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AI recognition of patient race in medical imaging: a modelling study

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The Lancet Digital Health 2022年第6期4卷 e406-e414页

作者： Gichoya, Judy Wawira Banerjee, Imon Bhimireddy, Ananth Reddy Burns, John L Celi, Leo Anthony Chen, Li-Ching Correa, Ramon Dullerud, Natalie Ghassemi, Marzyeh Huang, Shih-Cheng Kuo, Po-Chih Lungren, Matthew P Palmer, Lyle J Price, Brandon J Purkayastha, Saptarshi Pyrros, Ayis T Oakden-Rayner, Lauren Okechukwu, Chima Seyyed-Kalantari, Laleh Trivedi, Hari Wang, Ryan Zaiman, Zachary Zhang, Haoran Department of Radiology Emory University Atlanta GA United States Department of Computer Science Emory University Atlanta GA United States School of Computing Informatics and Decision Systems Engineering Arizona State University Tempe AZ United States School of Informatics and Computing Indiana University–Purdue University Indianapolis IN United States Institute for Medical Engineering and Science Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge MA United States Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge MA United States Department of Medicine Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center Boston MA United States Department of Computer Science National Tsing Hua University Hsinchu Taiwan Department of Computer Science University of Toronto Toronto ON Canada Stanford University School of Medicine Palo Alto CA United States Australian Institute for Machine Learning University of Adelaide Adelaide SA Australia School of Public Health University of Adelaide Adelaide SA Australia Florida State University College of Medicine Tallahassee FL United States Dupage Medical Group Hinsdale IL United States Department of Computer Science Georgia Institute of Technology Atlanta GA United States Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute Sinai Health Toronto ON Canada Vector Institute for Artificial Intelligence Toronto ON Canada

Background: Previous studies in medical imaging have shown disparate abilities of artificial intelligence (AI) to detect a person's race, yet there is no known correlation for race on medical imaging that would be obvious to human experts when interpreting the images. We aimed to conduct a comprehensive evaluation of the ability of AI to recognise a patient's racial identity from medical images. Methods: Using private (Emory CXR, Emory Chest CT, Emory Cervical Spine, and Emory Mammogram) and public (MIMIC-CXR, CheXpert, National Lung Cancer Screening Trial, RSNA Pulmonary Embolism CT, and Digital Hand Atlas) datasets, we evaluated, first, performance quantification of deep learning models in detecting race from medical images, including the ability of these models to generalise to external environments and across multiple imaging modalities. Second, we assessed possible confounding of anatomic and phenotypic population features by assessing the ability of these hypothesised confounders to detect race in isolation using regression models, and by re-evaluating the deep learning models by testing them on datasets stratified by these hypothesised confounding variables. Last, by exploring the effect of image corruptions on model performance, we investigated the underlying mechanism by which AI models can recognise race. Findings: In our study, we show that standard AI deep learning models can be trained to predict race from medical images with high performance across multiple imaging modalities, which was sustained under external validation conditions (x-ray imaging [area under the receiver operating characteristics curve (AUC) range 0·91–0·99], CT chest imaging [0·87–0·96], and mammography [0·81]). We also showed that this detection is not due to proxies or imaging-related surrogate covariates for race (eg, performance of possible confounders: body-mass index [AUC 0·55], disease distribution [0·61], and breast density [0·61]). Finally, we provide evidence to show that t

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Eye tracking: empirical foundations for a minimal reporting guideline

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Behavior research methods 2023年第1期55卷 364-416页

作者： Kenneth Holmqvist Saga Lee Örbom Ignace T C Hooge Diederick C Niehorster Robert G Alexander Richard Andersson Jeroen S Benjamins Pieter Blignaut Anne-Marie Brouwer Lewis L Chuang Kirsten A Dalrymple Denis Drieghe Matt J Dunn Ulrich Ettinger Susann Fiedler Tom Foulsham Jos N van der Geest Dan Witzner Hansen Samuel B Hutton Enkelejda Kasneci Alan Kingstone Paul C Knox Ellen M Kok Helena Lee Joy Yeonjoo Lee Jukka M Leppänen Stephen Macknik Päivi Majaranta Susana Martinez-Conde Antje Nuthmann Marcus Nyström Jacob L Orquin Jorge Otero-Millan Soon Young Park Stanislav Popelka Frank Proudlock Frank Renkewitz Austin Roorda Michael Schulte-Mecklenbeck Bonita Sharif Frederick Shic Mark Shovman Mervyn G Thomas Ward Venrooij Raimondas Zemblys Roy S Hessels Department of Psychology Nicolaus Copernicus University Torun Poland. kenneth.holmqvist@ur.de. Department of Computer Science and Informatics University of the Free State Bloemfontein South Africa. kenneth.holmqvist@ur.de. Department of Psychology Regensburg University Regensburg Germany. kenneth.holmqvist@ur.de. Department of Psychology Regensburg University Regensburg Germany. Experimental Psychology Helmholtz Institute Utrecht University Utrecht The Netherlands. Lund University Humanities Lab and Department of Psychology Lund University Lund Sweden. Department of Ophthalmology SUNY Downstate Health Sciences University Brooklyn NY USA. Tobii Pro AB Danderyd Sweden. Social Health and Organizational Psychology Utrecht University Utrecht The Netherlands. Department of Computer Science and Informatics University of the Free State Bloemfontein South Africa. TNO Soesterberg The Netherlands. Department of Ergonomics Leibniz Institute for Working Environments and Human Factors Dortmund Germany. Institute of Informatics LMU Munich Munich Germany. Institute of Child Development University of Minnesota Minneapolis USA. School of Psychology University of Southampton Southampton UK. School of Optometry and Vision Sciences Cardiff University Cardiff UK. Department of Psychology University of Bonn Bonn Germany. Vienna University of Economics and Business Vienna Austria. Department of Psychology University of Essex Essex UK. Department of Neuroscience Erasmus MC Rotterdam The Netherlands. Machine Learning Group Department of Computer Science IT University of Copenhagen Copenhagen Denmark. SR Research Ltd Ottawa Canada. Human-Computer Interaction University of Tübingen Tübingen Germany. University of British Columbia Columbia Canada. Department of Eye and Vision Science Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences University of Liverpool Liverpool UK. Department of Education and Pedagogy Division Education Faculty of Social and Behavioral Sciences Ut

In this paper, we present a review of how the various aspects of any study using an eye tracker (such as the instrument, methodology, environment, participant, etc.) affect the quality of the recorded eye-tracking data and the obtained eye-movement and gaze measures. We take this review to represent the empirical foundation for reporting guidelines of any study involving an eye tracker. We compare this empirical foundation to five existing reporting guidelines and to a database of 207 published eye-tracking studies. We find that reporting guidelines vary substantially and do not match with actual reporting practices. We end by deriving a minimal, flexible reporting guideline based on empirical research (Section "An empirically based minimal reporting guideline").

关键词： Data quality Eye movements Eye tracking Replicability Reporting guidelines Reporting practices Reporting standards Reproducibility

An evaluation of synthetic data for deep learning stereo depth algorithms 2017

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An evaluation of synthetic data for deep learning stereo dep...

2017 International Conference on Watermarking and Image Processing, ICWIP 2017

作者： Lee, Kevin Moloney, David Computer Vision and Machine Learning Group Intel/Movidius United States

ISBN: (纸本)9781450353076

Stereo vision is a very active field in the realm of computer vision and in recent years Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) have proven to be very competitive against the state-of-the-art. However, the performance of these networks are limited by the quality of the data that is used when training the CNNs. Data acquisition of high quality labeled images is a time-consuming and expensive process. By exploiting the power of modern-day powerful GPUs, we present a synthetic data-set with fully rectified stereo image pairs and accompanying accurate ground truth information that can be used for training and testing stereo algorithms. We provide validation of the quality of our dataset by performing quantitative experiments that suggest pre-training deep learning algorithms on synthetic data can perform competitively against networks trained on real life data. Testing on a real-world data-set, we found the accuracy performance difference between the real and synthetically trained networks was within a margin of 1.8%. We also illustrate the functionality synthetic data can provide, by conducting a key performance index on a selection of conventional and deep learning stereo algorithms available on embedded platforms and compared them under common metrics. © 2017 Association for Computing machinery.

关键词： Stereo vision

The incomplete rosetta stone problem: Identifiability results for multi-view nonlinear ICA

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arXiv 2019年

作者： Gresele, Luigi Rubenstein, Paul K. Mehrjou, Arash Locatello, Francesco Schölkopf, Bernhard Empirical Inference Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems Tübingen Germany Max Planck Institute for Biological Cybernetics Tübingen Germany Machine Learning Group University of Cambridge United Kingdom Max Planck ETH Center for Learning Systems Zürich Switzerland BMI Dept. for Computer Science ETH Zürich Switzerland

We consider the problem of recovering a common latent source with independent components from multiple views. This applies to settings in which a variable is measured with multiple experimental modalities, and where the goal is to synthesize the disparate measurements into a single unified representation. We consider the case that the observed views are a nonlinear mixing of component-wise corruptions of the sources. When the views are considered separately, this reduces to nonlinear Independent Component Analysis (ICA) for which it is provably impossible to undo the mixing. We present novel identifiability proofs that this is possible when the multiple views are considered jointly, showing that the mixing can theoretically be undone using function approximators such as deep neural networks. In contrast to known identifiability results for nonlinear ICA, we prove that independent latent sources with arbitrary mixing can be recovered as long as multiple, sufficiently different noisy views are available. Copyright © 2019, The Authors. All rights reserved.

关键词： Mixing

Reinforced imitation: Sample efficient deep reinforcement learning for map-less navigation by leveraging prior demonstrations

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arXiv 2018年

作者： Pfeiffer, M. Shukla, S. Turchetta, M. Cadena, C. Krause, A. Siegwart, R. Nieto, J. Autonomous Systems Lab Zurich Switzerland Computer Vision Lab Zurich Switzerland Learning & Adaptive Systems Group Zurich Switzerland Max Planck ETH Center for Learning Systems ETH Zurich Zurich Switzerland

This work presents a case study of a learning-based approach for target driven map-less navigation. The underlying navigation model is an end-to-end neural network which is trained using a combination of expert demonstrations, imitation learning (IL) and reinforcement learning (RL). While RL and IL suffer from a large sample complexity and the distribution mismatch problem, respectively, we show that leveraging prior expert demonstrations for pre-training can reduce the training time to reach at least the same level of performance compared to plain RL by a factor of 5. We present a thorough evaluation of different combinations of expert demonstrations, different RL algorithms and reward functions, both in simulation and on a real robotic platform. Our results show that the final model outperforms both standalone approaches in the amount of successful navigation tasks. In addition, the RL reward function can be significantly simplified when using pre-training, e.g. by using a sparse reward only. The learned navigation policy is able to generalize to unseen and real-world environments. Copyright © 2018, The Authors. All rights reserved.

关键词： Deep learning

Self-Awareness for Autonomous systems

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PROCEEDINGS OF THE IEEE 2020年第7期108卷 971-975页

作者： Dutt, Nikil Regazzoni, Carlo S. Rinner, Bernhard Yao, Xin Nikil Dutt (Fellow IEEE) received the Ph.D. degree from the University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign Champaign IL USA in 1989.""He is currently a Distinguished Professor of computer science (CS) cognitive sciences and electrical engineering and computer sciences (EECS) with the University of California at Irvine Irvine CA USA. He is a coauthor of seven books. His research interests include embedded systems electronic design automation (EDA) computer architecture distributed systems healthcare Internet of Things (IoT) and brain-inspired architectures and computing.""Dr. Dutt is a Fellow of ACM. He was a recipient of the IFIP Silver Core Award. He has received numerous best paper awards. He serves as the Steering Committee Chair of the IEEE/ACM Embedded Systems Week (ESWEEK). He is also on the steering organizing and program committees of several premier EDA and embedded system design conferences and workshops. He has served on the Editorial Boards for the IEEE Transactions on Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) Systems and the ACM Transactions on Embedded Computing Systems and also previously served as the Editor-in-Chief (EiC) for the ACM Transactions on Design Automation of Electronic Systems. He served on the Advisory Boards of the IEEE Embedded Systems Letters the ACM Special Interest Group on Embedded Systems the ACM Special Interest Group on Design Automationt and the ACM Transactions on Embedded Computing Systems. Carlo S. Regazzoni (Senior Member IEEE) received the M.S. and Ph.D. degrees in electronic and telecommunications engineering from the University of Genoa Genoa Italy in 1987 and 1992 respectively.""He is currently a Full Professor of cognitive telecommunications systems with the Department of Electrical Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering and Naval Architecture (DITEN) University of Genoa and a Co-Ordinator of the Joint Doctorate on Interactive and Cognitive Environments (JDICE) international Ph.D. course started initially as EU Erasmus Mundus Project and

Autonomous systems are able to make decisions and potentially take actions without direct human intervention, which requires some knowledge about the system and its environment as well as goal-oriented reasoning. In computer systems, one can derive such behavior from the concept of a rational agent with autonomy (“control over its own actions”), reactivity (“react to events from the environment”), proactivity (“act on its own initiative”), and sociality (“interact with other agents”) as fundamental properties \n[1]\n. Autonomous systems will undoubtedly pervade into our everyday lives, and we will find them in a variety of domains and applications including robotics, transportation, health care, communications, and entertainment to name a few. \nThe articles in this month’s special issue cover concepts and fundamentals, architectures and techniques, and applications and case studies in the exciting area of self-awareness in autonomous systems.

关键词： Special issues and sections Autonomous systems Self-aware Robot sensing systems Computational modeling

Strategic priorities for transformative progress in advancing biology with proteomics and artificial intelligence

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arXiv 2025年

作者： Sun, Yingying Jun, A. Liu, Zhiwei Sun, Rui Qian, Liujia Payne, Samuel H. Bittremieux, Wout Ralser, Markus Li, Chen Chen, Yi Dong, Zhen Perez-Riverol, Yasset Khan, Asif Sander, Chris Aebersold, Ruedi Vizcaíno, Juan Antonio Krieger, Jonathan R. Yao, Jianhua Wen, Han Zhang, Linfeng Zhu, Yunping Xuan, Yue Sun, Benjamin Boyang Qiao, Liang Hermjakob, Henning Tang, Haixu Gao, Huanhuan Deng, Yamin Zhong, Qing Chang, Cheng Bandeira, Nuno Li, Ming Weinan, E. Sun, Siqi Yang, Yuedong Omenn, Gilbert S. Zhang, Yue Xu, Ping Fu, Yan Liu, Xiaowen Overall, Christopher M. Wang, Yu Deutsch, Eric W. Chen, Luonan Cox, Jürgen Demichev, Vadim He, Fuchu Huang, Jiaxing Jin, Huilin Liu, Chao Li, Nan Luan, Zhongzhi Song, Jiangning Yu, Kaicheng Wan, Wanggen Wang, Tai Zhang, Kang Zhang, Le Bell, Peter A. Mann, Matthias Zhang, Bing Guo, Tiannan Affiliated Hangzhou First People’s Hospital State Key Laboratory of Medical Proteomics School of Medicine Westlake University Zhejiang Province Hangzhou China Westlake Center for Intelligent Proteomics Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine Zhejiang Province Hangzhou China Biology Department Brigham Young University ProvoUT84602 United States Department of Computer Science University of Antwerp Antwerp2020 Belgium Department of Biochemistry CharitéUniversitätsmedizin Berlin Berlin Germany Biomedicine Discovery Institute Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Monash University MelbourneVICVIC 3800 Australia Wellcome Genome Campus Hinxton CambridgeCB10 1SD United Kingdom Harvard Medical School Ludwig Center at Harvard United States Harvard Medical School Broad Institute Ludwig Center at Harvard Dana-Farber Cancer Institute United States Department of Biology Institute of Molecular Systems Biology ETH Zürich Zürich Switzerland Bruker Ltd. MiltonONL9T 6P4 Canada AI for Life Sciences Lab Tencent Shenzhen518057 China State Key Laboratory of Medical Proteomics AI for Science Institute Beijing100080 China Beijing Institute of Lifeomics Beijing102206 China Thermo Fisher Scientific GmbH Hanna-Kunath Str. 11 Bremen28199 Germany Informatics and Predictive Sciences Research Bristol Myers Squibb United States Department of Chemistry Fudan University Songhu Road 2005 Shanghai200438 China Department of Computer Science Luddy School of Informatics Computing and Engineering Indiana University IN47408 United States ProCan® Children’s Medical Research Institute Faculty of Medicine and Health The University of Sydney WestmeadNSW Australia La Jolla CA United States Central China Institute of Artificial Intelligence University of Waterloo Canada AI for Science Institute Center for Machine Learning Research School of Mathematical Sciences Peking University China Research Institute of Intelligent Complex Systems Fudan U

Artificial intelligence (AI) is transforming scientific research, including proteomics. Advances in mass spectrometry (MS)-based proteomics data quality, diversity, and scale, combined with groundbreaking AI techniques, are unlocking new challenges and opportunities in biological discovery. Here, we highlight key areas where AI is driving innovation, from data analysis to new biological insights. These include developing an AI-friendly ecosystem for proteomics data generation, sharing, and analysis;improving peptide and protein identification and quantification;characterizing protein-protein interactions and protein complexes;advancing spatial and perturbation proteomics;integrating multi-omics data;and ultimately enabling AI-empowered virtual cells. © 2025, CC BY.

关键词： Biotic

Forecasting intracranial hypertension using multi-scale waveform metrics

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arXiv 2019年

作者： Hüser, Matthias Kündig, Adrian Karlen, Walter De Luca, Valeria Jaggi, Martin Biomedical Informatics Group Department of Computer Science ETH Zürich Universitätstrasse 6 Zürich8092 Switzerland Mobile Health Systems Lab Institute of Robotics and Intelligent Systems Department of Health Sciences and Technology ETH Zürich Zürich8008 Switzerland Department of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering ETH Zürich Zürich8092 Switzerland Machine Learning & Optimization Lab EPFL Lausanne1015 Switzerland

Objective: Acute intracranial hypertension is an important risk factor of secondary brain damage after traumatic brain injury. Hypertensive episodes are often diagnosed reactively, leading to late detection and lost time for intervention planning. A pro-active approach that predicts critical events several hours ahead of time could assist in directing attention to patients at risk. Approach: We developed a prediction framework that forecasts onsets of acute intracranial hypertension in the next 8 hours. It jointly uses cerebral auto-regulation indices, spectral energies and morphological pulse metrics to describe the neurological state of the patient. One-minute base windows were compressed by computing signal metrics, and then stored in a multi-scale history, from which physiological features were derived. Main results: Our model predicted events up to 8 hours in advance with alarm recall rates of 90% at a precision of 30.3% in the MIMIC-III waveform database, improving upon two baselines from the literature. We found that features derived from high-frequency waveforms substantially improved the prediction performance over simple statistical summaries of low-frequency time serie1s, and each of the three feature classes contributed to the performance gain. The inclusion of long-term history up to 8 hours was especially important. Significance: Our results highlight the importance of information contained in high-frequency waveforms in the neurological intensive care unit. They could motivate future studies on pre-hypertensive patterns and the design of new alarm algorithms for critical events in the injured brain. Copyright © 2019, The Authors. All rights reserved.

关键词： Morphology

AIROGS: ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE FOR ROBUST GLAUCOMA SCREENING CHALLENGE

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arXiv 2023年

作者： De Vente, Coen Vermeer, Koenraad A. Jaccard, Nicolas Wang, He Sun, Hongyi Khader, Firas Truhn, Daniel Aimyshev, Temirgali Zhanibekuly, Yerkebulan Le, Tien-Dung Galdran, Adrian Ballester, Miguel Ángel González Carneiro, Gustavo Devika, R.G. Hrishikesh, P.S. Puthussery, Densen Liu, Hong Yang, Zekang Kondo, Satoshi Kasai, Satoshi Wang, Edward Durvasula, Ashritha Heras, Jónathan Zapata, Miguel Ángel Araújo, Teresa Aresta, Guilherme Bogunović, Hrvoje Arikan, Mustafa Lee, Yeong Chan Cho, Hyun Bin Choi, Yoon Ho Qayyum, Abdul Razzak, Imran Van Ginneken, Bram Lemij, Hans G. Sánchez, Clara I. Group Informatics Institute Universiteit Van Amsterdam Noord-Holland Amsterdam Netherlands The Department of Biomedical Engineering and Physics Amsterdam Umc Locatie Amc Noord-Holland Amsterdam Netherlands Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine Radboudumc Gelderland Nijmegen Netherlands The Rotterdam Ophthalmic Institute Rotterdam Eye Hospital Rotterdam Netherlands Project Orbis International Inc. New York United States The Peking Union Medical College Hospital Beijing China The Xuanwu Hospital Capital Medical University Beijing100053 China The Tsinghua University Beijing China The Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology University Hospital Aachen Aachen Germany Cmc Technologies Llp Nur-Sultan Kazakhstan Kbc Belgium Universitat Pompeu Fabra Barcelona Spain The Australian Institute for Machine Learning Aiml University of Adelaide Australia Icrea Barcelona Spain The Centre for Vision Speech and Signal Processing University of Surrey United Kingdom The College of Engineering Trivandrum India Founding Minds Software India The Institute of Computing Technology Chinese Academy of Sciences China The Muroran Institute of Technology Japan The Niigata University of Health and Welfare Japan The Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry University of Western Ontario London Canada The Department of Mathematics and Computer Science University of la Rioja Spain Hospital Vall Hebron Passeig Roser 126 Sant Cugat del Vallès Barcelona08195 Spain UPRetina Barcelona Spain The Christian Doppler Laboratory for Artificial Intelligence in Retina Department of Ophthalmology and Optometry Medical University of Vienna Vienna Austria The Institute of Ophthalmology University College London London United Kingdom The Research Institute for Future Medicine Samsung Medical Center Seoul Korea Republic of Sungkyunkwan University Samsung Medical Center Seoul Korea Republic of The Department of Artificial Intelligence and Informatics Mayo Clinic Jacks

The early detection of glaucoma is essential in preventing visual impairment. Artificial intelligence (AI) can be used to analyze color fundus photographs (CFPs) in a cost-effective manner, making glaucoma screening more accessible. While AI models for glaucoma screening from CFPs have shown promising results in laboratory settings, their performance decreases significantly in realworld scenarios due to the presence of out-of-distribution and low-quality images. To address this issue, we propose the Artificial Intelligence for Robust Glaucoma Screening (AIROGS) challenge. This challenge includes a large dataset of around 113,000 images from about 60,000 patients and 500 different screening centers, and encourages the development of algorithms that are robust to ungradable and unexpected input data. We evaluated solutions from 14 teams in this paper, and found that the best teams performed similarly to a set of 20 expert ophthalmologists and optometrists. The highest-scoring team achieved an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of 0.99 (95% CI: 0.98-0.99) for detecting ungradable images on-the-fly. Additionally, many of the algorithms showed robust performance when tested on three other publicly available datasets. These results demonstrate the feasibility of robust AI-enabled glaucoma screening. Copyright © 2023, The Authors. All rights reserved.

关键词： Diagnosis