One of the challenges for recommender systems is that users struggle to accurately map their internal preferences to ex- ternal measures of quality such as ratings. We study two methods for supporting the mapping proc...
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The cyclical power model accounts for multi-cycle patterns of bias commonly observed in proportion judgments by proposing the use of intermediate reference points (Hollands & Dyre, 2000). We were interested in the...
The cyclical power model accounts for multi-cycle patterns of bias commonly observed in proportion judgments by proposing the use of intermediate reference points (Hollands & Dyre, 2000). We were interested in the effect of response method on the choice of reference points (fewer points lead to greater judgment error). Participants made estimates of proportions displayed in pie charts using one of three response methods: rotation of a dial, marker placement on a horizontal line, or a numerical estimate. Fitting the model indicated a two-cycle pattern for line and numeric conditions, but a four-cycle pattern for the dial, leading to reduced error. Response method did not affect the estimated value of the Stevens exponent (0.83 on average). Competing explanations of stimulus-response compatibility and response method are considered. Implications for the design of display and control systems are discussed.
'Augmentative communication' is a term used generally to refer to the use of speech synthesizers for spoken communication by people who cannot speak with their own voices. There are a number of conditions whic...
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'Augmentative communication' is a term used generally to refer to the use of speech synthesizers for spoken communication by people who cannot speak with their own voices. There are a number of conditions which can cause such loss of speech. Most of them are the result of physical damage to the voice-production mechanisms. Note that a distinction usually has to be drawn between impared speech and impaired language skills. Someone with a mental disability which affects their language ability will probably never be able to communicate, via speech (natural or synthetic) nor through other modes, such as sign language. So users of augmentative communication generally have physical disabilities rather than metal ones. However, physical disability is rarely specific. It is very common for an impairment which affects the speech apparatus to also affect other parts of the body-a fact which will be expanded on below. The author presents a very brief introduction to this use of synthetic speech. More details can be found in Edwards (1991), along with information regarding its use by blind computer users.< >
Previous research has indicated that smooth rotation of geographic terrain between two- and three-dimensional (2D and 3D) views aids task switching. However, the time taken to show the smooth rotation may also provide...
Previous research has indicated that smooth rotation of geographic terrain between two- and three-dimensional (2D and 3D) views aids task switching. However, the time taken to show the smooth rotation may also provide a terrain preview for a post-rotation judgment. To test this possibility, we examined a situation where preview was provided but smooth transition violated. Twenty-four participants made judgments about the properties of two points placed on 2D or 3D displays of terrain. Participants performed the tasks in pairs of trials, switching tasks and displays between trials. In the continuous transition condition, the display rotated in depth and in azimuth from one display format to the other. In the discrete transition condition, the azimuth rotation was in the opposite direction, and then the terrain ”snapped” to the final orientation. The results showed that response time after transition was less for the continuous condition. We argue that smooth transition to the correct position provided improved visual momentum between displays.
This study investigated whether a stacked bar's vertical arrangement or single-object properties underlie its accuracy for proportion judgments. We hypothesized that observers would be less accurate when stacked b...
This study investigated whether a stacked bar's vertical arrangement or single-object properties underlie its accuracy for proportion judgments. We hypothesized that observers would be less accurate when stacked bars were separated than when they formed a single object, according to the object-based theory of attention (Duncan, 1984). Thirty participants judged proportions with three different graph types: bars, stacked bars, and staggered stacked bars. Stacked bars produced smaller error than staggered stacked bars, while bars produced the greatest error. The results show an object-based advantage for stacked bars, but a vertical arrangement advantage for staggered stacked bars over bars was also evident.
We were interested in determining if the visual momentum provided by gradual transition between two- and three-dimensional (2D and 3D) views of geographic terrain aided task switching. Twenty-two participants made jud...
We were interested in determining if the visual momentum provided by gradual transition between two- and three-dimensional (2D and 3D) views of geographic terrain aided task switching. Twenty-two participants made judgments about the properties of two points placed on 2D or 3D displays of terrain. Participants performed the tasks in pairs of trials, switching tasks and displays between trials. On half the trials (continuous transition), the display dynamically rotated in depth from one display format to the other. On the other half (discrete transition), participants were immediately shown the alternate display format. The results showed that response time after transition was less for the continuous condition, and that accuracy was greater for the continuous condition, especially for the 3D display. We argue that this was because the continuous transition provided improved visual momentum between consecutive displays, and recommend the use of dynamic transition when switching views on geographic terrain.
humancomputer interfaces which involve the use of multiple and redundant channels of communication will improve the quality and efficiency of interaction. In particular they will be easier to use for people with sens...
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humancomputer interfaces which involve the use of multiple and redundant channels of communication will improve the quality and efficiency of interaction. In particular they will be easier to use for people with sensory disabilities (or at least should be simpler to adapt). Such interfaces must be designed on a media-independent basis. The author discusses these assumptions and outlines a case study involving the Apple Macintosh graphical user interface.< >
Mobile Web search engines represent retrieved results using primarily text based result surrogates. Users could benefit from information visualization techniques that provide more information about the results as basi...
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Mobile Web search engines represent retrieved results using primarily text based result surrogates. Users could benefit from information visualization techniques that provide more information about the results as basis of relevance judgments. We present a query-biased visualization approach that incorporates query occurrence visualization into the conventional mobile Web search interface. Textual and graphical versions of the design were evaluated in a study with 18 users. Eleven of the participants preferred either one of the visualizations to the traditional search interface. The results suggest that the key benefit of the proposed visualization is its unobtrusiveness. It does not distract from normal use yet when necessary it can be used to help with relevance assessment, for example when the search engine fails to provide good result ***, the utility of the proposed query occurrence visualization is dependent on how well it matches the user's mental model and existing search strategies.
This paper presents a new approach to provide two-dimensional directional information mediated by the sense of touch. The basic idea was to test whether one-dimensional stimuli provided by a counterclockwise (CCW) and...
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This paper presents a new approach to provide two-dimensional directional information mediated by the sense of touch. The basic idea was to test whether one-dimensional stimuli provided by a counterclockwise (CCW) and clockwise (CW) rotating leadscrew of a friction-based fingertip stimulator prototype can be perceived as two-dimensional directional information. Ten participants were asked to indicate the perceived direction of the stimuli in left-right (i.e., mediolateral) and forward-backward (i.e., anteroposterior) dimensions. The properties of 12 stimuli were varied, for example, by rotation direction (i.e., CCW and CW) and stimulus symmetry (i.e., symmetrical and asymmetrical). The results showed that left and right directions were perceived in accuracies of ges 90%. Forward and backward directions could be perceived above the chance level. Based on the results we suggest that the concept could be used successfully in presenting at least three directions (i.e., left, right, and backward). For navigation applications three directions would, in many cases, be sufficient, but by means of further studies it might be possible to provide information of all four main directions.
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