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Author Correction: A global biodiversity observing system to unite monitoring and guide action

Nature ecology & evolution 2023年第12期7卷 2173页

作者： Andrew Gonzalez Petteri Vihervaara Patricia Balvanera Amanda E Bates Elisa Bayraktarov Peter J Bellingham Andreas Bruder Jillian Campbell Michael D Catchen Jeannine Cavender-Bares Jonathan Chase Nicholas Coops Mark J Costello Bálint Czúcz Aurélie Delavaud Maria Dornelas Grégoire Dubois Emmett J Duffy Hilde Eggermont Miguel Fernandez Nestor Fernandez Simon Ferrier Gary N Geller Michael Gill Dominique Gravel Carlos A Guerra Robert Guralnick Michael Harfoot Tim Hirsch Sean Hoban Alice C Hughes Wim Hugo Margaret E Hunter Forest Isbell Walter Jetz Norbert Juergens W Daniel Kissling Cornelia B Krug Peter Kullberg Yvan Le Bras Brian Leung Maria Cecilia Londoño-Murcia Jean-Michel Lord Michel Loreau Amy Luers Keping Ma Anna J MacDonald Joachim Maes Melodie McGeoch Jean Baptiste Mihoub Katie L Millette Zsolt Molnar Enrique Montes Akira S Mori Frank E Muller-Karger Hiroyuki Muraoka Masahiro Nakaoka Laetitia Navarro Tim Newbold Aidin Niamir David Obura Mary O'Connor Marc Paganini Dominique Pelletier Henrique Pereira Timothée Poisot Laura J Pollock Andy Purvis Adriana Radulovici Duccio Rocchini Claudia Roeoesli Michael Schaepman Gabriela Schaepman-Strub Dirk S Schmeller Ute Schmiedel Fabian D Schneider Mangal Man Shakya Andrew Skidmore Andrew L Skowno Yayioi Takeuchi Mao-Ning Tuanmu Eren Turak Woody Turner Mark C Urban Nicolás Urbina-Cardona Ruben Valbuena Anton Van de Putte Basile van Havre Vladimir Ruslan Wingate Elaine Wright Carlos Zambrana Torrelio Department of Biology Group on Earth Observations Biodiversity Observation Network McGill University Montreal Quebec Canada. andrew.gonzalez@mcgill.ca. Finnish Environment Institute Helsinki Finland. Instituto de Investigaciones en Ecosistemas y Sustentabilidad (IIES) Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México Morelia Mexico. Biology Department University of Victoria Victoria British Columbia Canada. EcoCommons Australia Research Specialised and Data Foundations Griffith University Nathan Queensland Australia. Manaaki Whenua - Landcare Research Lincoln New Zealand. Institute of Microbiology University of Applied Sciences and Arts of Southern Switzerland Mendrisio Switzerland. Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity Montreal Quebec Canada. Department of Biology Group on Earth Observations Biodiversity Observation Network McGill University Montreal Quebec Canada. Department of Ecology Evolution and Behavior University of Minnesota Saint Paul MN USA. German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig Halle Germany. Department of Computer Sciences Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg Halle Germany. University of British Columbia Vancouver British Columbia Canada. Faculty of Biosciences and Aquaculture Nord Universitet Bodø Norway. Norwegian Institute for Nature Research (NINA) Trondheim Norway. Fondation for Research on Biodiversity (FRB) Paris France. Centre for Biological Diversity University of St Andrews St Andrews UK. Guia Marine Lab MARE Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa Cascais Portugal. Knowledge Centre for Biodiversity Joint Research Centre of the European Commission Ispra Italy. Tennenbaum Marine Observatories Network and MarineGEO program Smithsonian Environmental Research Center Edgewater MD USA. Belgian Science Policy Office Belgian Biodiversity Platform/Biodiversa+ Brussels Belgium. German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig Leipzig Germany.

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Designing the Application of Security Text Messages Into Audio Files Using Data Encryption Standard (DES) Algorithms Using the End Of File (EOF) Method

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Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2019年第1期1363卷

作者： A M H Pardede Anggi Pramana Muhammad Zarlis Akbar Iskandar Rosida Tiurma Manurung S Sriadhi Citra Kurniawan Abdurrozzaq Hasibuan Nurintan Asyiah Siregar Ayu Esteka Sari Indrya Mulyaningsih Teguh Hidayat Iskandar Alam Ibrahim Tri Listyorini Edy Winarno Tulus STMIK Kaputama Binjai Sumatera Utara Indonesia Department of Computer Science Universitas Sumatera Utara Medan Indonesia Department of Informatics STMIK AKBA Makassar Indonesia Graduate Program in Scientific Psychology Universitas Kristen Maranatha Indonesia Department of Electrical Engineering Universitas Negeri Medan Indonesia Department of Electrical Engineering Sekolah Tinggi Teknik Malang Indonesia Faculty of Engineering Universitas Islam Sumatera Utara Medan Indonesia Department of Management STIE Labuhanbatu Sumatera Utara Indonesia Department of Management STIE Sakti Alam Kerinci Jambi Indonesia Department of Indonesian Language Teaching Institut Agama Islam Negeri Syekh Nurjati Cirebon Indonesia Department of Informatics Engineering Universitas Muhammadiyah Sorong Sorong Indonesia Department of English Education Universitas Muhammadiyah Sorong Sorong Indonesia Department of Informatics Universitas Muria Kudus Indonesia Faculty of Information Technology Universitas Stikubank Semarang Indonesia Department of Mathematics Universitas Sumatera Utara Medan Indonesia

There are several ways to deal with security issues of confidential data sent via the internet, including using cryptographic techniques and steganography. Steganography is the science and art of concealing information / messages in a media in such a way that its existence is not detected by other parties who are not entitled to the information. Instead, cryptography disguises the meaning of a message, but does not hide that there is a message because the file looks suspicious. The Steganography technique used here was End Of File (EOF). The EOF technique described how to add data or files at the end of the image file. For this technique, the size of data or files that will be hidden could be larger than the size of the image file. The hidden data will be inserted at the end of the file so that it will not affect the image. This steganography application is also equipped with a cryptographic function Data Encryption Standard (DES) at the time of insertion of data that functions as a generator code and encrypts data, so that the security of a data in the file is more protected and protected from those who are not entitled to know the data.

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Global burden of 369 diseases and injuries in 204 countries and territories, 1990–2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

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The Lancet 2020年第10258期396卷 1204-1222页

作者： Abbafati, Cristiana Abbas, Kaja M. Abbasi, Mohammad Abbasifard, Mitra Abbasi-Kangevari, Mohsen Abbastabar, Hedayat Abd-Allah, Foad Abdelalim, Ahmed Abdollahi, Mohammad Abdollahpour, Ibrahim Abedi, Aidin Abedi, Parisa Abegaz, Kedir Hussein Abolhassani, Hassan Abosetugn, Akine Eshete Aboyans, Victor Abrams, Elissa M. Abreu, Lucas Guimarães Abrigo, Michael R.M. Abu Haimed, Abdulaziz Khalid Abualhasan, Ahmed Abu-Gharbieh, Eman Abu-Raddad, Laith Jamal Abushouk, Abdelrahman I. Acebedo, Alyssa Ackerman, Ilana N. Adabi, Maryam Adair, Tim Adamu, Abdu A. Adebayo, Oladimeji M. Adedeji, Isaac Akinkunmi Adekanmbi, Victor Adelson, Jaimie D. Adeoye, Abiodun Moshood Adetokunboh, Olatunji O. Adham, Davoud Advani, Shailesh M. Afarideh, Mohsen Afshari, Mahdi Afshin, Ashkan Agardh, Emilie E. Agarwal, Gina Agasthi, Pradyumna Agesa, Kareha M. Aghaali, Mohammad Aghamir, Seyed Mohammad Kazem Agrawal, Anurag Ahmad, Tauseef Ahmadi, Alireza Ahmadi, Keivan Ahmadi, Mehdi Ahmadieh, Hamid Ahmadpour, Ehsan Ahmed, Muktar Beshir Aji, Budi Akalu, Temesgen Yihunie Akinyemi, Rufus Olusola Akinyemiju, Tomi Akombi, Blessing Akunna, Chisom Joyqueenet Alahdab, Fares Al-Aly, Ziyad Alam, Khurshid Alam, Noore Alam, Samiah Alam, Tahiya Alanezi, Fahad Mashhour Alanzi, Turki M. Albertson, Samuel B. Alcalde-Rabanal, Jacqueline Elizabeth Alema, Niguse Meles Alemu, Biresaw Wassihun Alemu, Yihun Mulugeta Alhabib, Khalid F. Alhassan, Robert Kaba Ali, Muhammad Ali, Saqib Alicandro, Gianfranco Alijanzadeh, Mehran Alinia, Cyrus Alipour, Vahid Alizade, Hesam Aljunid, Syed Mohamed Alla, François Allebeck, Peter Almadi, Majid Abdulrahman Hamad Almasi, Ali Almasi-Hashiani, Amir Almasri, Nihad A. Al-Mekhlafi, Hesham M. Almulhim, Abdulaziz M. Alonso, Jordi Al-Raddadi, Rajaa M. Altirkawi, Khalid A. Alumran, Arwa Khalid Alvis-Guzman, Nelson Alvis-Zakzuk, Nelson J. Amare, Azmeraw T. Amare, Bekalu Amini, Saeed Amini-Rarani, Mostafa Aminorroaya, Arya Amiri, Fatemeh Amit, Arianna Maever L. Amugsi, Dickson A. Amul, Gianna Gayle Herrera Anbesu, Etsay Woldu Ancuceanu, Robert Anderl Department of Juridical and Economic Studies La Sapienza University Rome Italy Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine London United Kingdom Social Determinants of Health Research Center Tehran Iran Department of Neurology Cairo University Cairo Egypt School of Pharmacy Tehran Iran The Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences (TIPS) Tehran Iran Neuroscience Research Center Isfahan University of Medical Sciences Isfahan Iran Biostatistics Department Near East University Nicosia Cyprus Biostatistics and Health Informatics Madda Walabu University Bale Robe Ethiopia Research Center for Immunodeficiencies Tehran Iran Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge Sweden Department of Cardiology Dupuytren University Hospital Limoges France University of Limoges Limoges France Department of Pediatric Dentistry Federal University of Minas Gerais Belo Horizonte Brazil Department of Research Philippine Institute for Development Studies Quezon City Philippines Department of Healthcare Policy and Research Weill Cornell Medical College in Qatar Doha Qatar Harvard Medical School Boston MA United States Department of Medicine Ain Shams University Cairo Egypt Hamadan University of Medical Sciences Hamadan Iran School of Medicine Cardiff University Cardiff United Kingdom School of Laboratory Medicine and Science University College Hospital Ibadan Ibadan Nigeria Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases University of Ibadan Ibadan Nigeria Centre of Excellence for Epidemiological Modelling and Analysis Stellenbosch University Cape Town South Africa Department of Global Health Stellenbosch University Cape Town South Africa School of Health Ardabil University of Medical Science Ardabil Iran Social Behavioral Research Branch National Institute of Health Bethesda MD United States Department of Oncology Georgetown University Washington DC DC United States Department of Health Metrics Sciences School of Medicine Seattle WA

Background: In an era of shifting global agendas and expanded emphasis on non-communicable diseases and injuries along with communicable diseases, sound evidence on trends by cause at the national level is essential. The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) provides a systematic scientific assessment of published, publicly available, and contributed data on incidence, prevalence, and mortality for a mutually exclusive and collectively exhaustive list of diseases and injuries. Methods: GBD estimates incidence, prevalence, mortality, years of life lost (YLLs), years lived with disability (YLDs), and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) due to 369 diseases and injuries, for two sexes, and for 204 countries and territories. Input data were extracted from censuses, household surveys, civil registration and vital statistics, disease registries, health service use, air pollution monitors, satellite imaging, disease notifications, and other sources. Cause-specific death rates and cause fractions were calculated using the Cause of Death Ensemble model and spatiotemporal Gaussian process regression. Cause-specific deaths were adjusted to match the total all-cause deaths calculated as part of the GBD population, fertility, and mortality estimates. Deaths were multiplied by standard life expectancy at each age to calculate YLLs. A Bayesian meta-regression modelling tool, DisMod-MR 2.1, was used to ensure consistency between incidence, prevalence, remission, excess mortality, and cause-specific mortality for most causes. Prevalence estimates were multiplied by disability weights for mutually exclusive sequelae of diseases and injuries to calculate YLDs. We considered results in the context of the Socio-demographic Index (SDI), a composite indicator of income per capita, years of schooling, and fertility rate in females younger than 25 years. Uncertainty intervals (UIs) were generated for every metric using the 25th and 975th ordered 1000 draw value

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Prototype of Learning Applications for Modern Cryptographic Techniques Using RC4 Algorithms to Support computer Security Courses

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Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2019年第1期1363卷

作者： Muhammad Iqbal Nasrul Nazar Cut Ita Erliana Defi Irwansyah Nuning Kurniasih Edi Susilo Akbar Iskandar Rini Suryani Supriyono Sudarmaji Erwin Putera Permana Alfian Erwinsyah Sujinah Haimah I Ketut Sudarsana Department of Computer System Universitas Pembangunan Panca Budi Medan Indonesia Department of Industrial Engineering Universitas Malikussaleh Aceh Indonesia Faculty of Communication Sciences Library and Information Science Program Universitas Padjadjaran Bandung Indonesia Departement of Agrotechnology University of Ratu Samban Bengkulu Indonesia Department of Informatics Universitas Malikussaleh Lhokseumawe Indonesia Departement of Agrotechnology Sekolah Tinggi Ilmu Pertanian Rejang Lebong Bengkulu Indonesia Department of Geography Education Universitas Prof. Dr. Hazairin SH. Bengkulu Bengkulu Indonesia Faculty of Computer Sciences Universitas Muhammadiyah Metro Indonesia Department of Elementary School Teacher Education Universitas Nusantara PGRI Kediri Indonesia Faculty of Education and Teacher Training IAIN Sultan Amai Gorontalo Indonesia Faculty of Education University Muhammadiyah of Surabaya Surabaya Indonesia Department of Education Management Universitas Prof. Dr. Hazairin SH.Bengkulu Bengkulu Indonesia Department of Religious Education Institut Hindu Dharma Negeri Denpasar Indonesia

The security of information in this global era is increasingly becoming a vital need in various aspects of life. An information will have a higher value when it comes to aspects of business decisions. This study presents a learning application to explain how to secure data using cryptographic techniques. This study aims to design a prototype learning application of cryptographic techniques using algorithm RC4 method. Based on the results of data analysis and after completing the design of RC4 algorithm cryptographic learning software, the authors found this software shows every step and stages of the processes (data input process (Plaintext or Ciphertext string), Key padding process (U), formation process in S-Box table, the Key-Flow formation process (K-keystream), encryption process and decryption process) contained in RC4 algorithm cryptography, so it can help understanding or learning work procedures of algorithms in the cryptographic method. Microsoft Visual Basic 2008 is an IDE (Integrated Development Environment) application that is used to create and develop software. In this application there were various features that facilitate programming such as compilation, debugging, project settings, designing and editing visual interfaces, and so on.

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Market Basket Analysis Using Apriori and FP-Growth for Analysis Consumer Expenditure Patterns at Berkah Mart in Pekanbaru Riau

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Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2018年第1期1114卷

作者： Mustakim Della Maulina Herianda Ahmad Ilham Achmad Daeng GS Folkes E. Laumal Nuning Kurniasih Akbar Iskandar Gloria Manulangga Ida Bagus Ary Indra Iswara Robbi Rahim Puzzle Research Data Technology UIN Sultan Syarif Kasim Riau Indonesia Department of Information System UIN Sultan Syarif Kasim Riau indonesia Informatics Department Universitas Muhammadiyah Semarang Semarang Indonesia Department of Management University of 45 Surabaya Surabaya Indonesia Department of Electrical Engineering Politeknik Negeri Kupang Kupang Indonesia Faculty of Communication Sciences Library and Information Science Program UniversitasPadjadjaran Bandung Indonesia Informatics Engineering STMIK AKBA Makassar Indonesia Informatics Department STMIK STIKOM Indonesia Denpasar Indonesia School of Computer and Communication Engineering Universiti Malaysia Perlis Kubang Gajah Malaysia

Berkah Mart is one of the new minimarkets in Pekanbaru city which began to develop as a retail business to meet the needs of the community. In his operation, Berkah Mart still uses the traditional store management perception that the placement of product layout on sale shelves has not been through sales analysis. Existing products have not been reviewed from the consumer's point of view, whereas the marketing economics concept provides a variety of product and consumer management methods for business management in Berkah Mart, including market bucket analysis techniques and various itemset search algorithms. In this research, Market Basket Basket Analysis with FP-Growth algorithm is proposed to determine the layout and planning of goods availability. The application of FP-Growth algorithm proved to be useful in generating many and informative association rules to find out the consumer spending pattern at Berkah Mart in Pekanbaru. Moreover, from the rules of the customer association can be segmented separately to meet the specific needs of customers with cost-effective by using some special promotions for the general group. The experimental results show that FP-Growth algorithm can analyze quickly and efficiently informing consumer shopping pattern at Berkah Mart and can increase Berkah Mart revenue.

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Enhanced Classification Accuracy for Cardiotocogram Data with Ensemble Feature Selection and Classifier Ensemble

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Journal of computer and Communications 2016年第4期4卷 20-35页

作者： Tipawan Silwattananusarn Wanida Kanarkard Kulthida Tuamsuk Department of Library and Information Science Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences Prince of Songkla University Hat Yai Thailand Department of Computer Engineering Faculty of Engineering Khon Kaen University Khon Kaen Thailand Information and Communication Management Program Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences Khon Kaen University Khon Kaen Thailand

In this paper ensemble learning based feature selection and classifier ensemble model is proposed to improve classification accuracy. The hypothesis is that good feature sets contain features that are highly correlated with the class from ensemble feature selection to SVM ensembles which can be achieved on the performance of classification accuracy. The proposed approach consists of two phases: (i) to select feature sets that are likely to be the support vectors by applying ensemble based feature selection methods;and (ii) to construct an SVM ensemble using the selected features. The proposed approach was evaluated by experiments on Cardiotocography dataset. Four feature selection techniques were used: (i) Correlation-based, (ii) Consistency-based, (iii) ReliefF and (iv) information Gain. Experimental results showed that using the ensemble of information Gain feature selection and Correlation-based feature selection with SVM ensembles achieved higher classification accuracy than both single SVM classifier and ensemble feature selection with SVM classifier.

关键词： Classification Feature Selection Support Vector Machines Ensemble Learning Classification Accuracy

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Retraction: The Effect of Mixed Pertamax with Tuak Nias (Tuonifaro) on Fuel Consumption at 125CC Machine and Its Dissemination Using Website (J. Phys.: Conf. Ser. 1114 012075)

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Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2018年第1期1114卷

作者： Kristian Tarigan Erianto Ongko H Hartono Dahlan Abdullah Cut Ita Erliana Nurmawati Sulfikar Sallu S Sriadhi Akbar Iskandar Nuning Kurniasih GS Achmad Daengs Ricardo Freedom Nanuru A A Saleh Muhammad Ikhsan Setiawan Wiwien Hadikurniawati Edy Winarno Department of Mechanical Engineering Universitas Darma Agung Medan Indonesia Department of Informatics Akademi Teknologi Industri ImmanuelIndonesia Department of Computer Science STMIK IBBI Medan Indonesia Department of Informatics Universitas Malikussaleh Aceh Indonesia Department of Industrial Engineering Universitas Malikussaleh Aceh Indonesia Faculty of Industry Technique University of 45 Surabaya Indonesia Faculty Of Information Technology Universitas Sembilan Belas November Kolaka Sulawesi Tenggara Indonesia Department of Electrical Engineering Universitas Negeri Medan Indonesia Department of Informatics STMIK AKBA Makassar Indonesia Faculty of Communication Sciences Library and Information Science Program Universitas Padjadjaran Bandung Indonesia Department of Management Universitas 45 Surabaya Indonesia Universitas Kristen Indonesia Maluku. Ambon Indonesia Statistics Financial & Social Sciences Research Group Indonesia Department of Civil Engineering Narotama University Surabaya Indonesia Faculty of Information Technology Universitas Stikubank Semarang Indonesia

This paper was retracted by IOP Publishing on 12 December 2018. This paper was published due to a technical error and was not intended to be included in this journal. Retraction published: 8 February 2019

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The Effect of Mixed Pertamax with Tuak Nias (Tuonifaro) on Fuel Consumption at 125CC Machine and Its Dissemination Using Website

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Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2018年第1期1114卷

The purpose of this research is to know how influence of mixture of pertamax with Tuak Nias (Tuonifaro) to fuel consumption at 125 cc engine To prove that Tuak Nias or Tuonifaro can be used as fuel mixture on motorcycle and examine how big influence of mix between Tuak Nias or Tuonifaro with Pertamax, conducting research by literature study method or literature study. Many authors use various supporting / input factors and supporting books related to the titles discussed. because Tuak Nias or tuonifaro contain low 4-5% ethanonic elements and contain 90% alcoholic elements so that the fuel easily burns easily in the combustion chamber and produces great power. The results of this research will be disseminated using the website

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Mapping geographical inequalities in childhood diarrhoeal morbidity and mortality in low-income and middle-income countries, 2000-17: analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017 (vol 395, pg 1779, 2020)

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LANCET 2020年第10239期395卷 1762-1762页

作者： Reiner, R. C., Jr. Hay, S., I Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation University of Washington Seattle WA United States Department of Global Health School of Medicine University of Washington Seattle WA United States Department of Health Metrics Sciences School of Medicine University of Washington Seattle WA United States College of Health and Medical Sciences Haramaya University Harar Ethiopia Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics Haramaya University Harar Ethiopia Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences Haramaya University Harar Ethiopia School of Nursing and Midwifery Haramaya University Harar Ethiopia School of Pharmacy Haramaya University Harar Ethiopia School of Public Health Haramaya University Harar Ethiopia Haramaya University Harar Ethiopia Advanced Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology Research Center Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran Cancer Biology Research Center Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran Cancer Research Institute Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran Department of Economics and Management Sciences for Health Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran Department of Environmental Health Engineering Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran Department of Health Management and Economics Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran Department of Microbiology Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran Department of Pharmacology Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran Digestive Diseases Research Institute Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran Hematology-Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation Research Center Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran Iran National Institute of Health Research Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran Metabolomics and

Summary Background Across low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs), one in ten deaths in children younger than 5 years is attributable to diarrhoea. The substantial between-country variation in both diarrhoea incidence and mortality is attributable to interventions that protect children, prevent infection, and treat disease. Identifying subnational regions with the highest burden and mapping associated risk factors can aid in reducing preventable childhood *** We used Bayesian model-based geostatistics and a geolocated dataset comprising 15 072 746 children younger than 5 years from 466 surveys in 94 LMICs, in combination with findings of the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2017, to estimate posterior distributions of diarrhoea prevalence, incidence, and mortality from 2000 to 2017. From these data, we estimated the burden of diarrhoea at varying subnational levels (termed units) by spatially aggregating draws, and we investigated the drivers of subnational patterns by creating aggregated risk factor *** The greatest declines in diarrhoeal mortality were seen in south and southeast Asia and South America, where 54·0% (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 38·1-65·8), 17·4% (7·7-28·4), and 59·5% (34·2-86·9) of units, respectively, recorded decreases in deaths from diarrhoea greater than 10%. Although children in much of Africa remain at high risk of death due to diarrhoea, regions with the most deaths were outside Africa, with the highest mortality units located in Pakistan. Indonesia showed the greatest within-country geographical inequality; some regions had mortality rates nearly four times the average country rate. Reductions in mortality were correlated to improvements in water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) or reductions in child growth failure (CGF). Similarly, most high-risk areas had poor WASH, high CGF, or low oral rehydration therapy *** By co-analysing geospatial trends in d

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Estimates, trends, and drivers of the global burden of type 2 diabetes attributable to PM_2·5 air pollution, 1990–2019: an analysis of data from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

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The Lancet Planetary Health 2022年第7期6卷 e586-e600页

作者： Burkart, Katrin Causey, Kate Cohen, Aaron J Wozniak, Sarah S Salvi, Devashri Digvijay Abbafati, Cristiana Adekanmbi, Victor Adsuar, Jose C Ahmadi, Keivan Alahdab, Fares Al-Aly, Ziyad Alipour, Vahid Alvis-Guzman, Nelson Amegah, Adeladza Kofi Andrei, Catalina Liliana Andrei, Tudorel Ansari, Fereshteh Arabloo, Jalal Aremu, Olatunde Aripov, Timur Babaee, Ebrahim Banach, MacIej Barnett, Anthony Bärnighausen, Till Winfried Bedi, Neeraj Behzadifar, Masoud Béjot, Yannick Bennett, Derrick A Bensenor, Isabela M Bernstein, Robert S Bhattacharyya, Krittika Bijani, Ali Biondi, Antonio Bohlouli, Somayeh Breitner, Susanne Brenner, Hermann Butt, Zahid A Cámera, Luis Alberto Cantu-Brito, Carlos Carvalho, Felix Cerin, Ester Chattu, Vijay Kumar Chauhan, Bal Govind Choi, Jee-Young Jasmine Chu, Dinh-Toi Dai, Xiaochen Dandona, Lalit Dandona, Rakhi Daryani, Ahmad Davletov, Kairat De Courten, Barbora Demeke, Feleke Mekonnen Denova-Gutiérrez, Edgar Dharmaratne, Samath Dhamminda Dhimal, Meghnath Diaz, Daniel Djalalinia, Shirin Duncan, Bruce B El Sayed Zaki, Maysaa Eskandarieh, Sharareh Fareed, Mohammad Farzadfar, Farshad Fattahi, Nazir Fazlzadeh, Mehdi Fernandes, Eduarda Filip, Irina Fischer, Florian Foigt, Nataliya A Freitas, Marisa Ghashghaee, Ahmad Gill, Paramjit Singh Ginawi, Ibrahim Abdelmageed Gopalani, Sameer Vali Guo, Yuming Gupta, Rajat Das Habtewold, Tesfa Dejenie Hamadeh, Randah R Hamidi, Samer Hankey, Graeme J Hasanpoor, Edris Hassen, Hamid Yimam Hay, Simon I Heibati, Behzad Hole, Michael K Hossain, Naznin Househ, Mowafa Irvani, Seyed Sina Naghibi Jaafari, Jalil Jakovljevic, Mihajlo Jha, Ravi Prakash Jonas, Jost B Jozwiak, Jacek Jerzy Kasaeian, Amir Kaydi, Neda Khader, Yousef Saleh Khafaie, Morteza Abdullatif Khan, Ejaz Ahmad Khan, Junaid Khan, Md Nuruzzaman Khatab, Khaled Khater, Amir M Kim, Yun Jin Kimokoti, Ruth W Kisa, Adnan Kivimäki, Mika Knibbs, Luke D Kosen, Soewarta Koul, Parvaiz A Koyanagi, Ai Defo, Barthelemy Kuate Kugbey, Nuworza Lauriola, Paolo Lee, Paul H Leili, Mostafa Lewycka, Sonia Li, Shanshan Lim, Lee-Ling Li Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation University of Washington Seattle WA United States Department of Health Metrics Sciences School of Medicine University of Washington Seattle WA United States Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery University of Washington Seattle WA United States Research Insights and Innovation Seattle WA United States Health Effects Institute Boston MA United States School of Public Health Boston University Boston MA United States Department of Juridical and Economic Studies La Sapienza University Rome Italy Department of Population Medicine Cardiff University Cardiff United Kingdom Sport Science Department University of Extremadura Badajoz Spain School of Public Health Imperial College London London United Kingdom Department of Primary Care and Public Health Imperial College London London United Kingdom Mayo Evidence-based Practice Center Mayo Clinic Foundation for Medical Education and Research Rochester MN United States John T. Milliken Department of Internal Medicine Washington University in St. Louis St. Louis MO United States Clinical Epidemiology Center US Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) St Louis MO United States Health Management and Economics Research Center Iran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran Department of Health Economics Iran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran Preventive Medicine and Public Health Research Center Iran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran Pars Advanced and Minimally Invasive Medical Manners Research Center Iran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran Department of Community and Family Medicine Iran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran Research Group in Hospital Management and Health Policies Universidad de la Costa (University of the Coast) Barranquilla Colombia Research Group in Health Economics University of Cartagena Cartagena Colombia Department of Biomedical Science University of Cape Coast Cape Coast Ghana Cardiology Department Ca

Background: Experimental and epidemiological studies indicate an association between exposure to particulate matter (PM) air pollution and increased risk of type 2 diabetes. In view of the high and increasing prevalence of diabetes, we aimed to quantify the burden of type 2 diabetes attributable to PM_2·5 originating from ambient and household air pollution. Methods: We systematically compiled all relevant cohort and case-control studies assessing the effect of exposure to household and ambient fine particulate matter (PM_2·5) air pollution on type 2 diabetes incidence and mortality. We derived an exposure–response curve from the extracted relative risk estimates using the MR-BRT (meta-regression—Bayesian, regularised, trimmed) tool. The estimated curve was linked to ambient and household PM_2·5 exposures from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2019, and estimates of the attributable burden (population attributable fractions and rates per 100 000 population of deaths and disability-adjusted life-years) for 204 countries from 1990 to 2019 were calculated. We also assessed the role of changes in exposure, population size, age, and type 2 diabetes incidence in the observed trend in PM_2·5-attributable type 2 diabetes burden. All estimates are presented with 95% uncertainty intervals. Findings: In 2019, approximately a fifth of the global burden of type 2 diabetes was attributable to PM_2·5 exposure, with an estimated 3·78 (95% uncertainty interval 2·68–4·83) deaths per 100 000 population and 167 (117–223) disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) per 100 000 population. Approximately 13·4% (9·49–17·5) of deaths and 13·6% (9·73–17·9) of DALYs due to type 2 diabetes were contributed by ambient PM2·5, and 6·50% (4·22–9·53) of deaths and 5·92% (3·81–8·64) of DALYs by household air pollution. High burdens, in terms of numbers as well as rates, were estimated in Asia, sub-Saharan Africa, and South Am

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