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A survey of wireless networks for future aerial communications (FACOM)

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arXiv 2021年

作者： Baltaci, Aygün Dinc, Ergin Ozger, Mustafa Alabbasi, Abdulrahman Cavdar, Cicek Schupke, Dominic Airbus Central Research and Technology Taufkirchen82024 Germany Technical University of Munich Department of Informatics Garching85748 Germany The Cavendish Laboratory University of Cambridge CB3 0HE United Kingdom KTH Royal Institute of Technology Stockholm164 40 Sweden The School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science KTH Royal Institute of Technology Stockholm164 40 Sweden Ericsson

Electrification turned over a new leaf in aviation by introducing new types of aerial vehicles along with new means of transportation. Addressing a plethora of use cases, drones are gaining attention in the industry and increasingly appear in the sky. Emerging concepts of flying taxi enable passengers to be transported over several tens of kilometers. Therefore, unmanned traffic management systems are under development to cope with the complexity of future airspace, thereby resulting in unprecedented communication needs. Moreover, the long-term increase in the number of commercial airplanes pushes the limits of voice-oriented communications, and future options such as single-pilot operations demand robust connectivity. In this survey, we provide a comprehensive review and vision for enabling the connectivity applications of aerial vehicles utilizing current and future communication technologies. We begin by categorizing the connectivity use cases per aerial vehicle and analyzing their connectivity requirements. By reviewing more than 500 related studies, we aim for a comprehensive approach to cover wireless communication technologies, and provide an overview of recent findings from the literature toward the possibilities and challenges of employing the wireless communication standards. After analyzing the proposed network architectures, we list the open-source testbed platforms to facilitate future investigations by researchers. This study helped us observe that while numerous works focused on cellular technologies to enable connectivity for aerial platforms, a single wireless technology is not sufficient to meet the stringent connectivity demands of the aerial use cases, especially for the piloting operations. We identified the need of further investigations on multi-technology heterogeneous network architectures to enable robust and real-time connectivity in the sky. Future works should consider suitable technology combinations to develop unified aerial networks t

关键词： Network architecture

Reconfigurable Intelligent Computational Surfaces: When Wave Propagation Control Meets Computing

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arXiv 2022年

作者： Yang, Bo Cao, Xuelin Xu, Jindan Huang, Chongwen Alexandropoulos, George C. Dai, Linglong Debbah, Mérouane Poor, H. Vincent Yuen, Chau The Engineering Product Development Pillar Singapore University of Technology and Design Singapore487372 Singapore The College of Information Science and Electronic Engineering Zhejiang Provincial Key Lab of information processing communication and networking Zhejiang University Hangzhou310007 China International Joint Innovation Center Zhejiang University Haining314400 China The Department of Informatics and Telecommunications National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Athens15784 Greece The Technology Innovation Institute Masdar City Abu Dhabi9639 United Arab Emirates The Department of Electronic Engineering Tsinghua University Beijing100084 China CentraleSupelec University Paris-Saclay Gif-sur-Yvette91192 France Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Princeton University NJ United States

The envisioned sixth-generation (6G) of wireless networks will involve an intelligent integration of communications and computing, thereby meeting the urgent demands of diverse applications. To realize the concept of the smart radio environment, reconfigurable intelligent surfaces (RISs) are a promising technology for offering programmable propagation of impinging electromagnetic signals via external control. However, the purely reflective nature of conventional RISs induces significant challenges in supporting computation-based applications, e.g., wave-based calculation and signal processing. To fulfil future communication and computing requirements, new materials are needed to complement the existing technologies of metasurfaces, enabling further diversification of electronics and their applications. In this event, we introduce the concept of reconfigurable intelligent computational surface (RICS), which is composed of two reconfigurable multifunctional layers: the ‘reconfigurable beamforming layer’ which is responsible for tunable signal reflection, absorption, and refraction, and the ‘intelligence computation layer’ that concentrates on metamaterials-based computing. By exploring the recent trends on computational metamaterials, RICSs have the potential to make joint communication and computation a reality. We further demonstrate two typical applications of RICSs for performing wireless spectrum sensing and secrecy signal processing. Future research challenges arising from the design and operation of RICSs are finally highlighted. Copyright © 2022, The Authors. All rights reserved.

关键词： Metamaterials

Two-dimensional semi-nonnegative matrix factorization for clustering

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arXiv 2020年

作者： Peng, Chong Zhang, Zhilu Kang, Zhao Chen, Chenglizhao Cheng, Qiang College of Computer Science and Technology Qingdao University Qingdao Shandong266000 China School of Computer Science and Engineering University of Electronic Science and Technology of China Chengdu Sichuan611731 China Institute of Biomedical Informatics Department of Computer Science University of Kentucky LexingtonKY40536 United States

In this paper, we propose a new Semi-Nonnegative Matrix Factorization method for 2-dimensional (2D) data, named TS-NMF. It overcomes the drawback of existing methods that seriously damage the spatial information of the data by converting 2D data to vectors in a preprocessing step. In particular, projection matrices are sought under the guidance of building new data representations, such that the spatial information is retained and projections are enhanced by the goal of clustering, which helps construct optimal projection directions. Moreover, to exploit nonlinear structures of the data, manifold is constructed in the projected subspace, which is adaptively updated according to the projections and less afflicted with noise and outliers of the data and thus more representative in the projected space. Hence, seeking projections, building new data representations, and learning manifold are seamlessly integrated in a single model, which mutually enhance other and lead to a powerful data representation. Comprehensive experimental results verify the effectiveness of TS-NMF in comparison with several state-of-the-art algorithms, which suggests high potential of the proposed method for real world applications. Copyright © 2020, The Authors. All rights reserved.

关键词： Clustering algorithms

A comprehensive review of image analysis methods for microorganism counting: From classical image processing to deep learning approaches

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arXiv 2021年

作者： Zhang, Jiawei Li, Chen Rahaman, Md Mamunur Yao, Yudong Ma, Pingli Zhang, Jinghua Zhao, Xin Jiang, Tao Grzegorzek, Marcin Microscopic Image and Medical Image Analysis Group College of Medicine and Biological Information Engineering Northeastern University Shenyang110169 China Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Stevens Institute of Technology Hobo-kenNJ07030 United States School of Resources and Civil Engineering Northeastern University Shenyang110004 China School of Control Engineering Chengdu University of Information Technology Chengdu610225 China Institute of Medical Informatics University of Luebeck Luebeck23538 Germany

Microorganisms such as bacteria and fungi play essential roles in many application fields, like biotechnique, medical technique and industrial domain. Microorganism counting techniques are crucial in microorganism analysis, helping biologists and related researchers quantitatively analyze the microorganisms and calculate their characteristics, such as biomass concentration and biological activity. However, traditional microorganism manual counting methods, such as plate counting method, hemocytometry and turbidimetry, are time-consuming, subjective and need complex operations, which are difficult to be applied in large-scale applications. In order to improve this situation, image analysis is applied for microorganism counting since the 1980s, which consists of digital image processing, image segmentation, image classification and suchlike. Image analysis-based microorganism counting methods are efficient comparing with traditional plate counting methods. In this article, we have studied the development of microorganism counting methods using digital image analysis. Firstly, the microorganisms are grouped as bacteria and other microorganisms. Then, the related articles are summarized based on image segmentation methods. Each part of the article is reviewed by methodologies. Moreover, commonly used image processing methods for microorganism counting are summarized and analyzed to find common technological points. More than 144 papers are outlined in this article. In conclusion, this paper provides new ideas for the future development trend of microorganism counting, and provides systematic suggestions for implementing integrated microorganism counting systems in the future. Researchers in other fields can refer to the techniques analyzed in this paper. © 2021, CC0.

关键词： Image segmentation

Predicting extreme events from data using deep machine learning: When and where

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Physical Review Research 2022年第2期4卷 023028-023028页

作者： Junjie Jiang Zi-Gang Huang Celso Grebogi Ying-Cheng Lai The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education Institute of Health and Rehabilitation Science School of Life Science and Technology Research Center for Brain-inspired Intelligence Xi'an Jiaotong University The Key Laboratory of Neuro-informatics & Rehabilitation Engineering of Ministry of Civil Affairs Xi'an Shaanxi 710049 China School of Electrical Computer and Energy Engineering Arizona State University Tempe Arizona 85287 USA Institute for Complex Systems and Mathematical Biology School of Natural and Computing Sciences King's College University of Aberdeen Aberdeen AB24 3UE United Kingdom Department of Physics Arizona State University Tempe Arizona 85287 USA

We develop a framework based on the deep convolutional neural network (DCNN) for model-free prediction of the occurrence of extreme events both in time (“when”) and in space (“where”) in nonlinear physical systems of spatial dimension two. The measurements or data are a set of two-dimensional snapshots or images. For a desired time horizon of prediction, a proper labeling scheme can be designated to enable successful training of the DCNN and subsequent prediction of extreme events in time. Given that an extreme event has been predicted to occur within the time horizon, a space-based labeling scheme can be applied to predict, within certain resolution, the location at which the event will occur. We use synthetic data from the two-dimensional complex Ginzburg-Landau equation and empirical wind speed data from the North Atlantic Ocean to demonstrate and validate our machine-learning-based prediction framework. The trade-offs among the prediction horizon, spatial resolution, and accuracy are illustrated, and the detrimental effect of spatially biased occurrence of extreme events on prediction accuracy is discussed. The deep learning framework is viable for predicting extreme events in the real world.

关键词： Machine learning Spatiotemporal chaos Artificial neural networks Extreme event statistics

SELFIES and the future of molecular string representations

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arXiv 2022年

作者： Krenn, Mario Ai, Qianxiang Barthel, Senja Carson, Nessa Frei, Angelo Frey, Nathan C. Friederich, Pascal Gaudin, Théophile Gayle, Alberto Alexander Jablonka, Kevin Maik Lameiro, Rafael F. Lemm, Dominik Lo, Alston Moosavi, Seyed Mohamad Nápoles-Duarte, José Manuel Nigam, AkshatKumar Pollice, Robert Rajan, Kohulan Schatzschneider, Ulrich Schwaller, Philippe Skreta, Marta Smit, Berend Strieth-Kalthoff, Felix Sun, Chong Tom, Gary von Rudorff, Guido Falk Wang, Andrew White, Andrew Young, Adamo Yu, Rose Aspuru-Guzik, Alán Erlangen Germany Department of Chemistry Fordham University The Bronx New York United States Department of Mathematics Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam Amsterdam Netherlands Syngenta Jealott’s Hill International Research Centre Bracknell Berkshire United Kingdom Department of Chemistry Imperial College London Molecular Sciences Research Hub White City Campus Wood Lane London United Kingdom Massachusetts Institute of Technology CambridgeMA United States Institute of Theoretical Informatics Karlsruhe Institute of Technology Karlsruhe Germany Institute of Nanotechnology Karlsruhe Institute of Technology Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Germany Department of Computer Science University of Toronto Canada IBM Research Europe Zürich Switzerland Unaffiliated Sapporo Japan Sion Valais Switzerland Medicinal and Biological Chemistry Group São Carlos Institute of Chemistry University of São Paulo São Paulo Brazil Faculty of Physics University of Vienna Vienna Austria Department of Mathematics and Computer Science Freie Universität Berlin Berlin Germany Facultad de Ciencias Químicas Universidad Autónoma de Chihuahua Chihuahua Mexico Department of Computer Science Stanford University CA United States Chemical Physics Theory Group Department of Chemistry University of Toronto Canada Institute for Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry Friedrich-Schiller Universität Jena Jena Germany Institut für Anorganische Chemie Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg Würzburg Germany Lausanne Switzerland Lausanne Switzerland Vector Institute for Artificial Intelligence Toronto Canada Solar Fuels Group Department of Chemistry University of Toronto Canada Department of Chemical Engineering University of Rochester United States Department of Computer Science and Engineering University of California San Diego United States Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry University of Toronto Canada Department of Materials Science University of Toronto Canada Toronto

Artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) are expanding in popularity for broad applications to challenging tasks in chemistry and materials science. Examples include the prediction of properties, the discovery of new reaction pathways, or the design of new molecules. The machine needs to read and write fluently in a chemical language for each of these tasks. Strings are a common tool to represent molecular graphs, and the most popular molecular string representation, SMILES, has powered cheminformatics since the late 1980s. However, in the context of AI and ML in chemistry, SMILES has several shortcomings – most pertinently, most combinations of symbols lead to invalid results with no valid chemical interpretation. To overcome this issue, a new language for molecules was introduced in 2020 that guarantees 100% robustness: SELFIES (SELF-referencIng Embedded Strings). SELFIES has since simplified and enabled numerous new applications in chemistry. In this manuscript, we look to the future and discuss molecular string representations, along with their respective opportunities and challenges. We propose 16 concrete Future Projects for robust molecular representations. These involve the extension toward new chemical domains, exciting questions at the interface of AI and robust languages, and interpretability for both humans and machines. We hope that these proposals will inspire several follow-up works exploiting the full potential of molecular string representations for the future of AI in chemistry and materials science. © 2022, CC BY.

关键词： Molecules

Transformers in Medical Image Analysis: A Review

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arXiv 2022年

作者： He, Kelei Gan, Chen Li, Zhuoyuan Rekik, Islem Yin, Zihao Ji, Wen Gao, Yang Wang, Qian Zhang, Junfeng Shen, Dinggang Medical School of Nanjing University Nanjing China National Institute of Healthcare Data Science Nanjing University Nanjing China State Key Laboratory for Novel Software Technology Nanjing University Nanjing China BASIRA Lab Faculty of Computer and Informatics Engineering Istanbul Technical University Istanbul Turkey School of Science and Engineering Computing University of Dundee United Kingdom School of Biomedical Engineering ShanghaiTech University Shanghai China Department of Research and Development Shanghai United Imaging Intelligence Co. Ltd. Shanghai China

Transformers have dominated the field of natural language processing, and recently impacted the computer vision area. In the field of medical image analysis, Transformers have also been successfully applied to full-stack clinical applications, including image synthesis/reconstruction, registration, segmentation, detection, and diagnosis. Our paper aims to promote awareness and application of Transformers in the field of medical image analysis. Specifically, we first overview the core concepts of the attention mechanism built into Transformers and other basic components. Second, we review various Transformer architectures tailored for medical image applications and discuss their limitations. Within this review, we investigate key challenges revolving around the use of Transformers in different learning paradigms, improving the model efficiency, and their coupling with other techniques. We hope this review can give a comprehensive picture of Transformers to the readers in the field of medical image analysis. © 2022, CC BY-SA.

关键词： Diagnosis

Global, regional, and national age-sex-specific burden of diarrhoeal diseases, their risk factors, and aetiologies, 1990-2021, for 204 countries and territories: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021

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LANCET INFEctiOUS DISEASES 2025年第5期25卷 519-536页

作者： Kyu, Hmwe Hmwe Vongpradith, Avina Dominguez, Regina-Mae Villanueva Ma, Jianing Albertson, Samuel B. Novotney, Amanda Khalil, Ibrahim A. Troeger, Christopher E. Doxey, Matthew C. Ledesma, Jorge R. Sirota, Sarah Brooke Bender, Rose Grace Swetschinski, Lucien R. Cunningham, Matthew Spearman, Sandra Abate, Yohannes Habtegiorgis Abd Al Magied, Abdallah H. A. Abd ElHafeez, Samar Abdoun, Meriem Abera, Bayeh Abidi, Hassan Aboagye, Richard Gyan Abtew, Yonas Derso Abualruz, Hasan Abu-Gharbieh, Eman Abukhadijah, Hana J. Aburuz, Salahdein Addo, Isaac Yeboah Adekanmbi, Victor Adetunji, Charles Oluwaseun Oluwaseun Adeyeoluwa, Temitayo Esther Adhikary, Ripon Kumar Adnani, Qorinah Estiningtyas Sakilah Adra, Saryia Adzigbli, Leticia Akua Afolabi, Aanuoluwapo Adeyimika Afzal, Muhammad Sohail Afzal, Saira Agampodi, Suneth Buddhika Agide, Feleke Doyore Ahinkorah, Bright Opoku Ahmad, Aqeel Ahmad, Sajjad Ahmed, Ali Ahmed, Ayman Ahmed, Haroon Ahmed, Saeed Akinosoglou, Karolina Akter, Ema Al Awaidy, Salah Alajlani, Muaaz M. Alam, Khurshid Albakri, Almaza Albashtawy, Mohammed Aldhaleei, Wafa A. Algammal, Abdelazeem M. Al-Gheethi, Adel Ali Saeed Ali, Abid Syed Shujait Ali Ali, Waad Alif, Sheikh Mohammad Aljunid, Syed Mohamed Al-Marwani, Sabah Almazan, Joseph Uy Al-Mekhlafi, Hesham M. Almustanyir, Sami Alqahatni, Saleh A. Alrawashdeh, Ahmad Al-Rifai, Rami H. Alsabri, Mohammed A. Altaf, Awais Altirkawi, Khalid A. Alvis-Guzman, Nelson Alvis-Zakzuk, Nelson J. Alyahya, Mohammad Sharif Ibrahim Al-Zyoud, Walid A. Amugsi, Dickson A. Andrei, Catalina Liliana Antoni, Sebastien Anuoluwa, Boluwatife Stephen Anuoluwa, Iyadunni Adesola Anwari, Saleha Anwar Palwasha Apostol, Geminn Louis Carace Arabloo, Jalal Arafat, Mosab Aravkin, Aleksandr Y. Areda, Demelash Aregawi, Brhane Berhe Aremu, Abdulfatai Arndt, Michael Benjamin Asgedom, Akeza Awealom Ashraf, Tahira Athari, Seyyed Shamsadin Atreya, Alok Ayele, Firayad Azadi, Davood Azhar, Gulrez Shah Aziz, Shahkaar Azzam, Ahmed Y. Babu, Giridhara Rathnaiah Taghanaki, Pegah Bahrami Bahramian, Saeed Balakrishna Department of Health Metrics Sciences School of Medicine Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation University of Washington Seattle 98195 WA United States Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation University of Washington Seattle WA United States Department of Health Metrics Sciences School of Medicine University of Washington Seattle WA United States Center for Biostatistics Ohio State University Columbus OH United States Department of Global Health University of Washington Seattle WA United States Urban Indian Health Institute Seattle Indian Health Board Seattle WA United States School of Medicine Yale University New Haven CT United States Department of Clinical Governance and Quality Improvement Aleta Wondo General Hospital Aleta Wondo Ethiopia College of Pharmacy Ajman University Ajman United Arab Emirates Department of Epidemiology Alexandria University Alexandria Egypt Department of Medicine University of Sétif Algeria Sétif Algeria Department of Health Sétif Algeria Department of Medical Microbiology Bahir Dar University Bahir Dar Ethiopia Department of Biology Ghent University Ghent Belgium Laboratory Technology Sciences Department Yasuj University of Medical Sciences Yasuj Iran Department of Family and Community Health University of Health and Allied Sciences Ho Ghana Department of Biomedical Science Arba Minch University Arba Minch Ethiopia Department of Nursing Al Zaytoonah University of Jordan Amman Jordan Amman Jordan Department of Clinical Sciences Sharjah United Arab Emirates Department of Biopharmaceutics and Clinical Pharmacy University of Jordan Amman Jordan Medical Research Center-Academic Health System Hamad Medical Corporation Doha Qatar College of Pharmacy University of Jordan Amman Jordan Department of Therapeutics United Arab Emirates University Al Ain United Arab Emirates School of Medicine University of Sydney Sydney NSW Australia Centre for Social Research in Health University of New South Wales Syd

Background Diarrhoeal diseases claim more than 1 million lives annually and are a leading cause of death in children younger than 5 years. Comprehensive global estimates of the diarrhoeal disease burden for specific age groups of children younger than 5 years are scarce, and the burden in children older than 5 years and in adults is also understudied. We used results from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2021 to assess the burden of, and trends in, diarrhoeal diseases overall and attributable to 13 pathogens, as well as the contributions of associated risk factors, in children and adults in 204 countries and territories from 1990 to 2021. Methods We used the Cause of Death Ensemble modelling strategy to analyse vital registration data, verbal autopsy data, mortality surveillance data, and minimally invasive tissue sampling data. We used DisMod-MR (version 2.1), a Bayesian meta-regression tool, to analyse incidence and prevalence data identified via systematic reviews, population-based surveys, and claims and inpatient data. We calculated diarrhoeal disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) as the sum of years of life lost (YLLs) and years lived with disability (YLDs) for each location, year, and age-sex group. For aetiology estimation, we used a counterfactual approach to quantify population-attributable fractions (PAFs). Additionally, we estimated the diarrhoeal disease burden attributable to the independent effects of risk factors using the comparative risk assessment framework. Findings In 2021, diarrhoeal diseases caused an estimated 1.17 million (95% uncertainty interval 0.793-1.62) deaths globally, representing a 60.3% (50.6-69.0) decrease since 1990 (2.93 million [2.31-3.73] deaths). The most pronounced decline was in children younger than 5 years, with a 79.2% (72.4-84.6) decrease in diarrhoeal deaths. Global YLLs also decreased substantially, from 186 million (147-221) in 1990 to 51.4 million (39.9-65.9) in 2021. In 2021, an esti

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Air Pollution and Cardiorespiratory Hospitalization, Modeling and Analysis Using Artificial Intelligence Techniques

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Research Square

Research Square 2021年

作者： Usmani, Raja Sher Afgun Pillai, Thulasyammal Ramiah Hashem, Ibrahim Abaker Targio Marjani, Mohsen Shaharudin, Rafiza Binti Latif, Mohd Talib School of Computer Science and Engineering Taylor’s University Selangor Malaysia College of Computing and Informatics Department of Computer Science University of Sharjah Sharjah27272 United Arab Emirates Institute for Medical Research Environmental Health Research Centre Occupational Health Unit Jalan Pahang Kuala Lumpur50588 Malaysia Department of Earth Sciences and Environment Faculty of Science and Technology Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Selangor Bangi43600 Malaysia

Air pollution has a serious and adverse effect on human health, and it has become a risk to human welfare and health throughout the globe. In this paper, we present the modeling and analysis of air pollution and cardiorespiratory hospitalization. This study aims to investigate the association between cardiorespiratory hospitalization and air pollution, and predict cardiorespiratory hospitalization based on air pollution using the Artificial Intelligence (AI) techniques. We propose the Enhanced Long Short-Term Memory (ELSTM) model and provide a comparison with other AI techniques, i.e., Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM), Deep Learning (DL), and Vector Autoregressive (VAR). This study was conducted at seven study locations in Klang Valley, Malaysia. The prediction results show that the ELSTM model performed significantly better than other models in all study locations, with the best RMSE scores in Klang study location (ELSTM: 0.002, LSTM: 0.013, DL: 0.006, VAR: 0.066). The results also indicated that the proposed ELSTM model was able to detect and predict the trends of monthly hospitalization significantly better than the LSTM and other models in the study. Hence, we can conclude that we can utilize AI techniques to accurately predict cardiorespiratory hospitalization based on air pollution in Klang Valley, Malaysia. © 2021, CC BY.

关键词： Long short-term memory