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6th Workshop on Automated Semantic Analysis of Information in Legal Text, ASAIL 2023

作者： Savelka, Jaromir Ashley, Kevin D. Gray, Morgan A. Westermann, Hannes Xu, Huihui Computer Science Department Carnegie Mellon University PittsburghPA United States Intelligent Systems Program University of Pittsburgh PA United States Cyberjustice Laboratory Faculté de Droit Université de Montréal Montréal Canada

We evaluated the capability of generative pre-trained transformers (GPT-4) in analysis of textual data in tasks that require highly specialized domain expertise. Specifically, we focused on the task of analyzing court opinions to interpret legal concepts. We found that GPT-4, prompted with annotation guidelines, performs on par with well-trained law student annotators. We observed that, with a relatively minor decrease in performance, GPT-4 can perform batch predictions leading to significant cost reductions. However, employing chain-of-thought prompting did not lead to noticeably improved performance on this task. Further, we demonstrated how to analyze GPT-4's predictions to identify and mitigate deficiencies in annotation guidelines, and subsequently improve the performance of the model. Finally, we observed that the model is quite brittle, as small formatting related changes in the prompt had a high impact on the predictions. These findings can be leveraged by researchers and practitioners who engage in semantic/pragmatic annotations of texts in the context of the tasks requiring highly specialized domain expertise. © 2023 CEUR-WS. All rights reserved.

关键词： Forecasting

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Opinionfinder: A system for subjectivity analysis

Opinionfinder: A system for subjectivity analysis

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Human Language Technology Conference and Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing, HLT/EMNLP 2005, Co-located with the 2005 Document Understanding Conference, DUC and the 9th International Workshop on Parsing Technologies, IWPT

作者： Wilson, Theresa Hoffmann, Paul Somasundaran, Swapna Kessler, Jason Wiebe, Janyce Choi, Yejin Cardie, Claire Riloff, Ellen Patwardhan, Siddharth Intelligent Systems Program University of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh PA 15260 United States Department of Computer Science University of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh PA 15260 United States Department of Computer Science Cornell University Ithaca NY 14853 United States School of Computing University of Utah Salt Lake City UT 84112 United States

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LEATHER: A Framework for Learning to Generate Human-like Text in Dialogue

arXiv

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arXiv 2022年

作者： Sicilia, Anthony Alikhani, Malihe Intelligent Systems Program United States Computer Science Department University of Pittsburgh PittsburghPA United States

Algorithms for text-generation in dialogue can be misguided. For example, in task-oriented settings, reinforcement learning that optimizes only task-success can lead to abysmal lexical diversity. We hypothesize this is due to poor theoretical understanding of the objectives in text-generation and their relation to the learning process (i.e., model training). To this end, we propose a new theoretical framework for learning to generate text in dialogue. Compared to existing theories of learning, our framework allows for analysis of the multifaceted goals inherent to text-generation. We use our framework to develop theoretical guarantees for learners that adapt to unseen data. As an example, we apply our theory to study data-shift within a cooperative learning algorithm proposed for the GuessWhat?! visual dialogue game. From this insight, we propose a new algorithm, and empirically, we demonstrate our proposal improves both task-success and human-likeness of the generated text. Finally, we show statistics from our theory are empirically predictive of multiple qualities of the generated dialogue, suggesting our theory is useful for model-selection when human evaluations are not available. © 2022, CC BY.

关键词： Learning algorithms

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Boosting Weakly Supervised Object Detection using Fusion and Priors from Hallucinated Depth

arXiv

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arXiv 2023年

作者： Gungor, Cagri Kovashka, Adriana Intelligent Systems Program University of Pittsburgh United States Department of Computer Science University of Pittsburgh United States

Despite recent attention to depth for various tasks, it is still an unexplored modality for weakly-supervised object detection (WSOD). We propose an amplifier method for enhancing the performance of WSOD by integrating depth information. Our approach can be applied to different WSOD methods based on multiple-instance learning, without necessitating additional annotations or inducing large computational cost. Our proposed method employs monocular depth estimation to obtain hallucinated depth information, which is then incorporated into a Siamese WSOD network using contrastive loss and fusion. By analyzing the relationship between language context and depth, we calculate depth priors to identify the bounding box proposals that may contain an object of interest. These depth priors are then utilized to update the list of pseudo ground-truth boxes, or adjust the confidence of per-box predictions. We evaluate our proposed method on three datasets (COCO, PASCAL VOC, and Conceptual Captions) by implementing it on top of two state-of-the-art WSOD methods, and we demonstrate a substantial enhancement in performance. © 2023, CC BY.

关键词： Object detection

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Strategies to Leverage Foundational Model Knowledge in Object Affordance Grounding

Strategies to Leverage Foundational Model Knowledge in Objec...

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IEEE computer Society Conference on computer Vision and Pattern Recognition Workshops (CVPRW)

作者： Arushi Rai Kyle Buettner Adriana Kovashka Department of Computer Science University of Pittsburgh PA USA Intelligent Systems Program University of Pittsburgh PA USA

ISBN: (数字)9798350365474

ISBN: (纸本)9798350365481

An important task for intelligent systems is affordance grounding, where the goal is to locate regions on an object where an action can be performed. Past weakly supervised approaches learn from human-object interaction (HOI) by transferring grounding knowledge from exocentric to ego-centric views of an object. The use of HOI priors is inherently noisy and thus provides a limited source of supervision. To address this challenge, we identify that recent foundational models (i.e. VLMs and LLMs) can serve as auxiliary sources of knowledge for frameworks due to their vast world knowledge. In this work, we propose strategies to extract and leverage foundational model knowledge related to attributes and object parts to enhance an HOI-based affordance grounding framework. In particular, we propose to combine HOI and foundational model priors through (1) a spatial consistency loss and (2) heatmap aggregation. Our strategies result in mKLD and mNSS improvements, and insights suggest future directions for improving affordance grounding capabilities.

关键词： Heating systems computer vision Grounding Affordances Conferences Pipelines Pattern recognition

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Investigating the Role of Attribute Context in Vision-Language Models for Object Recognition and Detection

Investigating the Role of Attribute Context in Vision-Langua...

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IEEE Workshop on Applications of computer Vision (WACV)

作者： Kyle Buettner Adriana Kovashka Intelligent Systems Program University of Pittsburgh PA USA Department of Computer Science University of Pittsburgh PA USA

Vision-language alignment learned from image-caption pairs has been shown to benefit tasks like object recognition and detection. Methods are mostly evaluated in terms of how well object class names are learned, but captions also contain rich attribute context that should be considered when learning object alignment. It is unclear how methods use this context in learning, as well as whether models succeed when tasks require attribute and object understanding. To address this gap, we conduct extensive analysis of the role of attributes in vision-language models. We specifically measure model sensitivity to the presence and meaning of attribute context, gauging influence on object embeddings through unsupervised phrase grounding and classification via description methods. We further evaluate the utility of attribute context in training for open-vocabulary object detection, fine-grained text-region retrieval, and attribution tasks. Our results show that attribute context can be wasted when learning alignment for detection, attribute meaning is not adequately considered in embeddings, and describing classes by only their attributes is ineffective. A viable strategy that we find to increase benefits from attributes is contrastive training with adjective-based negative captions.

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Keyword annotation of biomedicai documents with graph-based similarity methods

Keyword annotation of biomedicai documents with graph-based ...

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IEEE International Conference on Bioinformatics and Biomedicine (BIBM)

作者： Shuguang Wang Milos Hauskrecht Intelligent Systems Program University of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh USA Department of Computer Science University of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh USA

In this paper, we present a new approach that lets us extract, and represent relations among terms (concepts) in the documents and uses these relations to support various document analysis applications. Our approach works by building a graph of local co-occurrence relations among terms that are extracted directly from text and by defining a global similarity metric among these terms and sets of terms using the graph and its connectivity. We demonstrate the benefit of the approach on the problem of MeSH keyword annotation of documents based on their abstracts.

关键词： Measurement Kernel Resistance Immune system Standards Search engines Abstracts

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Learning by diagramming Supreme Court oral arguments 07

Learning by diagramming Supreme Court oral arguments

引用

11th International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Law

作者： Ashley, Kevin Pinkwart, Niels Lynch, Collin Aleven, Vincent LRDC School of Law University of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh PA United States Computer Science Institute Clausthal University of Technology Germany Intelligent Systems Program University of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh PA United States Human-Computer Interaction Institute Carnegie Mellon University Pittsburgh PA United States

ISBN: (纸本)1595936807

This paper describes an intelligent tutoring system, LARGO, that helps students learn skills of legal reasoning with hypotheticals by analyzing oral arguments before the US Supreme Court. The skills involve proposing a rule-like test for deciding a case, posing hypotheticals to challenge the rule, and responding by analogizing or distinguishing the hypotheticals and/or modifying the proposed test. Students diagram arguments in a special-purpose graphical language and receive feedback in the form of reflection questions. Copyright 2007 ACM.

关键词： intelligent systems

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Incorporating coherence of topics as a criterion in automatic response-to-text assessment of the organization of writing 10

Incorporating coherence of topics as a criterion in automati...

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10th Workshop on Innovative Use of NLP for Building Educational Applications, BEA 2015 at the 2015 Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, NAACL-HLT 2015

作者： Rahimi, Zahra Litman, Diane Wang, Elaine Correnti, Richard Intelligent Systems Program University of Pittsburgh PittsburghPA15260 United States Department of Computer Science University of Pittsburgh PittsburghPA15260 United States Learning Research and Development Center University of Pittsburgh PittsburghPA15260 United States

ISBN: (纸本)9781941643358

This paper presents an investigation of score prediction for the Organization dimension of an assessment of analytical writing in response to text. With the long-term goal of producing feedback for students and teachers, we designed a task-dependent model that aligns with the scoring rubric and makes use of the source material. Our experimental results show that our rubric-based model performs as well as baselines on datasets from grades 6-8. On shorter and noisier essays from grades 5-6, the rubric-based model performs better than the baselines. Further, we show that the baseline model (lexical chaining) can be improved if we extend it with information from the source text for shorter and noisier data. © NAACL-HLT 2015. All rights reserved.

关键词： Learning algorithms

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Decomposition and Causality in Partial-Order Planning 2

Decomposition and Causality in Partial-Order Planning

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2nd International Conference on Artificial Intelligence Planning systems, AIPS 1994

作者： Young, R. Michael Pollack, Martha E. Moore, Johanna D. Intelligent Systems Program University of Pittsburgh PittsburghPA15260 United States Department of Computer Science University of Pittsburgh PittsburghPA15260 United States Learning Research and Development Center University of Pittsburgh PittsburghPA15260 United States

ISBN: (纸本)0929280563

We describe DPOCL, a partial-order causal link planner that includes action decomposition. DPOCL builds directly on the SNLP algorithm (McAllester & Rosenblitt 1991), and hence is clear and simple, and can readily be integrated with other SNLP extensions. In addition, DPOCL is specifically designed to handle partially specified action decompositions. Plan generation in DPOCL exploits the planner's ability to fill in the missing pieces of a partially specified subplan in a way that uses the existing context of the larger plan bang constructed. Copyright © 1994, AAAI (***). All rights reserved.

关键词： Decomposition

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