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VmPTP: Precise Time Protocol for Inter-VM Communication in Embedded Virtualized Systems

IEEE Transactions on computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems 2025年第3期44卷 897-910页

作者： Zhao, Sirong Xie, Guoqi Ma, Wenhong Ren, Wei Li, Kenli Hunan University Key Laboratory for Embedded and Network Computing of Hunan Province College of Computer Science and Electronic Engineering Hunan Changsha410082 China Huawei Technology Co. Ltd. Central Software Institute Guangdong Shenzhen518129 China

System virtualization techniques are gradually applied to embedded systems with the performance improvement of embedded devices;however, there is a large time offset (i.e., deviation) of hundreds of ms between virtual machines (VMs) due to the drift of the virtualization abstraction layer and the jitter phenomenon. It is urgent to significantly reduce this offset by time synchronization techniques. Unfortunately, the current mainstream time synchronization software (e.g., Chrony and LinuxPTP) cannot be used in the embedded virtualized system connected by the fieldbus, such as controller area network (CAN);meanwhile, drift correction-based time synchronization techniques dedicated to CAN bus cannot be utilized for virtualized systems. In this study, we design a general vmPTP, which is a precise time protocol (PTP) for inter-VM communication in embedded virtualized systems based on Linux kernel-based VM (KVM). This is the first time synchronization work focused on embedded virtualized systems. We implement two vmPTP versions based on VirtIO and inter-VM shared memory (IVSHMEM) according to the four message (i.e., packet) exchanges of PTP. We propose an asymmetry compensation strategy to solve the problem of asymmetric rate of I/O operations in the message exchange process, which optimizes the offset computation. We further produce a convergence stopping approach which can continuously converge the offset until the offset is within the given bound and stop. We conduct experimental evaluations on both X86-64 and ARM64 architectures. For two versions of vmPTP, the experimental results show that: 1) the offsets are always within 1μ s on two architectures;2) the offsets are less than that of LinuxPTP and Chrony;and 3) the vmPTP's CPU and memory utilization on the X86-64 architecture are merely 0.3% and 0.1%, respectively, whereas those on the ARM64 architecture are 3.8% and 0.1%, respectively. We experiment with vmPTP in real-time application and the result demonstrates th

关键词： Linux

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A Credible and Fair Federated Learning Framework Based on Blockchain

IEEE Transactions on Artificial Intelligence

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IEEE Transactions on Artificial Intelligence 2025年第2期6卷 301-316页

作者： Chen, Leiming Zhao, Dehai Tao, Liping Wang, Kai Qiao, Sibo Zeng, Xingjie Tan, Chee Wei China University of Petroleum School of Computer Science and Technology East China Qingdao266580 China CSIRO's Data61 Sydney2015 Australia Hefei University of Technology Anhui230009 China Nanyang Technological University School of Computer Science and Engineering Singapore639798 Singapore Tiangong University School of Software Tianjin300387 China Southwest Petroleum University School of Computer Science Chengdu610500 China

Federated learning (FL) enables cooperative computation between multiple participants while protecting user privacy. Currently, FL algorithms assume that all participants are trustworthy and their systems are secure. However, the following problems arise in real-world scenarios: 1) Malicious clients disrupt FL through model poisoning and data poisoning attacks. Although some research has proposed secure aggregation methods to solve this problem, most methods have limitations. 2) The current method cannot fairly evaluate client contribution in some scenarios. Some clients exhibit free-rider behavior, seeking to cheat the reward system and manipulate global models. Evaluating client contribution and distributing rewards also present challenges. To address these challenges, we design a trustworthy federated framework to ensure secure computing throughout the federated task process. First, we propose a method of detecting malicious models to guarantee secure model aggregation. Then, we propose a fair method of assessing contribution to identify client-side free-riding behavior. Finally, we implement a computation process based on blockchain and smart contracts to guarantee the trustworthiness and fairness of federated tasks. To validate the performance of our framework, we simulate different types of client attacks and contribution evaluation scenarios on several open-source datasets. The experiments show that our framework ensures the credibility of federated tasks and achieves a fair evaluation of client contributions. © 2020 IEEE.

关键词： Blockchain

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Enhanced Reversible Data Hiding in Encrypted Images by Pixel Shifting 16

Enhanced Reversible Data Hiding in Encrypted Images by Pixel...

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2024 16th International Conference on Graphics and Image Processing, ICGIP 2024

作者： Yang, Ching-Nung Lu, Yu-Quan Liu, Shu-Yu Xiong, Lizhi Dept. of Computer Sci. and Inf. Engineering National Dong Hwa University Hualien Taiwan School of Computer and Software Nanjing University of Inf. Sci. & Technology Nanjing China

ISBN: (数字)9781510688780

ISBN: (纸本)9781510688773

Reversible data hiding (RDH) is one special type of data hiding, and is widely used for many intended applications. Moreover, to protect the cover image, RDH in encrypted image (RDHEI) is accordingly proposed. With the reversibility and hiding data in encrypted image, RDHEI has potential utility in fields such as military and medical image transmission, and forensic analysis. Recently, Panchikkil et al. propose a RDHEI by using pixel swapping (RDHE-PSW) to swap some pixels in a block. The pixel swapping does not change pixel values, and thus Panchikkil et al.’s RDHEI-PSW can retain entropy and histogram. The smoothness of a block is calculated to extract the hidden bits and meantime recover the cover image. Panchikkil et al.’s RDHEI-PSW only hides two secret bits in every block. Recently, Kim et al. use pixel shifting (PSH), a circular right shift on a block, instead of pixel swapping to propose a RDHEI-PSH. In this paper, we still adopt PSH approach but use it in a different way (a modified PSH) to propose an enhanced RDHEI-PSH with a higher embedding capacity than Kim et al.’s RDHEI-PSH. Our enhanced RDHEI-PSH double the patterns on a block, on which we can embed more secret bits. Experimental results demonstrate that our enhanced RDHEI-PSH surpasses Panchikkil et al.’s RDHEI-PSW and Kim et al.’s RDHEI-PSH. © 2025 SPIE.

关键词： Military photography

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How to Securely Outsource the Multiple Kernel Fuzzy Clustering Task in Edge Computing

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IEEE Internet of Things Journal 2025年第11期12卷 16451-16466页

作者： Sun, Xinrong Tao, Yunting Kong, Fanyu Yu, Qian Ge, Chunpeng Xu, Qiuliang Zhang, Hanlin Binzhou Polytechnic College of Information Engineering Shandong Binzhou256603 China Shandong University School of Software Jinan250101 China Shandong Sansec Information Technology Co. Ltd Jinan250101 China Singapore Singapore Qingdao University College of Computer Science and Technology Qingdao266071 China

For the huge amount of data from the Internet of Things (IoT) devices, multiple kernel learning is a widely concerned issue in data analyzing, among which the multiple kernel fuzzy clustering (MKFC) algorithm is an effective approach for extracting linear features in high-dimensional space. For a time-consuming multiple kernel clustering task, it's meaningful to find a secure and efficient outsourcing scheme in the edge-end collaborative architecture, which utilizes edge computing resources while resisting untrusted edge servers. However, existing secure outsourcing schemes cannot align well with the distributed and real-Time characteristics of edge computing due to their complex encryption processes. In this paper, we propose a secure multiple kernel fuzzy clustering outsourcing scheme based on a novel matrix blinding method. The proposed novel matrix blinding method conducts two related encryption operations with disturbance terms, which avoids specific disturbance elimination computations, to reduce the computational burdens in the decryption phase. Additionally, we introduce a sampling verification method to detect the server's deceptive behaviors. The theoretical analysis demonstrates that our scheme guarantees data privacy and has the capability to verify incorrect results. The experimental results indicate that our scheme is 6.73% superior to other schemes on average when conducting matrix outsourcing computation and enhances the efficiency of conducting the MKFC algorithm by 10.44% to 55.70% on different datasets. © 2014 IEEE.

关键词： Differential privacy

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YFLM: An Improved Levenberg-Marquardt Algorithm for Global Bundle Adjustment 41st

YFLM: An Improved Levenberg-Marquardt Algorithm for Global ...

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41st computer Graphics International Conference, CGI 2024

作者： Peng, Jiaxin Li, Tao Jiang, Qin Liu, Jie Wang, Ruibo Laboratory of Software Engineering for Complex Systems School of Computer Science National University of Defense Technology Hunan Changsha410073 China Parallel and Distributed Processing Laboratory School of Computer Science National University of Defense Technology Hunan Changsha410073 China

ISBN: (纸本)9783031820205

The conventional Levenberg-Marquardt (LM) algorithm is a state-of-the-art trust-region optimization method for solving bundle adjustment problems in the Structure-from-Motion community, which not only takes advantage of the fast convergence of the Gauss-Newton method, but also the stability of the gradient descent method when approaching optimal solutions. However, the damping ratio of LM is simply provided by trial-and-error, which causes slow convergence rate for large-scale problems. This paper proposes the Yamashita-Fukushima LM (YFLM) algorithm to reduce the time complexity for global bundle adjustment, where the damping factor is determined by Yamashita and Fukushima’s method. YFLM dynamically calculates a more reasonable and optimal damping ratio according to the newest reprojection error. The experimental results show that the YFLM algorithm outperforms the conventional LM algorithm for most public bundle adjustment datasets. Besides this, the convergence of the YFLM algorithm is also evaluated with different σ∈(0,2]. © The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2025.

关键词： Damping

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Lightweight Deep Convolutional Neural Network for Pavement Crack Recognition with Explainability Analysis 1st

Lightweight Deep Convolutional Neural Network for Pavement ...

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1st International Conference on Intelligent Systems, Blockchain, and Communication Technologies, ISBCom 2024

作者： Gulfam, Muhammad Seals, Cheryl D. Vargas-Nordcbeck, Adriana Dozier, Gerry V. Computer Science and Software Engineering Auburn University AuburnAL United States National Center for Asphalt Technology Auburn University AuburnAL36849 United States

ISBN: (纸本)9783031823763

Pavement crack detection is an integral part of maintaining pavements. Identifying the pavement areas that require maintenance through manual processes is a laborious and time-consuming task. Latest researches have employed machine learning and deep learning to devise automatic and semi-automatic solutions for pavement distress detection. In this research, we propose a lightweight deep convolutional neural network (DCNN) model for crack recognition in pavement images, with 20 times fewer parameters than ResNet34 model. The model was tested on three public datasets that include Concrete Crack Images for Classification (CCIC) dataset, Sharif University of technology Crack (SUT-Crack) dataset, and bridge crack detection dataset. The model obtained an average F1-score of 99.98%, 98.75% and 100% on the above-mentioned datasets respectively. We also tested the model on our own dataset that has pavement images with finer cracks which are harder to detect. Our dataset consists of 5,506 images in total. The model obtained 89.13% average F1-score. We explored the transfer learning technique on the proposed model as well. We fine-tuned the model (pre-trained on CCIC dataset) on our dataset which improved the results by 6.34% and increased the average F1-score to 95.47%. The model shows good generalizability with just a little over a million trainable parameters. Model explainability analysis using Captum AI library confirmed that the model is focusing on the cracked sections of the pavement images to classify the images as cracked. Having relevant areas of the image contribute more toward the prediction increases the confidence in the model. © The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2025.

关键词： Convolutional neural networks

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Multispectral Images and IoT Based Tea Plantation Monitoring: A Proposed System Architecture 5

Multispectral Images and IoT Based Tea Plantation Monitoring...

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5th International Conference on Advanced Research in Computing, ICARC 2025

作者： Kariyawasam, K.P.W.D.V. Kahandagamage, P.N. Fernando, M.R.R. Fernandopulle, J.M. Jayasinghearachchi, Vishan Dissanayaka, Kapila Dept. of Software Engineering Sri Lanka Dept. of Information Technology Sri Lanka Dept. of Computer Science Sri Lanka

ISBN: (纸本)9798331530983

In recent years, the Sri Lankan tea industry has fallen behind its competitors in the global tea market. This decline is caused by the challenges in productivity and resource management due to the limitations of traditional crop monitoring methods. This study presents a prototype system architecture that integrates multispectral imagery and IoT technologies to enhance plantation monitoring. The proposed system uses drones to capture high-resolution multispectral images and IoT devices to collect real-time environmental data, providing a comprehensive approach to assessing plant yield and detecting stress. Built on a hexagonal architecture, the system emphasizes modularity, reliability, and scalability by ensuring a clear separation of core functionalities from external components. This design facilitates easy adaptation to various crop types and agricultural contexts, enabling flexibility in deployment and use. This flexible framework can serve as a blueprint for improving decision-making and management practices across diverse plantation environments. © 2025 IEEE.

关键词： Risk perception

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Energy Oriented Three-Tier Computation Offloading Scheme in Maritime Edge Computing Network

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IEEE Transactions on Vehicular technology 2025年第5期74卷 8126-8140页

作者： Zhang, Hongxia Xi, Shiyu Shang, Bodong Zhang, Peiying Wu, Sheng Jiang, Chunxiao Qingdao Institute of Software College of Computer Science and Technology Qingdao266580 China Eastern Institute of Technology Eastern Institute for Advanced Study Ningbo315200 China Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications School of Information and Communication Engineering Beijing100876 China Tsinghua University Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology Beijing100084 China

With the development of maritime continuing to grow, large-scale maritime wireless devices (MWDs) are being deployed for various maritime applications. The rapid development of maritime Internet of Things (IoT) and growing demand for these applications have led to an increasing number of computation-intensive and resource-sensitive tasks. Considering the limited computing capacity and energy of MWDs, it is challenging to transmit and process massive maritime computing tasks in an energy efficient manner. In this paper, we propose a three-tier maritime edge computing system in which low earth orbit (LEO) satellite and offshore base station (OBS) support to provide communication and computing services for MWDs. The system optimizes association variable, task partitioning, transmission power, and computing resource allocation to reduce system energy consumption under latency constraints. The optimization problem is formulated as a mixed integer non-linear programming (MINLP) optimization problem. We decompose the original problem into four subproblems and design algorithms to solve them. Firstly, the association variable optimization subproblem is solved by slack variable method. Then, we adopt quadratic transformation and design a difference of convex algorithm to solve transmission power optimization subproblem. Further, task partitioning subproblem is solved by obtaining upper and lower bounds of offloading task size by strict deduction, and then solved by the standard convex method. Finally, Lagrangian dual method is utilized to deal with joint computing resource optimization subproblem of LEO satellite and OBS. In simulation results, the proposed algorithm saves 39.3% of system energy consumption compared to benchmark schemes. © 1967-2012 IEEE.

关键词： Computation offloading

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MULTI-TARGET VITAL SIGN DETECTION BY FUSION OF BIOLOGICAL RADAR AND CONVOLUTIONAL NEURAL NETWORK

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Scalable Computing 2025年第3期26卷 1496-1503页

作者： Yuan, Hongbin Yuan†, Chenyao Cao, Huiqun School of Telecommunications and Intelligent Manufacturing Sias University Henan Zhengzhou451150 China School of Computer and Software Engineering Sias University Zhengzhou451150 China Academic Affairs Office of Kaifeng Modern Technology Secondary Vocational School Henan Kaifeng475000 China

In order to address the increasing demand for vital sign detection, the author proposes a multi-target vital sign detection research that combines biological radar and convolutional neural network. Based on the fundamental architecture of convolutional neural networks (CNNs), the author combines classification-based CNN object detection techniques to develop a biological radar multi-target vital sign detection platform. The feasibility of this approach is confirmed through experiments, demonstrating the integration of biological radar and CNNs for multi-target vital sign detection. The experimental results indicate that the biological radar achieves a recognition accuracy of 96.1%, proving the effectiveness of the biological radar detection algorithm. The research on multi-target vital sign detection based on the fusion of biological radar and convolutional neural network is an effective auxiliary method that can provide reference for relevant researchers. © 2025 SCPE.

关键词： Convolutional neural networks

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A New Cybersecurity Approach Enhanced by xAI-Derived Rules to Improve Network Intrusion Detection and SIEM

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computers, Materials & Continua 2025年第5期83卷 1607-1621页

作者： Federica Uccello Marek Pawlicki Salvatore D'Antonio RafałKozik MichałChoras Centro Direzionale Department of EngineeringUniversity of Naples‘Parthenope’Isola C4Napoli80133Italy Department of Computer and Information Science Software and SystemsLinköping UniversityLinköping58183Sweden ITTI Sp.z o.o. Pozna´n61-612Poland Faculty of Telecommunications Computer Science and Electrical EngineeringBydgoszcz University of Science and TechnologyBydgoszcz85-796Poland

The growing sophistication of cyberthreats,among others the Distributed Denial of Service attacks,has exposed limitations in traditional rule-based Security Information and Event Management *** machine learning–based intrusion detection systems can capture complex network behaviours,their“black-box”nature often limits trust and actionable insight for security *** study introduces a novel approach that integrates Explainable Artificial Intelligence—xAI—with the Random Forest classifier to derive human-interpretable rules,thereby enhancing the detection of Distributed Denial of Service(DDoS)*** proposed framework combines traditional static rule formulation with advanced xAI techniques—SHapley Additive exPlanations and Scoped Rules-to extract decision criteria from a fully trained *** methodology was validated on two benchmark datasets,CICIDS2017 and *** rules were evaluated against conventional Security Information and Event Management Systems rules with metrics such as precision,recall,accuracy,balanced accuracy,and Matthews Correlation *** results demonstrate that xAI-derived rules consistently outperform traditional static ***,the most refined xAI-generated rule achieved near-perfect performance with significantly improved detection of DDoS traffic while maintaining high accuracy in classifying benign traffic across both datasets.

关键词： Cybersecurity explainable artificial intelligence intrusion detection system rule-based SIEM distributed denial of service

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