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An Empirical Study on Meta Virtual Reality Applications: Security and Privacy Perspectives

IEEE Transactions on software engineering 2025年第05期51卷 1437-1454页

作者： Guo, Hanyang Dai, Hong-Ning Luo, Xiapu Xu, Gengyang He, Fengliang Zheng, Zibin Hong Kong Baptist University Department of Computer Science 999077 Hong Kong Sun Yat-sen University School of Software Engineering Zhuhai519082 China The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Department of Computing 999077 Hong Kong

Virtual Reality (VR) has accelerated its prevalent adoption in emerging metaverse applications, but it is not a fundamentally new technology. On the one hand, most VR operating systems (OS) are based on off-the-shelf mobile OS (e.g., Android OS). As a result, VR apps also inevitably inherit privacy and security deficiencies from conventional mobile apps. On the other hand, in contrast to traditional mobile apps, VR apps can achieve an immersive experience via diverse VR devices, such as head-mounted displays, body sensors, and controllers. However, achieving this requires the extensive collection of privacy-sensitive human biometrics (e.g., hand-tracking and face-tracking data). Moreover, VR apps have been typically implemented by 3D gaming engines (e.g., Unity), which also contain intrinsic security vulnerabilities. Inappropriate use of these technologies may incur privacy leaks and security vulnerabilities although these issues have not received significant attention compared to the proliferation of diverse VR apps. In this paper, we develop a security and privacy assessment tool, namely the VR-SP detector for VR apps. The VR-SP detector has integrated program static analysis tools and privacy-policy analysis methods. Using the VR-SP detector, we conduct a comprehensive empirical study on 900 popular VR apps. We obtain the original apps from the popular SideQuest app store and extract Android PacKage (APK) files via the Meta Quest 2 device. We evaluate the security vulnerabilities and privacy data leaks of these VR apps through VR app analysis, taint analysis, privacy policy analysis, and user review analysis. We find that a number of security vulnerabilities and privacy leaks widely exist in VR apps. Moreover, our results also reveal conflicting representations in the privacy policies of these apps and inconsistencies of the actual data collection with the privacy-policy statements of the apps. Further, user reviews also indicate their privacy concerns about rele

关键词： Differential privacy

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Enhancing Classification Algorithm Recommendation in Automated Machine Learning: A Meta-Learning Approach Using Multivariate Sparse Group Lasso

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computer Modeling in engineering & Sciences 2025年第2期142卷 1611-1636页

作者： Irfan Khan Xianchao Zhang Ramesh Kumar Ayyasamy Saadat M.Alhashmi Azizur Rahim School of Software Dalian University of TechnologyDalian116620China Faculty of Information and Communication Technology Universiti Tunku Abdul RahmanKampar31900Malaysia College of Computing and Informatics University of SharjahSharjah27272United Arab Emirates Department of Computer Systems Engineering University of Engineering and Applied SciencesSwat19200Pakistan

The rapid growth of machine learning(ML)across fields has intensified the challenge of selecting the right algorithm for specific tasks,known as the Algorithm Selection Problem(ASP).Traditional trial-and-error methods have become impractical due to their resource *** Machine Learning(AutoML)systems automate this process,but often neglect the group structures and sparsity in meta-features,leading to inefficiencies in algorithm recommendations for classification *** paper proposes a meta-learning approach using Multivariate Sparse Group Lasso(MSGL)to address these *** method models both within-group and across-group sparsity among meta-features to manage high-dimensional data and reduce multicollinearity across eight meta-feature *** Fast Iterative Shrinkage-Thresholding Algorithm(FISTA)with adaptive restart efficiently solves the non-smooth optimization *** validation on 145 classification datasets with 17 classification algorithms shows that our meta-learning method outperforms four state-of-the-art approaches,achieving 77.18%classification accuracy,86.07%recommendation accuracy and 88.83%normalized discounted cumulative gain.

关键词： Meta-learning machine learning automated machine learning classification meta-features

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Enhancing Performance of Machine Learning Models in Healthcare: An Analytical Framework for Assessing and Improving Data Quality 5th

Enhancing Performance of Machine Learning Models in Healthca...

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5th International Conference on Advances in Information Communication Technology and Computing, AICTC 2024

作者： Al-Hgaish, Areen Atan, Rodziah Yaakob, Razali Osman, Mohd Hafeez Department of Software Engineering and Information Systems Faculty of Computer Science and Information Technology Universiti Putra Malaysia Serdang44330 Malaysia Department of Computer Science Faculty of Computer Science and Information Technology Universiti Putra Malaysia Serdang44330 Malaysia

ISBN: (纸本)9789819761050

The utilization of Data-Driven Machine Learning (DDML) models in the healthcare sector poses unique challenges due to the crucial nature of clinical decision-making and its impact on patient outcomes. A primary concern in this domain is the data quality that forms the basis for these models, which is essential for their effectiveness. While numerous studies are dedicated to leveraging Machine Learning (ML) to enhance patient care, a substantial gap exists in understanding and evaluating the quality of training data before training ML models. This issue is exacerbated by the lack of well-defined standards to ensure that data characteristics align with the specific goals of ML in healthcare. To address this, our study introduces a conceptual three-dimensional framework focusing on data accuracy, completeness, and consistency aimed at assessing and improving the quality of training data. This framework is designed to enhance the performance, predictability, and interpretability of healthcare-specific ML models and reduce biases, thus bridging current research gaps and laying the groundwork for future developments in ML-driven healthcare systems. This paper presents the initial step for our proposed Data Quality Framework (DQF), which addresses the three dimensions mentioned above. It discusses its potential implications and applications in healthcare data, and its main goal is to provide a comprehensive overview of the proposed DQF, illustrating its significance in advancing healthcare data quality and ultimately improving patient outcomes. © The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2025.

关键词： Data accuracy

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Personalized Federated Learning with Feature Alignment via Knowledge Distillation 21st

Personalized Federated Learning with Feature Alignment via...

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21st Pacific Rim International Conference on Artificial Intelligence, PRICAI 2024

作者： Qi, Guangfei Qu, Zhihao Lyu, Shen-Huan Jia, Ninghui Ye, Baoliu Key Laboratory of Water Big Data Technology of Ministry of Water Resources College of Computer Science and Software Engineering Hohai University Nanjing China National Key Laboratory for Novel Software Technology Nanjing University Nanjing China

ISBN: (纸本)9789819601189

Personalized Federated Learning (PFL) has gained significant attention for its ability to handle heterogeneous data effectively. Parameter decoupling is a typical approach to PFL. It decouples the model into a feature extractor and a classifier head, where the feature extractor is trained collaboratively to learn a common representation and the classifier head is personalized for local data. Since local training only learns personalized feature information and ignores global information, the generalization ability of the feature extractor is limited. To improve the performance of the local model, a feasible approach is to make the local feature extractor more generalized. However, prior work requires the transmission of additional feature data beyond the transmission of model parameters, which leads to privacy leakage and higher communication overhead. To address these shortcomings, we propose a PFL algorithm with feature alignment via knowledge distillation, named PFAKD. PFAKD enhances the training of local feature extractors by explicitly aligning each sample’s local features with global features, providing more detailed guidance. Meanwhile, it avoids additional communication overhead and the risk of privacy leakage. We conduct extensive experiments in heterogeneous data scenarios. PFAKD outperforms other state-of-the-art methods by up to 4.35% in terms of model accuracy. Our code is available at https://***/fei0829/PFAKD. © The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2025.

关键词： Federated learning

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Improving Federated Learning Efficiency with PruneFL: A Healthcare Perspective 24

Improving Federated Learning Efficiency with PruneFL: A Heal...

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13th International Conference on Computing and Pattern Recognition, ICCPR 2024

作者： Shahid, Alvina Arshad, Muhammad Muneeb Azam, Farooque Anwar, Muhammad Waseem Shafi, Imran Department of Computer and Software Engineering EME College National University of Sciences and Technology Punjab Islamabad Pakistan School of Interdisciplinary Engineering and Sciences National University of Sciences and Technology Punjab Islamabad Pakistan

ISBN: (纸本)9798400717482

In healthcare, accessing diverse and large datasets for machine learning poses challenges due to data privacy concerns. Federated learning (FL) addresses this by training models on decentralized data while preserving privacy. We propose PruneFL, a FL paradigm that leverages model pruning to reduce complexity and enhance efficiency. PruneFL strikes a balance between model accuracy and efficiency by reducing parameters, accelerating convergence, and minimizing communication overhead. Our approach addresses critical FL challenges and demonstrates efficacy in resource-constrained environments like healthcare. © 2024 Copyright held by the owner/author(s).

关键词： Federated learning

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Profinder: Towards Professionals Recognition on Mobile Devices for Users with Cognitive Decline 18th

Profinder: Towards Professionals Recognition on Mobile Devi...

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18th International Conference on Wireless Artificial Intelligent Computing Systems and Applications, WASA 2024

作者： Wang, Yong Xiong, Yi Yang, Tianyu Shen, Yiran College of Computer Science and Technology Harbin Engineering University Harbin China Modeling and Emulation in E-Government National Engineering Laboratory Harbin China School of Software Shandong University Jinan China

ISBN: (纸本)9783031714696

As the global population continues to age, there is a concurrent rise in the number of individuals experiencing cognitive impairment and dementia, underscoring the critical necessity to address their hospice needs and quality of life concerns. Numerous studies have underscored the positive impact of exposure to outdoor environments on their overall condition and well-being. However, cognitive challenges often hinder their capacity to perform basic tasks independently, necessitating frequent assistance from onsite professionals. Complicating matters further, the complexity of outdoor settings often results in difficulties in identifying and recognizing personnel. This paper introduces Profinder, a system designed to assist individuals with cognitive impairment in identifying occupational personnel at specific outdoor locations and accessing essential assistance. Utilizing advanced deep learning techniques, Profinder seamlessly integrates foreground and background information, incorporates attention mechanisms, and harnesses siamese networks for efficient information decoupling, thereby achieving occupational recognition on smart mobile devices with an accuracy rate exceeding 90%. Additionally, a meticulously curated dataset dedicated to occupation recognition was devel0oped to facilitate and validate this research endeavor. By providing a robust auxiliary tool for individuals with cognitive impairment, this research endeavors to enhance their autonomy and overall quality of life, while also laying a solid foundation for further exploration and innovation in this burgeoning field, both within academia and industry. © The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2025.

关键词： Neurodegenerative diseases

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Comparison of Standard Ant Colony Optimization, Dijkstra and A∗ Algorithms for Path Planning of Robot in an Indoor Environment

Comparison of Standard Ant Colony Optimization, Dijkstra and...

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9th International Conference on Mechanical engineering and Robotics Research, ICMERR 2025

作者： Sharan, Sudeep Ngoc Minh, Anh Tong Dominguez-Jimenez, Juan Jose Nauth, Peter Frankfurt University of Applied Sciences Faculty of Computer Science and Engineering Frankfurt am Main Germany UCASE Software Engineering Group School of Engineering University of Cádiz Cadiz Spain

ISBN: (纸本)9798331509262

The research topic of Path planning is extremely challenging area of concentration within the field of mobile robots. However, path planning algorithms for mobile robot tasks are contingent upon the environment and its level of complexity. This paper analyzes four distinct path planning methods for simulated indoor environment. The proposed algorithms include conventional Ant Colony methods, Ant System (AS), Ant Colony System (ACS), as well as standard methods Dijkstra and AStar (A*). We analyzed and examined these algorithms by employing various metrics/maps with complexity. The results indicate that the traditional path planning algorithm Dijkstra and A∗ approaches surpass the other ant colony techniques in terms of both computation time and path distance. © 2025 IEEE.

关键词： Ant colony optimization

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Velocity Field-Based Surveillance Video Frame Deletion Detection Using Siamese Network 27th

Velocity Field-Based Surveillance Video Frame Deletion Detec...

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27th International Conference on Pattern Recognition, ICPR 2024

作者： Su, Yang Tan, ShunQuan Huang, Jiwu College of Information Engineering Shenzhen University Shenzhen China Shenzhen Institute of Artificial Intelligence and Robotics for Society Shenzhen China College of Computer Science and Software Engineering Shenzhen University Shenzhen China

ISBN: (纸本)9783031783111

Surveillance videos play a crucial role in providing evidences. However, the deletion of even a few frames can significantly impact the interpretation of events, while the deletion can be performed easily using video editing softwares without leaving visual traces. This paper introduces a novel method to detect video frame deletion based on velocity field characteristics. The main idea is to convert long videos into a feature sequence, which appears as a sequence containing outlier values for videos with frame deletions, and as a sequence without outlier values for original videos. The proposed approach employs a siamese network to distinguish frame deletions between adjacent frames. A video can be transformed into a feature sequence through the siamese network, and the resulting sequence is fed into a binary classifier for final classification. Experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of our proposed approach, even for longer videos (e.g., 2000 frames) with minimal frame deletions (e.g., 1 frame). © The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2025.

关键词： Digital forensics

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Enhanced Reversible Data Hiding in Encrypted Images by Pixel Shifting 16

Enhanced Reversible Data Hiding in Encrypted Images by Pixel...

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2024 16th International Conference on Graphics and Image Processing, ICGIP 2024

作者： Yang, Ching-Nung Lu, Yu-Quan Liu, Shu-Yu Xiong, Lizhi Dept. of Computer Sci. and Inf. Engineering National Dong Hwa University Hualien Taiwan School of Computer and Software Nanjing University of Inf. Sci. & Technology Nanjing China

ISBN: (数字)9781510688780

ISBN: (纸本)9781510688773

Reversible data hiding (RDH) is one special type of data hiding, and is widely used for many intended applications. Moreover, to protect the cover image, RDH in encrypted image (RDHEI) is accordingly proposed. With the reversibility and hiding data in encrypted image, RDHEI has potential utility in fields such as military and medical image transmission, and forensic analysis. Recently, Panchikkil et al. propose a RDHEI by using pixel swapping (RDHE-PSW) to swap some pixels in a block. The pixel swapping does not change pixel values, and thus Panchikkil et al.’s RDHEI-PSW can retain entropy and histogram. The smoothness of a block is calculated to extract the hidden bits and meantime recover the cover image. Panchikkil et al.’s RDHEI-PSW only hides two secret bits in every block. Recently, Kim et al. use pixel shifting (PSH), a circular right shift on a block, instead of pixel swapping to propose a RDHEI-PSH. In this paper, we still adopt PSH approach but use it in a different way (a modified PSH) to propose an enhanced RDHEI-PSH with a higher embedding capacity than Kim et al.’s RDHEI-PSH. Our enhanced RDHEI-PSH double the patterns on a block, on which we can embed more secret bits. Experimental results demonstrate that our enhanced RDHEI-PSH surpasses Panchikkil et al.’s RDHEI-PSW and Kim et al.’s RDHEI-PSH. © 2025 SPIE.

关键词： Military photography

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3DGCformer: 3-Dimensional Graph Convolutional transformer for multi-step origin–destination matrix forecasting

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Applied Intelligence 2025年第6期55卷 1-18页

作者： Huang, Yiou Deng, Hao Zhao, Shengjie School of Computer Science and Technology Tongji University Shanghai China Key Laboratory of Embedded System and Service Computing Shanghai China Engineering Research Center of Key Software Technologies for Smart City Perception and Planning Ministry of Education Shanghai China

Forecasting Human mobility is of great significance in the simulation and control of infectious diseases like COVID-19. To get a clear picture of potential future outbreaks, it is necessary to forecast multi-step Origin–Destination (OD) matrices for a relatively long period in the future. However, multi-step Origin–Destination Matrix Forecasting (ODMF) is a non-trivial problem. First, previous ODMF models only forecast the OD matrix for the next time-step, and they cannot perform well on long-term multi-step forecasts due to error accumulation. Second, many ODMF methods capture spatial and temporal dependencies with separate modules, which is insufficient to model spatio-temporal correlations in the time-varying OD matrix sequence. To address the challenges in multi-step ODMF, we propose 3-Dimensional Graph Convolutional Transformer (3DGCformer). As an enhancement of the original 3DGCN, we propose a novel Origin–Destination Feature Propagation (ODFP) rule between 3DGCN layers and integrate 2 3DGCNs with different spatio-temporal graphs and corresponding feature propagation rules to model the formation of OD flows in a more comprehensive way. For multi-step forecasts, 3DGCformer uses Transformer to capture long-term global temporal dependency, and adapt its decoder using labeled tokens to avoid error accumulation and improve time efficiency. To avoid information loss as the number of regions increases, we propose a patch embedding approach to convert data from 3DGCNs to the Transformer module. We perform extensive experiments on 4 real-world human mobility datasets, and the results show that our proposed model outperforms the state-of-the-art methods. © The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2025.

关键词： Convolution

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