osone, Wataru Sugahara, Yuma Usui, Mitsutaka Wakasugi, Koki Yajima, Hidenobu Bakx, Tom J.L.C. Fudamoto, Yoshinobu Meyer, Romain A. Walter, Fabian Yoshida, Naoki Graduate School of Pure and Applied Sciences University of Tsukuba 1-1-1 Tennodai Ibaraki Tsukuba305-8571 Japan Setagaya Business Square 4-10-1 Yoga Setagaya-ku Tokyo158-0097 Japan Tomonaga Center for the History of the Universe University of Tsukuba 1-1-1 Tennodai Ibaraki Tsukuba305-8571 Japan Department of Physics Winona State University WinonaMN55987 United States Faculty of Electrical Engineering Mathematics and Computer Science Delft University of Technology Mekelweg 4 Delft2628 CD Netherlands Leiden Observatory Leiden University P.O. Box 9513 Leiden2300 RA Netherlands SRON - Netherlands Institute for Space Research Niels Bohrweg 4 CA Leiden2333 Netherlands Department of Physics School of Advanced Science and Engineering Faculty of Science and Engineering Waseda University 3-4-1 Okubo Shinjuku Tokyo169-8555 Japan Waseda Research Institute for Science and Engineering Faculty of Science and Engineering Waseda University 3-4-1 Okubo Shinjuku Tokyo169-8555 Japan Faculty of Information Science Shunan University 843-4-2 Gakuendai Shunanshi Yamaguchi745-8566 Japan National Center for Nuclear Research Pasteura 7 Warsaw02-093 Poland SISSA Via Bonomea 265 Trieste34136 Italy Department of Astronomy The University of Texas at Austin AustinTX78712 United States Institute for the Advancement of Higher Education Hokkaido University Kita 17 Nishi 8 Kita-ku Hokkaido Sapporo060-0817 Japan Department of Cosmosciences Graduate School of Science Hokkaido University Kita 10 Nishi 8 Kita-ku Hokkaido Sapporo060-0810 Japan National Astronomical Observatory of Japan 2-21-1 Osawa Mitaka Tokyo181-8588 Japan 2-21-1 Osawa Mitaka Tokyo181-8588 Japan Department of Physics Graduate School of Science Nagoya University Furo Chikusa Nagoya Aichi464-8602 Japan Research Center for S ace and Cosmic Evolution Ehime Universit 2-5 Bunk o-cho Matsu ama Ehime Ja an 790-8577 China Department of Physics The University of Tokyo 7-3-1 Hongo Bunkyo

We report the highest-redshift detection of [O I] 63 µm from a luminous quasar, J2054-0005, at z = 6.04 based on the Atacama Large Millimeter/sub-millimeter Array Band 9 observations. The [O I] 63 µm line luminosity is (4.5 ± 1.5) × 109 L☉, corresponding to the [O I] 63 µm-to-far-infrared luminosity ratio of ≈ 6.7 × 10−4, which is consistent with the value obtained in the local universe. Remarkably, [O I] 63 µm is as bright as [C II] 158 µm, resulting in the [O I]-to-[C II] line luminosity ratio of 1.3 ± 0.5. Based on a careful comparison of the luminosity ratios of [O I] 63 µm, [C II] 158 µm, and dust continuum emission to models of photo-dissociation regions, we find that J2054-0005 has a gas density log(nH/cm−3)= 3.7 ± 0.3 and an incident far-ultraviolet radiation field of log(G/G0) = 3.0 ± 0.1, showing that [O I] 63 µm serves as an important coolant of the dense and warm gas in J2054-0005. A close examination of the [O I] and [C II] line profiles suggests that the [O I] line may be partially self-absorbed, however deeper observations are needed to verify this conclusion. Regardless, the gas density and incident radiation field are in a broad agreement with the values obtained in nearby star-forming galaxies and objects with [O I] 63 µm observations at z = 1 − 3 with the Herschel Space Observatory. These results demonstrate the power of ALMA high-frequency observations targeting [O I] 63 µm to examine the properties of photo-dissociation regions in high-redshift galaxies. © 2024, CC0.

关键词： Density of gases

The role of terahertz and far-IR spectroscopy in understanding the formation and evolution of interstellar prebiotic molecules

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arXiv 2021年

作者： Mifsud, Duncan V. Hailey, Perry A. Muiña, Alejandra Traspas Auriacombe, Olivier Ioppolo, Sergio Mason, Nigel J. Centre for Astrophysics and Planetary Science School of Physical Sciences University of Kent Canterbury CT2 7NH United Kingdom PO Box 51 DebrecenH-4026 Hungary School of Electronic Engineering and Computer Science Queen Mary University of London LondonE1 4NS United Kingdom Microwave Electronics Laboratory Department of Microtechnology and Nanoscience Chalmers University of Technology Göteborg41296 Sweden

Stellar systems are often formed through the collapse of dense molecular clouds which, in turn, return copious amounts of atomic and molecular material to the interstellar medium. An in-depth understanding of chemical evolution during this cyclic interaction between the stars and the interstellar medium is at the heart of astrochemistry. Systematic chemical composition changes as interstellar clouds evolve from the diffuse stage to dense, quiescent molecular clouds to star-forming regions and proto-planetary disks further enrich the molecular diversity leading to the evolution of ever more complex molecules. In particular, the icy mantles formed on interstellar dust grains and their irradiation are thought to be the origin of many of the observed molecules, including those that are deemed to be 'prebiotic';that is those molecules necessary for the origin of life. This review will discuss both observational (e.g., ALMA, SOFIA, Herschel) and laboratory investigations using millimeter, submillimeter, and terahertz and far-IR (THz/F-IR) spectroscopies and the role that they play in contributing to our understanding of the formation of prebiotic molecules. Mid-IR spectroscopy has typically been the primary tool used in laboratory studies. However, THz/F-IR spectroscopy offers an additional and complementary approach in that it provides the ability to investigate intermolecular interactions compared to the intramolecular modes available in the mid-IR. THz/F-IR spectroscopy is still somewhat under-utilized, but with the additional capability it brings, its popularity is likely to significantly increase in the near future. This review will discuss the strengths and limitations of such methods, and will also provide some suggestions on future research areas that should be pursued in the coming decade exploiting both space-borne and laboratory facilities. © 2021, CC BY-NC-ND.

关键词： Terahertz spectroscopy

Finite-alphabet MMSE equalization for all-digital massive MU-MIMO mmWave communication

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arXiv 2020年

作者： Castañeda, Oscar Jacobsson, Sven Durisi, Giuseppe Goldstein, Tom Studer, Christoph School of Electrical and Computer Engineering Cornell University IthacaNY14853 United States Cornell Tech New YorkNY10044 United States Ericsson Research Gothenburg417 56 Sweden Chalmers University of Technology Gothenburg412 58 Sweden Chalmers University of Technology Gothenburg412 58 Sweden Department of Computer Science University of Maryland College ParkMD20742 United States

We propose finite-alphabet equalization, a new paradigm that restricts the entries of the spatial equalization matrix to low-resolution numbers, enabling high-throughput, low-power, and low-cost hardware equalizers. To minimize the performance loss of this paradigm, we introduce FAME, short for finite-alphabet minimum mean-square error (MMSE) equalization, which is able to significantly outperform a naïve quantization of the linear MMSE matrix. We develop efficient algorithms to approximately solve the NP-hard FAME problem and showcase that near-optimal performance can be achieved with equalization coefficients quantized to only 1–3 bits for massive multi-user multiple-input multiple-output (MU-MIMO) millimeter-wave (mmWave) systems. We provide very-large scale integration (VLSI) results that demonstrate a reduction in equalization power and area by at least a factor of 3.9× and 5.8×, respectively. Copyright © 2020, The Authors. All rights reserved.

关键词： Mean square error

Open Problems when Mapping Automotive Security Levels to System Requirements 4

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Open Problems when Mapping Automotive Security Levels to Sys...

4th International Conference on Vehicle technology and Intelligent Transport Systems, VEHITS 2018

作者： Rosenstatter, Thomas Olovsson, Tomas Department of Computer Science and Engineering Chalmers University of Technology Gothenburg Sweden

ISBN: (纸本)9789897582936

Securing the vehicle has become an important matter in the automotive industry. The communication of vehicles increases tremendously, they communicate with each other and to the infrastructure, they will be remotely diagnosed and provide the users with third-party applications. Given these areas of application, it is evident that a security standard for the automotive domain that considers security from the beginning of the development phase to the operational and maintenance phases is needed. Proposed security models in the automotive domain describe how to derive different security levels that indicate the demand on security, but do not further provide methods that map these levels to predefined system requirements nor security mechanisms. We continue at this point and describe open problems that need to be addressed in a prospective security framework for the automotive domain. Based on a study of several safety and security standards from other areas as well as suggested automotive security models, we propose an appropriate representation of security levels which is similar to, and will work in parallel with traditional safety, and a method to perform the mapping to a set of predefined system requirements, design rules and security mechanisms. Copyright © 2018 by SCITEPRESS – science and technology Publications, Lda. All rights reserved.

关键词： Mapping

High field conduction in mineral oil based zno nanofluids prior to negative streamer inception

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Journal of Physics Communications 2021年第4期5卷

作者： Becerra, Marley Aljure, Mauricio Pourrahimi, Amir Masoud Roman, Francisco School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science KTH Royal Institute of Technology Stockholm SE-100 44 Sweden BioGRID Grupo de Investigación y Desarrollo en Ciencias Tecnología e Innovación SoPhiC Sociedad de Doctores e Investigadores de Colombia Bogotá Colombia Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Chalmers University of Technology Gothenburg SE-412 96 Sweden School of Chemical Science and Engineering Fibre and Polymer Technology KTH Royal Institute of Technology Stockholm SE-100 44 Sweden Department of Electrical Engineering Universidad Nacional de Colombia Bogota Colombia

The electric conduction under intense electric fields (up to ∼ 109 V/m) in nanofluids using surface-modified ZnO–C18 nanoparticles dispersed in mineral oil as host, is investigated with both experiments and numerica... 详细信息

The electric conduction under intense electric fields (up to ∼ 10⁹ V/m) in nanofluids using surface-modified ZnO–C₁₈ nanoparticles dispersed in mineral oil as host, is investigated with both experiments and numerical simulations. The measurements are used to estimate unknown parameters necessary to represent the generation and loss of electrons in an electrohydrodynamic model for mineral oil with and without ZnO–C₁₈ nanoparticles in a needle-plane configuration. The model suggests that ZnO–C₁₈ nanoparticles induce an enhanced field emission from negative needles, explaining the significantly larger conduction currents measured in the nanofluid compared with those in the host liquid. It is also found that the scavenging of electrons by ZnO–C₁₈ nanoparticles is a process which is negligible compared with the loss of electrons due to attachment in mineral oil. It is shown that ZnO–C₁₈ nanoparticles hinder the streamer initiation process by reducing the effective electric field at the tip of the needle. This electric field reduction is caused by the combined effect of enhanced electron injection through ZnO–C₁₈ nanoparticles and strong electron attachment in mineral oil. Thus, the electric field on the needle tip reaches the same threshold value when the streamer is incepted in the nanofluid as in mineral oil, although at a larger voltage. Solid evidence indicating that the additional electron scavenging and the reduced electron mobility introduced by nanoparticles has no effect in the conduction currents and in the negative streamer inception in the tested ZnO–C₁₈ nanofluids is shown. © 2021 The Author(s). Published by IOP Publishing Ltd.

关键词： Dielectric liquids Electric conduction Nanofluids Streamers

AI-assisted synthesis prediction

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Drug Discovery Today: Technologies 2019年 32-33卷 65-72页

作者： Johansson, Simon Thakkar, Amol Kogej, Thierry Bjerrum, Esben Genheden, Samuel Bastys, Tomas Kannas, Christos Schliep, Alexander Chen, Hongming Engkvist, Ola Hit Discovery Discovery Sciences R&D AstraZeneca Gothenburg Sweden Department of Computer Science and Engineering Chalmers University of Technology Gothenburg Sweden Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of Bern Freiestrasse 3 Bern 3012 Switzerland Department of Computer Science and Engineering University of Gothenburg Gothenburg Sweden Centre of Chemistry and Chemical Biology Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health – Guangdong Laboratory Guangzhou 510530 China

Application of AI technologies in synthesis prediction has developed very rapidly in recent years. We attempt here to give a comprehensive summary on the latest advancement on retro-synthesis planning, forward synthesis prediction as well as quantum chemistry-based reaction prediction models. Besides an introduction on the AI/ML models for addressing various synthesis related problems, the sources of the reaction datasets used in model building is also covered. In addition to the predictive models, the robotics based high throughput experimentation technology will be another crucial factor for conducting synthesis in an automated fashion. Some state-of-the-art of high throughput experimentation practices carried out in the pharmaceutical industry are highlighted in this chapter to give the reader a sense of how future chemistry will be conducted to make compounds faster and cheaper. © 2020 Elsevier Ltd

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