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SimBIG: Field-level Simulation-Based Inference of Galaxy Clustering

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arXiv 2023年

作者： Lemos, Pablo Parker, Liam Hahn, ChangHoon Ho, Shirley Eickenberg, Michael Hou, Jiamin Massara, Elena Modi, Chirag Dizgah, Azadeh Moradinezhad Blancard, Bruno Régaldo-Saint Spergel, David Department of Physics Université de Montréal 1375 Avenue Thérèse-Lavoie-Roux MontréalQCH2V 0B3 Canada Mila - Quebec Artificial Intelligence Institute 6666 Rue Saint-Urbain MontréalQCH2S 3H1 Canada Ciela - Montreal Institute for Astrophysical Data Analysis and Machine Learning Montréal Canada Center for Computational Astrophysics Flatiron Institute 162 5th Avenue New YorkNY10010 United States Department of Physics Princeton University PrincetonNJ08544 United States Center for Cosmology and Particle Physics Department of Physics New York University New YorkNY10003 United States Department of Physics Carnegie Mellon University PittsburghPA15213 United States Center for Computational Mathematics Flatiron Institute 162 5th Avenue New YorkNY10010 United States Department of Astronomy University of Florida 211 Bryant Space Science Center GainesvilleFL32611 United States Max-Planck-Institut für Extraterrestrische Physik Postfach 1312 Giessenbachstrasse 1 Garching bei München85748 Germany Waterloo Centre for Astrophysics University of Waterloo 200 University Ave W WaterlooONN2L 3G1 Canada Department of Physics and Astronomy University of Waterloo 200 University Ave W WaterlooONN2L 3G1 Canada Département de Physique Théorique Université de Genève 24 quai Ernest Ansermet Genève 41211 Switzerland

We present the first simulation-based inference (SBI) of cosmological parameters from field-level analysis of galaxy clustering. Standard galaxy clustering analyses rely on analyzing summary statistics, such as the power spectrum, P, with analytic models based on perturbation theory. Consequently, they do not fully exploit the non-linear and non-Gaussian features of the galaxy distribution. To address these limitations, we use the SimBIG forward modelling framework to perform SBI using normalizing flows. We apply SimBIG to a subset of the BOSS CMASS galaxy sample using a convolutional neural network with stochastic weight averaging to perform massive data compression of the galaxy field. We infer constraints on (Equation presented) and (Equation presented). While our constraints on Ωm are in-line with standard P analyses, those on σ8 are 2.65× tighter. Our analysis also provides constraints on the Hubble constant H0 = 64.5 ± 3.8 km/s/Mpc from galaxy clustering alone. This higher constraining power comes from additional non-Gaussian cosmological information, inaccessible with P. We demonstrate the robustness of our analysis by showcasing our ability to infer unbiased cosmological constraints from a series of test simulations that are constructed using different forward models than the one used in our training dataset. This work not only presents competitive cosmological constraints but also introduces novel methods for leveraging additional cosmological information in upcoming galaxy surveys like DESI, PFS, and Euclid. © 2023, CC0.

关键词： Galaxies

Graph energies of egocentric networks and their correlation with vertex centrality measures

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arXiv 2018年

作者： Morzy, Mikolaj Kajdanowicz, Tomasz Institute of Computer Science Poznán University of Technology Piotrowo 2 Poznán60-965 Poland Center for Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning CAMIL Poznan University of Technology Department of Computational Intelligence Wroclaw University of Science and Technology Wybrzeze Wyspiánskiego 27 Wroclaw50-370 Poland

Graph energy is the energy of the matrix representation of the graph, where the energy of a matrix is the sum of singular values of the matrix. Depending on the definition of a matrix, one can contemplate graph energy, Randíc energy, Laplacian energy, distance energy, and many others. Although theoretical properties of various graph energies have been investigated in the past in the areas of mathematics, chemistry, physics, or graph theory, these explorations have been limited to relatively small graphs representing chemical compounds or theoretical graph classes with strictly defined properties. In this paper we investigate the usefulness of the concept of graph energy in the context of large, complex networks. We show that when graph energies are applied to local egocentric networks, the values of these energies correlate strongly with vertex centrality measures. In particular, for some generative network models graph energies tend to correlate strongly with the betweenness and the eigencentrality of vertices. As the exact computation of these centrality measures is expensive and requires global processing of a network, our research opens the possibility of devising efficient algorithms for the estimation of these centrality measures based only on local information. Copyright © 2018, The Authors. All rights reserved.

关键词： Laplace transforms

Open and Sustainable AI: challenges, opportunities and the road ahead in the life sciences

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arXiv 2025年

作者： Farrell, Gavin Adamidi, Eleni Buono, Rafael Andrade Anton, Mihail Attafi, Omar Abdelghani Gutierrez, Salvador Capella Capriotti, Emidio Castro, Leyla Jael Cirillo, Davide Crossman, Lisa Dessimoz, Christophe Dimopoulos, Alexandros Fernández-Díaz, Raúl Fragkouli, Styliani-Christina Goble, Carole Gu, Wei Hancock, John M. Khanteymoori, Alireza Lenaerts, Tom Liberante, Fabio G. Maccallum, Peter Monzon, Alexander Miguel Palmblad, Magnus Poveda, Lucy Radulescu, Ovidiu Shields, Denis C. Sufi, Shoaib Vergoulis, Thanasis Psomopoulos, Fotis Tosatto, Silvio C.E. Institute of Applied Biosciences Centre for Research and Technology Hellas Thessaloniki Greece 1Department of Biomedical Sciences University of Padova Padova35121 Italy Department of Biomedical Sciences University of Padova Via Ugo Bassi 58/B Padova35131 Italy Athena Research & Innovation Center Aigialias & Chalepa Marousi15125 Greece VIB Data Core VIB.AI Center for AI & Computational Biology Technologiepark-Zwijnaarde 75 Ghent9052 Belgium ELIXIR Europe Hub EMBL-EBI South Building Wellcome Genome HinxtonCB10 1SD United Kingdom Plaça Eusebi Güell 1-3 Barcelona08034 Spain Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology University of Bologna Bologna40126 Italy Computational Genomics Platform IRCCS University Hospital of Bologna Bologna40138 Italy ZB MED Information Centre for Life Sciences Gleueler Straße 60 Cologne50931 Germany SequenceAnalysis.co.uk United Kingdom University of East Anglia Research Park NorwichNR4 7TJ United Kingdom Department of Computational Biology University of Lausanne Genopode 2024.3 Lausanne1015 Switzerland Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics Amphipôle Quartier UNIL-Sorge Lausanne1015 Switzerland Institute for Fundamental Biomedical Science Biomedical Sciences Research Center Alexander Fleming Vari Greece Department of Informatics & Telematics School of Digital Technology Harokopio University Athens Greece School of Medicine University College Dublin Belfield Dublin 4 Ireland Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research University College Dublin Belfield Dublin 4 Ireland IBM Research Dublin DublinD15 HN66 Ireland Institute of Applied Biosciences Centre for Research and Technology Hellas Thessaloniki57001 Greece Department of Biology National & Kapodistrian University of Athens Athens15772 Greece Department of Computer Science University of Manchester Oxford Road ManchesterM19 3PL United Kingdom Luxembourg National Data Service 6 avenue des Hauts-Fourneaux Esch-sur-AlzetteL-4362 Luxembourg Insti

artificial intelligence (AI) has recently seen transformative breakthroughs in the life sciences, expanding possibilities for researchers to interpret biological information at an unprecedented capacity, with novel applications and advances being made almost daily. In order to maximise return on the growing investments in AI-based life science research and accelerate this progress, it has become urgent to address the exacerbation of long-standing research challenges arising from the rapid adoption of AI methods. We review the increased erosion of trust in AI research outputs, driven by the issues of poor reusability and reproducibility, and highlight their consequent impact on environmental sustainability. Furthermore, we discuss the fragmented components of the AI ecosystem and lack of guiding pathways to best support Open and Sustainable AI (OSAI) model development. In response, this perspective introduces a practical set of OSAI recommendations directly mapped to over 300 components of the AI ecosystem. Our work connects researchers with relevant AI resources, facilitating the implementation of sustainable, reusable and transparent AI. Built upon life science community consensus and aligned to existing efforts, the outputs of this perspective are designed to aid the future development of policy and structured pathways for guiding AI *** Codes 92 © 2025, CC BY-NC-ND.

关键词： Reusability

DPA-2: a large atomic model as a multi-task learner

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arXiv 2023年

作者： Zhang, Duo Liu, Xinzijian Zhang, Xiangyu Zhang, Chengqian Cai, Chun Bi, Hangrui Du, Yiming Qin, Xuejian Peng, Anyang Huang, Jiameng Li, Bowen Shan, Yifan Zeng, Jinzhe Zhang, Yuzhi Liu, Siyuan Li, Yifan Chang, Junhan Wang, Xinyan Zhou, Shuo Liu, Jianchuan Luo, Xiaoshan Wang, Zhenyu Jiang, Wanrun Wu, Jing Yang, Yudi Yang, Jiyuan Yang, Manyi Gong, Fu-Qiang Zhang, Linshuang Shi, Mengchao Dai, Fu-Zhi York, Darrin M. Liu, Shi Zhu, Tong Zhong, Zhicheng Lv, Jian Cheng, Jun Jia, Weile Chen, Mohan Ke, Guolin Weinan, E. Zhang, Linfeng Wang, Han AI for Science Institute Beijing100080 China DP Technology Beijing100080 China Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies Peking University Beijing100871 China State Key Lab of Processors Institute of Computing Technology Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing100871 China University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing100871 China HEDPS CAPT College of Engineering Peking University Beijing100871 China Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering Chinese Academy of Sciences Ningbo315201 China CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Application Technology Chinese Academy of Sciences Ningbo315201 China School of Electronics Engineering and Computer Science Peking University Beijing100871 China Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Molecular Therapeutics & New Drug Development School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering East China Normal University Shanghai200062 China Laboratory for Biomolecular Simulation Research Institute for Quantitative Biomedicine Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology Rutgers University PiscatawayNJ08854 United States Department of Chemistry Princeton University PrincetonNJ08540 United States College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering Peking University Beijing100871 China Yuanpei College Peking University Beijing100871 China School of Electrical Engineering and Electronic Information Xihua University Chengdu610039 China State Key Laboratory of Superhard Materials College of Physics Jilin University Changchun130012 China Key Laboratory of Material Simulation Methods & Software of Ministry of Education College of Physics Jilin University Changchun130012 China International Center of Future Science Jilin University Changchun130012 China Key Laboratory for Quantum Materials of Zhejiang Province Department of Physics School of Science Westlake University Zhejiang Hangzhou310030 China Atomistic Simulations Italia

The rapid advancements in artificial intelligence (AI) are catalyzing transformative changes in atomic modeling, simulation, and design. AI-driven potential energy models have demonstrated the capability to conduct large-scale, long-duration simulations with the accuracy of ab initio electronic structure methods. However, the model generation process remains a bottleneck for large-scale applications. We propose a shift towards a model-centric ecosystem, wherein a large atomic model (LAM), pre-trained across multiple disciplines, can be efficiently fine-tuned and distilled for various downstream tasks, thereby establishing a new framework for molecular modeling. In this study, we introduce the DPA-2 architecture as a prototype for LAMs. Pre-trained on a diverse array of chemical and materials systems using a multi-task approach, DPA-2 demonstrates superior generalization capabilities across multiple downstream tasks compared to the traditional single-task pre-training and fine-tuning methodologies. Our approach sets the stage for the development and broad application of LAMs in molecular and materials simulation research. Copyright © 2023, The Authors. All rights reserved.

关键词： Multi-task learning

Deep weighted averaging classifiers

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arXiv 2018年

作者： Card, Dallas Zhang, Michael Smith, Noah A. Machine Learning Department Carnegie Mellon University PittsburghPA United States Paul G. Allen School of Computer Science and Engineering University of Washington SeattleWA United States Allen Institute for Artificial Intelligence SeattleWA United States

Recent advances in deep learning have achieved impressive gains in classification accuracy on a variety of types of data, including images and text. Despite these gains, however, concerns have been raised about the calibration, robustness, and interpretability of these models. In this paper we propose a simple way to modify any conventional deep architecture to automatically provide more transparent explanations for classification decisions, as well as an intuitive notion of the credibility of each prediction. Specifically, we draw on ideas from nonparametric kernel regression, and propose to predict labels based on a weighted sum of training instances, where the weights are determined by distance in a learned instanceembedding space. Working within the framework of conformal methods, we propose a new measure of nonconformity suggested by our model, and experimentally validate the accompanying theoretical expectations, demonstrating improved transparency, controlled error rates, and robustness to out-of-domain data, without compromising on accuracy or calibration. Copyright © 2018, The Authors. All rights reserved.

关键词： Calibration

Eqilibrium approximation quality of current no-limit poker bots 31

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Eqilibrium approximation quality of current no-limit poker b...

31st AAAI Conference on artificial intelligence, AAAI 2017

作者： Lisý, Viliam Bowling, Michael Department of Computer Science Artificial Intelligence Center FEL Czech Technical University in Prague Czech Republic Computer Poker Research Group Alberta Machine Intelligence Institute University of Alberta Canada

ISBN: (纸本)9781577357865

Approximating a Nash equilibrium is currently the best performing approach for creating poker-playing programs. While for the simplest variants of the game, it is possible to evaluate the quality of the approximation by computing the value of the best response strategy, this is currently not computationally feasible for larger variants of the game, such as heads-up no-limit Texas hold'em. In this paper, we present a simple and computationally inexpensive Local Best Response method for computing an approximate lower bound on the value of the best response strategy. Using this method, we show that existing poker-playing programs, based on solving abstract games, are remarkably poor Nash equilibrium approximations. © Copyright 2017, Association for the Advancement of artificial intelligence (***). All rights reserved.

关键词： computer games

Understanding metric-related pitfalls in image analysis validation

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arXiv 2023年

作者： Reinke, Annika Tizabi, Minu D. Baumgartner, Michael Eisenmann, Matthias Heckmann-Nötzel, Doreen Kavur, A. Emre Rädsch, Tim Sudre, Carole H. Acion, Laura Antonelli, Michela Arbel, Tal Bakas, Spyridon Benis, Arriel Blaschko, Matthew B. Buettner, Florian Cardoso, M. Jorge Cheplygina, Veronika Chen, Jianxu Christodoulou, Evangelia Cimini, Beth A. Collins, Gary S. Farahani, Keyvan Ferrer, Luciana Galdran, Adrian van Ginneken, Bram Glocker, Ben Godau, Patrick Haase, Robert Hashimoto, Daniel A. Hoffman, Michael M. Huisman, Merel Isensee, Fabian Jannin, Pierre Kahn, Charles E. Kainmueller, Dagmar Kainz, Bernhard Karargyris, Alexandros Karthikesalingam, Alan Kenngott, Hannes Kleesiek, Jens Kofler, Florian Kooi, Thijs Kopp-Schneider, Annette Kozubek, Michal Kreshuk, Anna Kurc, Tahsin Landman, Bennett A. Litjens, Geert Madani, Amin Maier-Hein, Klaus Martel, Anne L. Mattson, Peter Meijering, Erik Menze, Bjoern Moons, Karel G.M. Müller, Henning Nichyporuk, Brennan Nickel, Felix Petersen, Jens Rafelski, Susanne M. Rajpoot, Nasir Reyes, Mauricio Riegler, Michael A. Rieke, Nicola Saez-Rodriguez, Julio Sánchez, Clara I. Shetty, Shravya Summers, Ronald M. Taha, Abdel A. Tiulpin, Aleksei Tsaftaris, Sotirios A. van Calster, Ben Varoquaux, Gaël Yaniv, Ziv R. Jäger, Paul F. Maier-Hein, Lena Faculty of Mathematics and Computer Science Heidelberg University Heidelberg Germany Heidelberg Division of Intelligent Medical Systems Germany NCT Heidelberg A Partnership Between DKFZ University Medical Center Heidelberg Germany Heidelberg Division of Medical Image Computing Germany Heidelberg Division of Intelligent Medical Systems Germany MRC Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing UCL Centre for Medical Image Computing Department of Computer Science University College London London United Kingdom School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Science King’s College London London United Kingdom Instituto de Cálculo CONICET – Universidad de Buenos Aires Buenos Aires Argentina Centre for Medical Image Computing University College London London United Kingdom McGill University Montreal Canada Division of Computational Pathology Dept of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine Indiana University School of Medicine IU Health Information and Translational Sciences Building Indianapolis United States University of Pennsylvania Richards Medical Research Laboratories FL7 PhiladelphiaPA United States Department of Digital Medical Technologies Holon Institute of Technology Holon Israel European Federation for Medical Informatics Le Mont-sur-Lausanne Switzerland Center for Processing Speech and Images Department of Electrical Engineering KU Leuven Leuven Belgium partner site Frankfurt/Mainz a partnership between DKFZ and UCT Frankfurt Marburg Germany Heidelberg Germany Goethe University Frankfurt Department of Medicine Germany Goethe University Frankfurt Department of Informatics Germany and Frankfurt Cancer Insititute Germany Department of Computer Science IT University of Copenhagen Copenhagen Denmark Leibniz-Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften – ISAS – e.V. Dortmund Germany Imaging Platform Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard CambridgeMA United States Centre for Statistics in Medicine University of Oxford Oxford United Kingdom Center for Biomedical In

Validation metrics are key for tracking scientific progress and bridging the current chasm between artificial intelligence (AI) research and its translation into practice. However, increasing evidence shows that particularly in image analysis, metrics are often chosen inadequately. While taking into account the individual strengths, weaknesses, and limitations of validation metrics is a critical prerequisite to making educated choices, the relevant knowledge is currently scattered and poorly accessible to individual researchers. Based on a multi-stage Delphi process conducted by a multidisciplinary expert consortium as well as extensive community feedback, the present work provides the first reliable and comprehensive common point of access to information on pitfalls related to validation metrics in image analysis. While focused on biomedical image analysis, the addressed pitfalls generalize across application domains and are categorized according to a newly created, domain-agnostic taxonomy. The work serves to enhance global comprehension of a key topic in image analysis validation. © 2023, CC BY.

关键词： computer vision

Modern applications of machine learning in quantum sciences

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arXiv 2022年

作者： Dawid, Anna Arnold, Julian Requena, Borja Gresch, Alexander Plodzien, Marcin Donatella, Kaelan Nicoli, Kim A. Stornati, Paolo Koch, Rouven Büttner, Miriam Okula, Robert Muñoz–Gil, Gorka Vargas–Hernández, Rodrigo A. Cervera-Lierta, Alba Carrasquilla, Juan Dunjko, Vedran Gabrié, Marylou Huembeli, Patrick van Nieuwenburg, Evert Vicentini, Filippo Wang, Lei Wetzel, Sebastian J. Carleo, Giuseppe Greplová, Eliška Krems, Roman Marquardt, Florian Tomza, Michal Lewenstein, Maciej Dauphin, Alexandre Faculty of Physics University of Warsaw Poland ICFO - Institut de Ciències Fotòniques The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology Castelldefels Barcelona08860 Spain Center for Computational Quantum Physics Flatiron Institute New York United States Department of Physics University of Basel Switzerland Institute for Theoretical Physics Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf Germany Institute for Quantum Inspired and Quantum Optimization Hamburg University of Technology Germany Université de Paris CNRS Laboratoire Matériaux et Phénomènes Quantiques France Machine Learning Group Technische Universität Berlin Germany BIFOLD Berlin Institute for the Foundations of Learning and Data Berlin10587 Germany Department of Applied Physics Aalto University Espoo Finland Institute of Physics Albert-Ludwig University of Freiburg Germany International Centre for Theory of Quantum Technologies University of Gdańsk Poland Department of Algorithms and System Modeling Faculty of Electronics Faculty of Electronics Telecommunications and Informatics Gdańsk University of Technology Poland Institute for Theoretical Physics University of Innsbruck Austria Department of Chemistry University of Toronto Canada Vector Institute for Artificial Intelligence MaRS Centre Toronto Canada Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology McMaster University Hamilton Canada Barcelona Supercomputing Center Spain LIACS Leiden University Netherlands CMAP École Polytechnique France Switzerland Menten AI Inc. Palo AltoCA United States Niels Bohr Institute Copenhagen Denmark CPHT CNRS École Polytechnique Institut Polytechnique de Paris PalaiseauF-91128 France Beijing National Lab for Condensed Matter Physics Institute of Physics Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China Songshan Lake Materials Laboratory Dongguan China Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics Waterloo Canada Kavli Institute of Nanoscience Delft University of Technology DelftNL-2600 GA Netherlands Department of

In this book, we provide a comprehensive introduction to the most recentadvances in the application of machine learning methods in quantum sciences. Wecover the use of deep learning and kernel methods in supervised, unsupervised,and reinforcement learning algorithms for phase classification, representationof many-body quantum states, quantum feedback control, and quantum circuitsoptimization. Moreover, we introduce and discuss more specialized topics suchas differentiable programming, generative models, statistical approach tomachine learning, and quantum machine learning. © 2022, CC BY.

关键词： Deep learning

Metadata Concepts for Advancing the Use of Digital Health Technologies in Clinical Research

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Digital Biomarkers 2019年第3期3卷 116-132页

作者： Badawy, Reham Hameed, Farhan Bataille, Lauren Little, Max A. Claes, Kasper Saria, Suchi Cedarbaum, Jesse M. Stephenson, Diane Neville, Jon Maetzler, Walter Espay, Alberto J. Bloem, Bastiaan R. Simuni, Tanya Karlin, Daniel R. School of Computer Science University of Birmingham Birmingham United Kingdom Digital Medicine and Pfizer Innovation Research Lab Early Clinical Development Pfizer Inc. CambridgeMA United States College of Computer and Information Science Northeastern University BostonMA United States Analytics Informatics and Business Intelligence Chief Digital Office Pfizer Inc. New YorkNY United States Michael J. Fox Foundation for Parkinson's Research New YorkNY United States Media Lab Massachusetts Institute of Technology CambridgeMA United States UCB Biopharma Brussels Belgium Machine Learning and Healthcare Laboratory Departments of Computer Science Statistics and Health Policy Malone Center for Engineering in Healthcare Armstrong Institute for Patient Safety and Quality Johns Hopkins University BaltimoreMD United States Biogen CambridgeMA United States Critical Path Institute TucsonAZ United States Clinical Data Interchange Standards Consortium AustinTX United States Department of Neurology Christian Albrecht University Kiel Germany James J. and Joan A. Gardner Family Center for Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorders University of Cincinnati CincinnatiOH United States Department of Neurology Donders Institute for Brain Cognition and Behavior Radboud University Medical Center Nijmegen Netherlands Department of Neurology Gardner Center for Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorders UC Gardner Neuroscience Institute University of Cincinnati CincinnatiOH United States Tufts University School of Medicine BostonMA United States HealthMode New YorkNY United States School of Engineering and Applied Science Aston University BirminghamB47ET United Kingdom

Digital health technologies (smartphones, smartwatches, and other body-worn sensors) can act as novel tools to aid in the diagnosis and remote objective monitoring of an individual's disease symptoms, both in clinical care and in research. Nonetheless, such digital health technologies have yet to widely demonstrate value in clinical research due to insufficient data interpretability and lack of regulatory acceptance. Metadata, i.e., data that accompany and describe the primary data, can be utilized to better understand the context of the sensor data and can assist in data management, data sharing, and subsequent data analysis. The need for data and metadata standards for digital health technologies has been raised in academic and industry research communities and has also been noted by regulatory authorities. Therefore, to address this unmet need, we here propose a metadata set that reflects regulatory guidelines and that can serve as a conceptual map to (1) inform researchers on the metadata they should collect in digital health studies, aiming to increase the interpretability and exchangeability of their data, and (2) direct standard development organizations on how to extend their existing standards to incorporate digital health technologies. The proposed metadata set is informed by existing standards pertaining to clinical trials and medical devices, in addition to existing schemas that have supported digital health technology studies. We illustrate this specifically in the context of Parkinson's disease, as a model for a wide range of other chronic conditions for which remote monitoring would be useful in both care and science. We invite the scientific and clinical research communities to apply the proposed metadata set to ongoing and planned research. Where the proposed metadata fall short, we ask users to contribute to its ongoing revision so that an adequate degree of consensus can be maintained in a rapidly evolving technology landscape. © 2019 The Author(s

关键词： Metadata