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Global, regional, and national sex-specific burden and control of the HIV epidemic, 1990–2019, for 204 countries and territories: the Global Burden of Diseases Study 2019

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The Lancet HIV 2021年第10期8卷 e633-e651页

作者： Jahagirdar, Deepa Walters, Magdalene K. Novotney, Amanda Brewer, Edmond D. Frank, Tahvi D. Carter, Austin Biehl, Molly H. Abbastabar, Hedayat Abhilash, E.S. Abu-Gharbieh, Eman Abu-Raddad, Laith Jamal Adekanmbi, Victor Adeyinka, Daniel Adedayo Adnani, Qorinah Estiningtyas Sakilah Afzal, Saira Aghababaei, Soodabeh Ahinkorah, Bright Opoku Ahmad, Sajjad Ahmadi, Keivan Ahmadi, Sepideh Ahmadpour, Ehsan Ahmed, Muktar Beshir Rashid, Tarik Ahmed Salih, Yusra Ahmed Aklilu, Addis Akram, Tayyaba Akunna, Chisom Joyqueenet Al Hamad, Hanadi Alahdab, Fares Alanezi, Fahad Mashhour Aleksandrova, Ekaterina A. Alene, Kefyalew Addis Ali, Liaqat Alipour, Vahid Almustanyir, Sami Alvis-Guzman, Nelson Ameyaw, Edward Kwabena Amu, Hubert Andrei, Catalina Liliana Andrei, Tudorel Anvari, Davood Arabloo, Jalal Aremu, Olatunde Arulappan, Judie Atnafu, Desta Debalkie Quintanilla, Beatriz Paulina Ayala Ayza, Muluken Altaye Azari, Samad Darshan, B.B. Banach, Maciej Bärnighausen, Till Winfried Barra, Fabio Barrow, Amadou Basu, Sanjay Bazargan-Hejazi, Shahrzad Belay, Habtamu Gebrehana Berheto, Tezera Moshago Bezabhe, Woldesellassie Mequanint Bezabih, Yihienew Mequanint Bhagavathula, Akshaya Srikanth Bhardwaj, Nikha Bhardwaj, Pankaj Bhattacharyya, Krittika Bibi, Sadia Bijani, Ali Bisignano, Catherine Bolarinwa, Obasanjo Afolabi Boloor, Archith Boltaev, Azizbek A. Briko, Nikolay Ivanovich Buonsenso, Danilo Burkart, Katrin Butt, Zahid A. Cao, Chao Charan, Jaykaran Chatterjee, Souranshu Chattu, Soosanna Kumary Chattu, Vijay Kumar Choudhari, Sonali Gajanan Chu, Dinh-Toi Couto, Rosa A.S. Cowden, Richard G. Dachew, Berihun Assefa Dadras, Omid Dagnew, Amare Belachew Dahlawi, Saad M.A. Dai, Xiaochen Dandona, Lalit Dandona, Rakhi das Neves, José Degenhardt, Louisa Demeke, Feleke Mekonnen Desta, Abebaw Alemayehu Deuba, Keshab Dhamnetiya, Deepak Dhungana, Govinda Prasad Dianatinasab, Mostafa Diaz, Daniel Djalalinia, Shirin Doan, Linh Phuong Dorostkar, Fariba Edinur, Hisham Atan Effiong, Andem Eftekharzadeh, Sahar El Sayed Zaki, Maysaa Elayedath, Rajesh Elhadi, Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation University of Washington Seattle WA United States Department of Health Metrics Sciences School of Medicine University of Washington Seattle WA United States Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases University of Washington Seattle WA United States Department of Global Health University of Washington Seattle WA United States School of Social Work University of Washington Seattle WA United States Department of Medicine University of Washington Seattle WA United States Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeones Columbia University Medical Center New York NY United States Division of Data Analytics and Delivery for Impact WHO Geneva Switzerland Advanced Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology Research Centre Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran Multiple Sclerosis Research Centre Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran School of Public Health Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran Paediatric Chronic Kidney Disease Research Centre Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran Department of Psychiatry Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran Metabolomics and Genomics Research Centre Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran Sina Trauma and Surgery Research Centre Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran Research Centre for Immunodeficiencies Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran Non-Communicable Diseases Research Centre Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran Department of Botany Sree Narayana Guru College Chelannur Kozhikode India Clinical Sciences Department University of Sharjah Sharjah United Arab Emirates Mass Communication Department University of Sharjah Sharjah United Arab Emirates Department of Health-Care Policy and Research Weill Cornell Medical College in Qatar Doha Qatar Department of Population Medicine Ca

Background: The sustainable development goals (SDGs) aim to end HIV/AIDS as a public health threat by 2030. Understanding the current state of the HIV epidemic and its change over time is essential to this effort. This study assesses the current sex-specific HIV burden in 204 countries and territories and measures progress in the control of the epidemic. Methods: To estimate age-specific and sex-specific trends in 48 of 204 countries, we extended the Estimation and Projection Package Age-Sex Model to also implement the spectrum paediatric model. We used this model in cases where age and sex specific HIV-seroprevalence surveys and antenatal care-clinic sentinel surveillance data were available. For the remaining 156 of 204 locations, we developed a cohort-incidence bias adjustment to derive incidence as a function of cause-of-death data from vital registration systems. The incidence was input to a custom Spectrum model. To assess progress, we measured the percentage change in incident cases and deaths between 2010 and 2019 (threshold >75% decline), the ratio of incident cases to number of people living with HIV (incidence-to-prevalence ratio threshold <0·03), and the ratio of incident cases to deaths (incidence-to-mortality ratio threshold <1·0). Findings: In 2019, there were 36·8 million (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 35·1–38·9) people living with HIV worldwide. There were 0·84 males (95% UI 0·78–0·91) per female living with HIV in 2019, 0·99 male infections (0·91–1·10) for every female infection, and 1·02 male deaths (0·95–1·10) per female death. Global progress in incident cases and deaths between 2010 and 2019 was driven by sub-Saharan Africa (with a 28·52% decrease in incident cases, 95% UI 19·58–35·43, and a 39·66% decrease in deaths, 36·49–42·36). Elsewhere, the incidence remained stable or increased, whereas deaths generally decreased. In 2019, the global incidence-to-prevalence ratio was 0·05 (95% UI 0·05–0·06) and the global incidence-to-mortality ratio was

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A two-dimensional chaotic logic gate for improved computer security

A two-dimensional chaotic logic gate for improved computer s...

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Midwest Symposium on Circuits and Systems (MWSCAS)

作者： James Bohl Lok-Kwong Yan Garrett S. Rose Andro Computational Solutions Rome NY USA Information Directorate Air Force Research Laboratory Rome NY USA Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science The University of Tennessee Knoxville TN USA

In recent years the concept of chaos-based computing has emerged as a way to harness the rich state space of chaotic systems for robust computation. Potential advantages of such chaotic computational elements include improved security in the form of logic obfuscation and power analysis mitigation. For example, the chaotic nature of computation leads to a chaotic power profile that is difficult to use for side-channel attacks. In this paper, we explore the construction of chaotic logic gates based on Chua's circuit. We propose a two-dimensional chaotic logic gate that utilizes the two state variables of Chua's circuit to implement all possible two-input logic functions. Further, the likelihood of any logic function is shown to approach 1/16 as the evolution time of the gate is increased. Equally likely functions are beneficial from a security perspective in that the power profile and potentially the logic itself can be obfuscated from potential attackers. It is difficult to determine the effective logic function without knowledge of past states.

关键词： Logic gates Logic functions Chaos Oscillators Resistance Threshold voltage Impedance

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Priority-Aware Joint Packet Fragmentation and Error Protection Scheme for H.264 Video over Wireless Channels

Priority-Aware Joint Packet Fragmentation and Error Protecti...

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IEEE International Symposium on Multimedia

作者： Seethal Paluri Kashyap K. R. Kambhatla Micheal Medley John. D. Matyjas Sunil Kumar Computational Science Research Center San Diego State University CA USA Electrical and Computer Engineering San Diego State University CA USA Information Directorate Air Force Research Laboratory Rome NY USA

We present a real-time, priority-aware joint packet fragmentation and error protection scheme for transmitting H.264/AVC compressed video over Rayleigh fading channels. A priority is assigned to every video slice based on the predicted cumulative mean squared error (CMSE) contributed by its loss relative to all the slices of the group of pictures (GOP). Here, the CMSE of a slice, which is predicted by using our low-complexity generalized linear model, represents the degradation in video quality contributed by its loss. The slices of a frame belonging to the same priority are aggregated to form video packet(s). We simulate the fragment error rates (FERs) for a combination of different fragment sizes and rate compatible punctured convolutional (RCPC) code rates. These FERs are then used to determine the optimal fragment sizes and code rates for packets of each priority class by minimizing the expected normalized predicted CMSE of all the priority classes per GOP in H.264 video bitstream. We observed a significant improvement in the received video quality over the conventional and priority-agnostic packet fragmentation schemes.

关键词： Streaming media Distortion Forward error correction Real-time systems Video recording Quality assessment Optimization

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Optimal Resource Allocation for Sensing Based Spectrum Sharing Cognitive Radio Networks

Optimal Resource Allocation for Sensing Based Spectrum Shari...

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IEEE Global Communications Conference

作者： Hao Chen Lingjia Liu John Matyjas Michael Medley Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Department University of Kansas Information Directorate Air Force Research Laboratory

ISBN: (纸本)9781479935130

To improve the spectral efficiency of a cognitive radio system, sensing based spectrum sharing (SBSS) technique combines the advantages of spectrum overlay and spectrum underlay. In this paper, we study the performance of SBSS under primary users' (PUs') rate loss constraint. To be specific, efficient algorithms are introduced to find the optimal sensing time and power allocation in both single-carrier and multi-carrier systems. Performance evaluation is conducted to compare the system throughput between SBSS and spectrum overlay techniques. Simulation results suggest that SBSS outperforms spectrum overlay when the transmitter of the secondary user (SUT) is far away from the receiver of the primary user (PUR) in the single-carrier case. In the multi-carrier case, SBSS can achieve 15.2% increase of spectral efficiency over spectrum overlay when all the channel gains are independent and identically distributed.

关键词： Sensors Throughput Resource management Optimization Cognitive radio Interference Noise

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Vector quantization based QoS evaluation in cognitive radio networks

Vector quantization based QoS evaluation in cognitive radio ...

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International Conference on Wireless and Optical Communications ( WOCC)

作者： Osama Abbas Al Tameemi Mainak Chatterjee Kevin Kwiat Electrical Engineering and Computer Science University of Central Florida USA Electrical Engineering and Computer Science University of Central Florida Information Directorate Air Force Research Laboratory

In this paper, we attempt to characterize the QoS that secondary users can expect in a cognitive radio network. Using power control as a black-box, we propose a method that can help us evaluate the QoS for any given power vector based on past observations. To that end, we first define a k-dimensional QoS space where each point in that space characterizes the expected QoS. We show how the operating condition of the system maps to a point in the QoS space, the quality of which is given by the corresponding QoS index. To deal with the real-valued QoS space, we use vector quantization to partition the space into finite number of regions each of which is represented by one QoS index. We argue that any operating condition of the system can be mapped to one of the pre-computed QoS indices using a simple look-up in O(log n) time- thus avoiding any cumbersome computation for QoS evaluation. Using simulations, we illustrate how a 2-dimensional QoS space can be constructed. We choose capacity as the QoS metric and show what the expected capacity would be for a given power vector.

关键词： Quality of service Vectors

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A confabulation model for abnormal vehicle events detection in wide-area traffic monitoring

A confabulation model for abnormal vehicle events detection ...

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IEEE International Multi-Disciplinary Conference on Cognitive Methods in Situation Awareness and Decision Support (CogSIMA)

作者： Qiuwen Chen Qinru Qiu Qing Wu Morgan Bishop Mark Barnell Dept. of Electrical Engineering & Computer Science Syracuse University Syracuse NY USA Air Force Research Laboratory Information Directorate Rome NY USA Air Force Research Laboratory Information Directorate Rome NY US

The advanced sensing and imaging technologies of today's digital camera systems provide the capability of monitoring traffic flows in a very large area. In order to provide continuous monitoring and prompt anomaly detection, an abstract-level autonomous anomaly detection model is developed that is able to detect various categories of abnormal vehicle events with unsupervised learning. The method is based on the cogent confabulation model, which performs statistical inference functions in a neuromorphic formulation. The proposed approach covers the partitioning of a large region, training of the vehicle behavior knowledge base and the detection of anomalies according to the likelihood-ratio test. A software version of the system is implemented to verify the proposed model. The experimental results demonstrate the functionality of the detection model and compare the system performance under different configurations.

关键词： Vehicles Training Computational modeling Monitoring Feature extraction Training data Knowledge based systems

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Modeling and Verification of Humanoid Robot Task Coordination

Modeling and Verification of Humanoid Robot Task Coordinatio...

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IEEE International Symposim on High Assurance Systems engineering

作者： Yujian Fu Steven Drager Department of Electrical Engineering & Computer Science Alabama A&M University Huntsville Alabama Information Directorate RITA Air Force Research Laboratory Rome NY

This paper presents a component-based framework of humanoid robot task coordination using Predicate Transition Nets (PrT Nets). Humanoid robots have a large number of degrees of freedom (DOF) and they are expected to generate human-like stable behaviors to finish missions. Their motions have to satisfy a set of constraints (balance, coordinated motions, collision free movements), which increases the complexity of the system - each movement may consist of several types of movements and tasks simultaneously. Task is defined as a sequence of movements and/or actions towards to completing a given mission. It is key to represent the task coordination precisely and correctly to program on humanoid robots' motions. To solve the challenge issue of multiple task coordination for a humanoid robot, we presented a framework that integrates Component Based Software Development (CBSD) with Predicate Transition Nets to analyze the correctness of task co ordinations. Each component's behavior can be represented by a Predicate Transition Net, and the constraints of the behaviors are described by a set of temporal logic formulae. To ensure the task co ordinations are met, a rewriting logic-based model checker is applied to verify the system against the constraints. This formal framework is general and can be used for other type humanoid robots. It allows the representation of motion plans and provides the flexibility of semantic analysis on the humanoid robotics systems.

关键词： Humanoid robots Robot kinematics Legged locomotion Planning Ports (computers) Semantics

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Denoising one-dimensional signals with curvelets and contourlets

Denoising one-dimensional signals with curvelets and contour...

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IEEE National Conference on Aerospace and Electronics (NAECON)

作者： Ryan Moore Soundararajan Ezekiel Erik Blasch Kate Gleason College of Engineering Rochester Institute of Technology Rochester NY Computer Science Indiana University of Pennsylvania Indiana PA Information Directorate Air Force Research Laboratory Rome NY

Fast Fourier Transforms (FFTs) and Discrete Wavelet Transformations (DWTs) have been routinely used as methods of denoising signals. DWT limitations include the inability to detect contours, curves and directional information of multi-dimensional signals. In the past decade, two new approaches have surfaced: curvelets, developed by Candès; and contourlets, developed by Do et al. The typical applications of contourlets and curvelets include two-dimensional image data denoising. We explore the use of curvelets and contourlets to the one-dimensional (1D) denoising problem. Working with seismic data, we introduce various types of data noise and the wavelet, curvelet, and contourlet transforms are applied to each signal. We tested multiple decomposition levels and different thresholding values. The benchmark for determining the effectiveness of each transform is the peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR) between the original signal and the denoised signal. The proposed denoising methods demonstrate contourlets and curvelets as a viable alternative to the DWT and FFT during signal processing. The initial results indicate that the contourlet and curvelet methods yield a higher PSNR and lower error than the DWT and FFT for 1D data.

关键词： Discrete wavelet transforms PSNR Noise reduction Measurement

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Understanding NSF funding opportunities 13

Understanding NSF funding opportunities

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44th ACM Technical Symposium on computer science Education, SIGCSE 2013

作者： Forbes, Jeffrey Piotrowski, Victor Prey, Jane Westbrook, D. Suzanne National Science Foundation Directorate of Computer and Information Science and Engineering United States National Science Foundation Directorate of Education and Human Resources United States

ISBN: (纸本)9781450320306

This session highlights programs in the National science Foundation's (NSF) Education and Human Resources (EHR) and computer and information science and engineering (CISE) directorates. The focus is on providing descriptions of several programs of interest to college faculty and discussing the requirements and guidelines for programs in these areas. The session includes a description of the proposal and review processes as well as strategies for writing competitive proposals. Participants are encouraged to discuss procedural issues with the presenters. Copyright © 2013 ACM.

关键词： Education computing

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Utilizing Misleading information for Cooperative Spectrum Sensing in Cognitive Radio Networks

Utilizing Misleading Information for Cooperative Spectrum Se...

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IEEE International Conference on Communications

作者： Shameek Bhattacharjee Saptarshi Debroy Mainak Chatterjee Kevin Kwiat Department of Electrical Engineering & Computer Science University of Central Florida Orlando Florida Information Directorate Air Force Research Laboratory Rome NY

In cognitive radio networks, the radios continuously scan the radio spectrum and create a spectrum usage report. Due to channel uncertainty, there are inaccuracies in these reports. Oftentimes, the radios share and fuse the observed data in order to increase the accuracy of the spectrum usage. However, malicious nodes tend to send false information (i.e., attack) in order to mislead the construction of the spectrum usage report. In this paper, we use a trust model to evaluate the trustworthiness of every node and use the trust values to effectively fuse the information from all nodes. A node compares the information sent by a neighboring node with the predicted information. Based on the ratio of matches (or mismatches), the neighboring node is assigned a trust value. Then, we propose a log-weighted metric utilizing trust values to distinguish malicious nodes from others. Subsequently, we propose threshold based Selective Inversion (SI) fusion and Complete Inversion (CI) fusion to effectively combine not only the information sent by honest nodes but also utilize misleading information sent by malicious nodes. We also propose a combination of the two inversion schemes. We compare the performance of the inversion based fusion schemes with blind and trust-based fusions. Results reveal better performance for inversion based fusion schemes for various intensities of attack. We also conduct simulations to evaluate the optimal thresholds that are used for invoking the inversion based fusion schemes.

关键词： Vectors Sensors Cognitive radio Silicon Fuses Measurement Transmitters

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