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Global, regional, and national age-sex-specific burden of diarrhoeal diseases, their risk factors, and aetiologies, 1990–2021, for 204 countries and territories: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021

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The Lancet Infectious Diseases 2025年第5期25卷 519-536页

作者： Kyu, Hmwe Hmwe Vongpradith, Avina Dominguez, Regina-Mae Villanueva Ma, Jianing Albertson, Samuel B. Novotney, Amanda Khalil, Ibrahim A. Troeger, Christopher E. Doxey, Matthew C. Ledesma, Jorge R. Sirota, Sarah Brooke Bender, Rose Grace Swetschinski, Lucien R. Cunningham, Matthew Spearman, Sandra Abate, Yohannes Habtegiorgis Abd Al Magied, Abdallah H.A. El Hafeez, Samar Abd Abdoun, Meriem Abera, Bayeh Abidi, Hassan Aboagye, Richard Gyan Abtew, Yonas Derso Abualruz, Hasan Abu-Gharbieh, Eman Abukhadijah, Hana J. Aburuz, Salahdein Addo, Isaac Yeboah Adekanmbi, Victor Adetunji, Charles Oluwaseun Oluwaseun Adeyeoluwa, Temitayo Esther Adhikary, Ripon Kumar Adnani, Qorinah Estiningtyas Sakilah Adra, Saryia Adzigbli, Leticia Akua Afolabi, Aanuoluwapo Adeyimika Afzal, Muhammad Sohail Afzal, Saira Agampodi, Suneth Buddhika Agide, Feleke Doyore Ahinkorah, Bright Opoku Ahmad, Aqeel Ahmad, Sajjad Ahmed, Ayman Ahmed, Haroon Ahmed, Saeed Akinosoglou, Karolina Akter, Ema Al Awaidy, Salah Alajlani, Muaaz M. Alam, Khurshid Albakri, Almaza Albashtawy, Mohammed Aldhaleei, Wafa A. Algammal, Abdelazeem M. Al-Gheethi, Adel Ali Saeed Ali, Abid Ali, Syed Shujait Ali, Waad Alif, Sheikh Mohammad Aljunid, Syed Mohamed Al-Marwani, Sabah Almazan, Joseph Uy Al-Mekhlafi, Hesham M. Almustanyir, Sami Alqahatni, Saleh A. Alrawashdeh, Ahmad Al-Rifai, Rami H. Alsabri, Mohammed A. Altaf, Awais Altirkawi, Khalid A. Alvis-Guzman, Nelson Alvis-Zakzuk, Nelson J. Alyahya, Mohammad Sharif Ibrahim Al-Zyoud, Walid A. Amugsi, Dickson A. Andrei, Catalina Liliana Antoni, Sebastien Anuoluwa, Boluwatife Stephen Anuoluwa, Iyadunni Adesola Anwar, Saleha Anwari, Palwasha Apostol, Geminn Louis Carace Arabloo, Jalal Arafat, Mosab Aravkin, Aleksandr Y. Areda, Demelash Aregawi, Brhane Berhe Aremu, Abdulfatai Arndt, Michael Benjamin Asgedom, Akeza Awealom Ashraf, Tahira Athari, Seyyed Shamsadin Atreya, Alok Ayele, Firayad Azadi, Davood Azhar, Gulrez Shah Aziz, Shahkaar Azzam, Ahmed Y. Babu, Giridhara Rathnaiah Taghanaki, Pegah Bahrami Bahramian, Saeed Balakrishnan, Senthi Department of Health Metrics Sciences School of Medicine Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation University of Washington Seattle 98195 WA United States Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation University of Washington Seattle WA United States Department of Health Metrics Sciences School of Medicine University of Washington Seattle WA United States Center for Biostatistics Ohio State University Columbus OH United States Department of Global Health University of Washington Seattle WA United States Urban Indian Health Institute Seattle Indian Health Board Seattle WA United States School of Medicine Yale University New Haven CT United States Department of Clinical Governance and Quality Improvement Aleta Wondo General Hospital Aleta Wondo Ethiopia College of Pharmacy Ajman University Ajman United Arab Emirates Department of Epidemiology Alexandria University Alexandria Egypt Department of Medicine University of Sétif Algeria Sétif Algeria Department of Health Sétif Algeria Department of Medical Microbiology Bahir Dar University Bahir Dar Ethiopia Department of Biology Ghent University Ghent Belgium Laboratory Technology Sciences Department Yasuj University of Medical Sciences Yasuj Iran Department of Family and Community Health University of Health and Allied Sciences Ho Ghana Department of Biomedical Science Arba Minch University Arba Minch Ethiopia Department of Nursing Al Zaytoonah University of Jordan Amman Jordan Amman Jordan Department of Clinical Sciences Sharjah United Arab Emirates Department of Biopharmaceutics and Clinical Pharmacy University of Jordan Amman Jordan Medical Research Center-Academic Health System Hamad Medical Corporation Doha Qatar College of Pharmacy University of Jordan Amman Jordan Department of Therapeutics United Arab Emirates University Al Ain United Arab Emirates School of Medicine University of Sydney Sydney NSW Australia Centre for Social Research in Health University of New South Wales Syd

Background: Diarrhoeal diseases claim more than 1 million lives annually and are a leading cause of death in children younger than 5 years. Comprehensive global estimates of the diarrhoeal disease burden for specific age groups of children younger than 5 years are scarce, and the burden in children older than 5 years and in adults is also understudied. We used results from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2021 to assess the burden of, and trends in, diarrhoeal diseases overall and attributable to 13 pathogens, as well as the contributions of associated risk factors, in children and adults in 204 countries and territories from 1990 to 2021. Methods: We used the Cause of Death Ensemble modelling strategy to analyse vital registration data, verbal autopsy data, mortality surveillance data, and minimally invasive tissue sampling data. We used DisMod-MR (version 2.1), a Bayesian meta-regression tool, to analyse incidence and prevalence data identified via systematic reviews, population-based surveys, and claims and inpatient data. We calculated diarrhoeal disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) as the sum of years of life lost (YLLs) and years lived with disability (YLDs) for each location, year, and age–sex group. For aetiology estimation, we used a counterfactual approach to quantify population-attributable fractions (PAFs). Additionally, we estimated the diarrhoeal disease burden attributable to the independent effects of risk factors using the comparative risk assessment framework. Findings: In 2021, diarrhoeal diseases caused an estimated 1·17 million (95% uncertainty interval 0·793–1·62) deaths globally, representing a 60·3% (50·6–69·0) decrease since 1990 (2·93 million [2·31–3·73] deaths). The most pronounced decline was in children younger than 5 years, with a 79·2% (72·4–84·6) decrease in diarrhoeal deaths. Global YLLs also decreased substantially, from 186 million (147–221) in 1990 to 51·4 million (39·9–65·9) in 2021. In 2021, an e

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Bounds on the dynamics of periodic quantum walks and emergence of the gapless and gapped Dirac equation

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Physical Review A 2018年第1期97卷 012116-012116页

作者： N. Pradeep Kumar Radhakrishnan Balu Raymond Laflamme C. M. Chandrashekar The Institute of Mathematical Sciences C. I. T Campus Taramani Chennai 600113 India U.S. Army Research Laboratory Computational and Information Sciences Directorate Adelphi Maryland 20783 USA Computer Science and Electrical Engineering University of Maryland Baltimore County 1000 Hilltop Circle Baltimore Maryland 21250 USA Institute for Quantum Computing and Department of Physics and Astronomy University of Waterloo Waterloo N2L 3G1 Ontario Canada Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics Waterloo N2L 2Y5 Ontario Canada Homi Bhabha National Institute Training School Complex Anushakti Nagar Mumbai 400094 India

We study the dynamics of discrete-time quantum walk using quantum coin operations, Ĉ(θ1) and Ĉ(θ2), in time-dependent periodic sequence. For the two-period quantum walk with the parameters θ1 and θ2 in the coin operations we show that the standard deviation [σθ1,θ2(t)] is the same as the minimum of standard deviation obtained from one of the one-period quantum walks with coin operations θ1 or θ2, σθ1,θ2(t)=min{σθ1(t),σθ2(t)}. Our numerical result is analytically corroborated using the dispersion relation obtained from the continuum limit of the dynamics. Using the dispersion relation for one- and two-period quantum walks, we present the bounds on the dynamics of three- and higher-period quantum walks. We also show that the bounds for the two-period quantum walk will hold good for the split-step quantum walk which is also defined using two coin operators using θ1 and θ2. Unlike the previous known connection of discrete-time quantum walks with the massless Dirac equation where coin parameter θ=0, here we show the recovery of the massless Dirac equation with nonzero θ parameters contributing to the intriguing interference in the dynamics in a totally nonrelativistic situation. We also present the effect of periodic sequence on the entanglement between coin and position space.

关键词： Quantum algorithms Quantum entanglement Quantum simulation Quantum walks

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Physical realization of topological quantum walks on IBM-Q and beyond

arXiv

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arXiv 2017年

作者： Balu, Radhakrishnan Castillo, Daniel Siopsis, George Computer and Information Sciences Directorate Army Research Laboratory AdelphiMD21005-5069 Computer Science and Electrical Engineering University of Maryland Baltimore County 1000 Hilltop Circle BaltimoreMD21250 United States Department of Physics and Astronomy University of Tennessee KnoxvilleTN37996-1200 United States

We discuss an efficient physical realization of topological quantum walks on a finite lattice. The N-point lattice is realized with log2N qubits, and the quantum circuit utilizes a number of quantum gates which is polynomial in the number of qubits. In a certain scaling limit, we show that a large number of steps is implemented with a number of quantum gates which is independent of the number of steps. We ran the quantum algorithm on the IBM-Q five-qubit quantum computer, thus experimentally demonstrating topological features, such as boundary bound states, on a lattice with N = 4 points. Copyright © 2017, The Authors. All rights reserved.

关键词： Logic gates

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Ising formulation of associative memory models and quantum annealing recall

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Physical Review A 2017年第6期96卷 062330-062330页

作者： Siddhartha Santra Omar Shehab Radhakrishnan Balu U.S. Army Research Laboratory Computational and Information Sciences Directorate ATTN: CIH-N Aberdeen Proving Ground Maryland 21005-5069 USA Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics Stanford University 496 Lomita Mall Stanford California 94305 USA Department of Computer Science and Electrical Engineering University of Maryland Baltimore County 1000 Hilltop Circle Maryland 21250 USA

Associative memory models, in theoretical neuro- and computer sciences, can generally store at most a linear number of memories. Recalling memories in these models can be understood as retrieval of the energy minimizing configuration of classical Ising spins, closest in Hamming distance to an imperfect input memory, where the energy landscape is determined by the set of stored memories. We present an Ising formulation for associative memory models and consider the problem of memory recall using quantum annealing. We show that allowing for input-dependent energy landscapes allows storage of up to an exponential number of memories (in terms of the number of neurons). Further, we show how quantum annealing may naturally be used for recall tasks in such input-dependent energy landscapes, although the recall time may increase with the number of stored memories. Theoretically, we obtain the radius of attractor basins R(N) and the capacity C(N) of such a scheme and their tradeoffs. Our calculations establish that for randomly chosen memories the capacity of our model using the Hebbian learning rule as a function of problem size can be expressed as C(N)=O(eC1N), C1≥0, and succeeds on randomly chosen memory sets with a probability of (1−e−C2N), C2≥0 with C1+C2=(0.5−f)2/(1−f), where f=R(N)/N, 0≤f≤0.5, is the radius of attraction in terms of the Hamming distance of an input probe from a stored memory as a fraction of the problem size. We demonstrate the application of this scheme on a programmable quantum annealing device, the D-wave processor.

关键词： Adiabatic quantum optimization Machine learning

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Breaking Bellman's curse of dimensionality: Efficient kernel gradient temporal difference

arXiv

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arXiv 2017年

作者： Koppel, Alec Warnell, Garrett Stump, Ethan Stone, Peter Ribeiro, Alejandro Department of Electrical and Systems Engineering University of Pennsylvania PhiladelphiaPA19104 United States Computational and Information Sciences Directorate U.S. Army Research Laboratory AdelphiMD20783 United States Department of Computer Science University of Texas at Austin 2317 Speedway AustinTX78712 United States

We consider policy evaluation in infinite-horizon discounted Markov decision problems (MDPs) with infinite spaces. We reformulate this task a compositional stochastic program with a function-valued decision variable that belongs to a reproducing kernel Hilbert space (RKHS). We approach this problem via a new functional generalization of stochastic quasi-gradient methods operating in tandem with stochastic sparse subspace projections. The result is an extension of gradient temporal difference learning that yields nonlinearly parameterized value function estimates of the solution to the Bellman evaluation equation. Our main contribution is a memory-efficient non-parametric stochastic method guaranteed to converge exactly to the Bellman fixed point with probability 1 with attenuating step-sizes. Further, with constant step-sizes, we obtain mean convergence to a neighborhood and that the value function estimates have finite complexity. In the Mountain Car domain, we observe faster convergence to lower Bellman error solutions than existing approaches with a fraction of the required memory. Copyright © 2017, The Authors. All rights reserved.

关键词： Stochastic systems

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The overlapping burden of the three leading causes of disability and death in sub-Saharan African children

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Nature Communications 2022年第1期13卷 1-14页

作者： Reiner, Robert C. Welgan, Catherine A. Troeger, Christopher E. Baumann, Mathew M. Weiss, Daniel J. Deshpande, Aniruddha Blacker, Brigette F. Miller-Petrie, Molly K. Earl, Lucas Bhatt, Samir Abolhassani, Hassan Abosetugn, Akine Eshete Abu-Gharbieh, Eman Adekanmbi, Victor Adetokunboh, Olatunji O. Aghaali, Mohammad Aji, Budi Alahdab, Fares Al-Aly, Ziyad Alhassan, Robert Kaba Ali, Saqib Alizade, Hesam Aljunid, Syed Mohamed Almasi-Hashiani, Amir Al-Mekhlafi, Hesham M. Altirkawi, Khalid A. Alvis-Guzman, Nelson Amare, Azmeraw T. Amini, Saeed Amugsi, Dickson A. Ancuceanu, Robert Andrei, Catalina Liliana Ansari, Fereshteh Anvari, Davood Appiah, Seth Christopher Yaw Arabloo, Jalal Aremu, Olatunde Atout, Maha Moh’d Wahbi Ausloos, Marcel Ausloos, Floriane Ayanore, Martin Amogre Aynalem, Yared Asmare Azene, Zelalem Nigussie Badawi, Alaa Baig, Atif Amin Banach, Maciej Bedi, Neeraj Bhagavathula, Akshaya Srikanth Bhandari, Dinesh Bhardwaj, Nikha Bhardwaj, Pankaj Bhattacharyya, Krittika Bhutta, Zulfiqar A. Bijani, Ali Birhanu, Tesega Tesega Mengistu Bitew, Zebenay Workneh Boloor, Archith Brady, Oliver J. Butt, Zahid A. Car, Josip Carvalho, Felix Casey, Daniel C. Chattu, Vijay Kumar Chowdhury, Mohiuddin Ahsanul Kabir Chu, Dinh-Toi Coelho, Camila H. Cook, Aubrey J. Damiani, Giovanni Daoud, Farah Gela, Jiregna Darega Darwish, Amira Hamed Daryani, Ahmad Das, Jai K. Davis Weaver, Nicole Deribe, Kebede Desalew, Assefa Dharmaratne, Samath Dhamminda Dianatinasab, Mostafa Diaz, Daniel Djalalinia, Shirin Dorostkar, Fariba Dubljanin, Eleonora Duko, Bereket Dwyer-Lindgren, Laura Effiong, Andem El Sayed Zaki, Maysaa El Tantawi, Maha Enany, Shymaa Fattahi, Nazir Feigin, Valery L. Fernandes, Eduarda Ferrara, Pietro Fischer, Florian Foigt, Nataliya A. Folayan, Morenike Oluwatoyin Foroutan, Masoud Frostad, Joseph Jon Fukumoto, Takeshi Gaidhane, Abhay Motiramji Gebrekrstos, Hailemikael Gebrekidan G. K. Gebremeskel, Leake Gebreslassie, Assefa Ayalew Gething, Peter W. Gezae, Kebede Embaye Ghadiri, Keyghobad Ghashghaee, Ahmad Golechha, Mahaveer Gubar Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation University of Washington Seattle WA United States Department of Health Metrics Sciences School of Medicine University of Washington Seattle WA United States Malaria Atlas Project University of Oxford Oxford United Kingdom Imperial College London London United Kingdom Department of Laboratory Medicine Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge Sweden Research Center for Immunodeficiencies Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran Department of Public Health Debre Berhan University Debre Berhan Ethiopia Department of Clinical Sciences University of Sharjah Sharjah United Arab Emirates Population Health Sciences King’s College London London United Kingdom Centre of Excellence for Epidemiological Modelling and Analysis Stellenbosch University Stellenbosch South Africa Department of Global Health Stellenbosch University Cape Town South Africa Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics Qom University of Medical Sciences Qom Iran Faculty of Medicine and Public Health Jenderal Soedirman University Purwokerto Indonesia Mayo Evidence-based Practice Center Mayo Clinic Foundation for Medical Education and Research Rochester MN United States John T. Milliken Department of Internal Medicine Washington University in St. Louis St. Louis MO United States Clinical Epidemiology Center Department of Veterans Affairs St Louis MO United States Institute of Health Research University of Health and Allied Sciences Ho Ghana Department of Information Systems College of Economics and Political Science Sultan Qaboos University Muscat Oman Infectious and Tropical Disease Research Center Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences Bandar Abbas Iran Department of Health Policy and Management Kuwait University Safat Kuwait International Centre for Casemix and Clinical Coding National University of Malaysia Bandar Tun Razak Malaysia Department of Epidemiology Arak University of Medical Sciences Arak Iran Medical Research Center

Despite substantial declines since 2000, lower respiratory infections (LRIs), diarrhoeal diseases, and malaria remain among the leading causes of nonfatal and fatal disease burden for children under 5 years of age (under 5), primarily in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). The spatial burden of each of these diseases has been estimated subnationally across SSA, yet no prior analyses have examined the pattern of their combined burden. Here we synthesise subnational estimates of the burden of LRIs, diarrhoea, and malaria in children under-5 from 2000 to 2017 for 43 sub-Saharan countries. Some units faced a relatively equal burden from each of the three diseases, while others had one or two dominant sources of unit-level burden, with no consistent pattern geographically across the entire subcontinent. Using a subnational counterfactual analysis, we show that nearly 300 million DALYs could have been averted since 2000 by raising all units to their national average. Our findings are directly relevant for decision-makers in determining which and targeting where the most appropriate interventions are for increasing child survival. © 2022, The Author(s).

关键词： Biogeography Epidemiology Infectious diseases Malaria

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Probabilistic Inference Using Stochastic Spiking Neural Networks on A Neurosynaptic Processor

Probabilistic Inference Using Stochastic Spiking Neural Netw...

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International Joint Conference on Neural Networks

作者： Khadeer Ahmed Amar Shrestha Qinru Qiu Qing Wu Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Syracuse University Air Force Research Laboratory Information Directorate

ISBN: (纸本)9781509006212

Spiking neural networks are rapidly gaining popularity for their ability to perform efficient computation akin to the way a brain processes information. It has the potential to achieve low cost and high energy efficiency due to the distributed nature of neural computation and the use of low energy spikes for information exchange. A stochastic spiking neural network naturally can be used to realize Bayesian inference. IBM's TrueNorth is a neurosynaptic processor that has more than 1 million digital spiking neurons and 268 million digital synapses with less than 200 mW peak power. In this paper we propose the first work that converts an inference network to a spiking neural network that runs on the TrueNorth processor. Using inference-based sentence construction as a case study, we discuss algorithms that transform an inference network to a spiking neural network, and a spiking neural network to TrueNorth corelet designs. In our experiments, the TrueNorth spiking neural network constructed sentences have a matching accuracy of 88% while consuming an average power of 0.205 mW.

关键词： spiking Neural network Bayesian inference Neurocomputing high energy efficiency PROCESSOR maximum loads average power LOW ENERGY

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Fundamentals of Spatial RF Energy Harvesting for D2D Cellular Networks

Fundamentals of Spatial RF Energy Harvesting for D2D Cellula...

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IEEE Global Communications Conference

作者： Rachad Atat Hao Chen Lingjia Liu Jonathan Ashdown Michael Medley John Matyjas Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science University of Kansas Information Directorate Air Force Research Laboratory

ISBN: (纸本)9781509013296

Energy efficiency is one of the major challenges of 5G networks. As data rates are expected to increase by 1000x from 4G to 5G, energy efficiency will need to improve by about the same amount. Recently, energy harvesting techniques have attracted lots of attention from the scientific community, due to their ability to increase network lifetime. More specific, energy harvesting from ambient radio frequency (RF) signals is of special importance, especially with the recent RF circuit advancements. In this paper, we consider a device-to-device (D2D) communication in underlay cellular networks, where D2D users reuse the spectrum occupied by cellular users. We introduce the concept of spatial RF energy harvesting, where D2D users harvest RF power from uplink cellular transmissions, if it exceeds a predesigned threshold, in a spatial region. Using tools from stochastic geometry, we obtain a closed form expression for the probability of activating RF power conversion circuit by making full use of spatial locations of ambient RF signals. Subsequently, we study the impact of RF energy harvesting region radius to harvest sufficient power on the signal-to-interference (SIR) ratio of D2D network. Simulation results provide insights for the required advancements to design highly efficient RF harvesting circuits.

关键词： Radio frequency Device-to-device communication Energy harvesting Transmitters Power conversion Interference Cellular networks

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On the Performance of Relay-Assisted D2D Networks under Spatially Correlated Interference

On the Performance of Relay-Assisted D2D Networks under Spat...

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IEEE Global Communications Conference

作者： Rachad Atat Lingjia Liu Jonathan Ashdown Michael Medley John Matyjas Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science University of Kansas Information Directorate Air Force Research Laboratory

ISBN: (纸本)9781509013296

With the explosive growth of mobile traffic demand, device-to-device (D2D) communication offers a promising approach to reduce cellular congestion by offloading users' traffic to D2D network. In this paper, we consider a relay-assisted D2D communication in underlay cellular networks, where D2D users access a proportion of the spectrum occupied by cellular users. This poses two fundamental issues. The first issue is related to protecting the cellular transmissions by reducing the spectrum partition factor, which measures the fraction of spectrum available to D2D users. The second issue is that as we limit the spectrum available to D2D users, less D2D transmissions can be supported, which in turn increases the distances between them. To address these issues, we allow a relay user to assist D2D communications in order to achieve higher D2D spectral efficiency without affecting cellular spectral efficiency. In fact, results show significant improvements in spectral efficiency not only to D2D, but to the whole network, especially in a dense D2D environment.

关键词： spectral efficiency Consumers Spectra Device-to-device communication Communication Research Cells Transmissions transmission partition coefficients

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Improving Spectral Efficiency of D2D Cellular Networks Through RF Energy Harvesting

Improving Spectral Efficiency of D2D Cellular Networks Throu...

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IEEE Global Communications Conference

作者： Rachad Atat Lingjia Liu Jonathan Ashdown Michael Medley John Matyjas Yang Yi Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science University of Kansas Information Directorate Air Force Research Laboratory

ISBN: (纸本)9781509013296

In this paper, we consider device-to-device (D2D) communication underlaying cellular networks, where D2D users harvest radio frequency (RF) power from uplink cellular transmissions. This paper addresses two important issues for energy harvesting-based D2D cellular networks. The first is how the energy harvested from cellular ambient RF signals affects the D2D spectral efficiency. Using tools from stochastic geometry, we investigate this issue by first characterizing the transmission probability of D2D transmitter as the probability of having enough battery power, and then obtaining analytic expressions of the spectral efficiency for D2D and cellular networks. The second issue is related to the cellular spectral efficiency: the more RF energy D2D users can harvest, the higher their transmission probability becomes, which leads to generating more interference in the cellular network. We carry out simulations to understand this impact of RF energy harvesting on the spectral efficiency of both D2D and cellular networks. Results show promising improvement to the whole network, in terms of the weighted spectral efficiency, when employing RF harvesting technology and when there are enough available channels in the network.

关键词： Device-to-device communication Radio frequency Transmitters Cellular networks Energy harvesting Interference Uplink

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