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A comprehensive survey on 6G-security: physical connection and service layers

Discover Internet of Things 2025年第1期5卷 1-30页

作者： Saeed, Mamoon M. Saeed, Rashid A. Hasan, Mohammad Kamrul Ali, Elmustafa Sayed Mazha, Tehseen Shahzad, Tariq Khan, Sunawar Hamam, Habib Sana00967 Yemen Department of Computer Engineering College of Computers and Information Technology Taif University P.O. Box 11099 Taif21944 Saudi Arabia Department of Electronics Engineering College of Electronics Engineering Sudan University of Science and Technology Omdurman Sudan Bangi43600 Malaysia Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering Faculty of Engineering Red Sea University Port Sudan33312 Sudan School of Computer Science National College of Business Administration and Economics Lahore54000 Pakistan Faculty of Engineering Uni de Moncton MonctonNBE1A3E9 Canada Department of Computer Engineering COMSATS University Islamabad Sahiwal Campus Sahiwal57000 Pakistan Department of Computer Science and Software Engineering International Islamic University Islamabad44000 Pakistan School of Electrical Engineering University of Johannesburg Johannesburg2006 South Africa BP 1989 Av. Grandes Ecoles Libreville Gabon Bridges for Academic Excellence-Spectrum Tunis Tunisia Department of Computer Science School Education Department Government of Punjab Layyah31200 Pakistan Chitkara University Institute of Engineering and Technology Chitkara University Punjab Rajpura140401 India

After adopting 5G technology, businesses and academia have started working on sixth-generation wireless networking (6G) technologies. Mobile communications options are expected to expand in areas where previous generations could not do so. 6G networks are anticipated to be constructed using various diverse technologies. These encompass diverse cutting-edge advancements, such as distributed ledger systems like blockchain, visible light communications (VLC), post-quantum cryptography, edge computing, molecular communication, THz, and other advances. These advances necessitate a reassessment of previous security strategies from a security perspective. In the future, networks must adhere to stricter criteria for authentication, encryption, access control, connectivity, and detection of harmful activities. Ensuring privacy and dependability necessitates the implementation of supplementary security protocols. The essay explores the primary concerns and challenges related to the security of the 6G network. This paper describes the improvements in security in communications from 1G through 6G. This paper divides security in the sixth generation into three layers: physical, connection, and service. Each layer-by-layer discusses the standard technologies and security issues for each technology proposed in each sixth-generation security layer. All proposed solutions for each of the three layers are discussed in Sixth Generation Security. It also reviews all proposed solutions for each layer, indicating the proposed solution and its limitations. © The Author(s) 2025.

关键词： 5G mobile communication systems

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Leveraging large language model as news sentiment predictor in stock markets: a knowledge-enhanced strategy

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Discover Computing 2025年第1期28卷 1-36页

作者： Chen, Weisi Liu, Wulong Zheng, Jiaxin Zhang, Xu School of Software Engineering Xiamen University of Technology 600 Ligong Road Houxi County Jimei District Fujian Xiamen China School of Computer and Information Engineering Xiamen University of Technology 600 Ligong Road Houxi County Jimei District Fujian Xiamen China

In the fast-evolving artificial intelligence era, the intersection of natural language processing and financial analysis has attracted significant attention, primarily due to its potential to provide valuable insights into financial market behavior. Sentiment analysis of financial news articles is a crucial aspect of this intersection, providing cues about market sentiment that may affect stock price dynamics. Traditional sentiment analysis methods often rely on rules or machine learning algorithms trained on labeled datasets, but these methods face challenges in capturing the context within the text. This paper proposes a framework that incorporates prompt engineering strategies, including a novel Domain Knowledge Chain-of-Thought (DK-CoT) strategy, integrating domain-specific financial knowledge with chain-of-thought reasoning, designed to leverage and enhance the performance of large language models (LLMs) in financial news sentiment analysis. DK-CoT has been compared with various prompt engineering techniques, including zero-shot, few-shot, and chain-of-thought, as well as other benchmark models like BERT and RoBERTa. Through comprehensive experiments and evaluations, we introduce the weighted F1 score as a more practical metric, emphasizing the disproportionate impact of negative news on financial markets, which better reflects real-world financial dynamics, as negative sentiments often lead to more significant market reactions than positive or neutral sentiments. Experimental results have shown that DK-CoT adopted in an LLM called GLM is effective in improving the performance and reliability of financial news sentiment analysis. Our findings provide insights into optimal prompt designs and highlight the importance of incorporating financial knowledge to uplift LLM performance while reducing the need for extensive computational resources and fine-tuning. © The Author(s) 2025.

关键词： Accessible machine learning Financial news Large language model Natural language processing Prompt engineering Sentiment analysis

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Research on Chip Special Layout Recognition Technology 24

Research on Chip Special Layout Recognition Technology

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Proceedings of the 2024 4th International Conference on Big Data, Artificial Intelligence and Risk Management

作者： Jimao Jia Software Engineering in College of Computer Science College of Software Inner Mongolia University Hohhot Inner Mongolia China

ISBN: (纸本)9798400709753

Chip analysis is an important means of chip research, and with the progress of the chip process, the traditional means are subject to great challenges. For this reason, the research and application of chip automation and intelligent technology is an important topic. In this paper, for the chip analysis in the layout presents special process holes, missing effective elements, poor image quality and other characteristics, the existing recognition algorithms have been applied to the difficulties of bad results, proposed deep learning-based improvement algorithms, basically solves the layout of the large holes, hollow holes, dark holes, and other special elements of the problem, the recognition effect reaches the expected.

关键词： chip analysis

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FreqSense: Universal and Low-Latency Adversarial Example Detection for Speaker Recognition with Interpretability in Frequency Domain

FreqSense: Universal and Low-Latency Adversarial Example Det...

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2025 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing, ICASSP 2025

作者： Huang, Yihuan Li, Yuanzhe Ren, Yanzhen Tu, Weiping Yang, Yuhong Key Laboratory of Aerospace Information Security and Trusted Computing Ministry of Education China School of Cyber Science and Engineering Wuhan University China National Engineering Research Center for Multimedia Software School of Computer Science Wuhan University China

ISBN: (纸本)9798350368741

Speaker recognition (SR) systems are particularly vulnerable to adversarial example (AE) attacks. To mitigate these attacks, AE detection systems are typically integrated into SR systems. To overcome the limitations of low detection accuracy, poor generalization, and high latency in existing schemes, this paper proposes FreqSense, an AE detection scheme based on frequency distribution features. FreqSense detects a variety of unknown AE attacks with low latency, and provides interpretability in its detection process. The basic idea of FreqSense is that AE typically introduce carefully designed noise in specific frequency bands that are associated with highly distinctive speaker identities. Therefore, leveraging the distributional variations in these frequency bands can effectively distinguish between AE and benign audio. FreqSense models frequency distribution features by integrating time-frequency transformation technology with a self-attention mechanism and employs a neural network-based classifier to distinguish between AE and benign audio. Experimental results show that FreqSense achieves an overall detection accuracy of 99.2%, surpassing state-of-the-art (SOTA) schemes by 27.2%. When confronting unknown AE attacks, FreqSense achieves a detection accuracy of 98.3% with a latency of just 0.0014 seconds. © 2025 IEEE.

关键词： Adversarial Attack Adversarial Example Detection Speaker Recognition

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Fair and Communication-Efficient Personalized Federated Learning 18th

Fair and Communication-Efficient Personalized Federated Lea...

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18th International Conference on Wireless Artificial Intelligent Computing Systems and Applications, WASA 2024

作者： Zheng, Yifu Zheng, Xu Wang, Tingqi Mu, Chong Zhakiyev, Nurkhat School of Computer Science and Engineering University of Electronic Science and Technology of China Chengdu China School of Information and Software Engineering University of Electronic Science and Technology of China Chengdu China Department of Science and Innovation Astana IT University Astana Kazakhstan

ISBN: (纸本)9783031714665

Personalized Federated Learning (pFL) is among the most popular tasks in distributed deep learning, which compensates for mutual knowledge and enables device-specific model personalization. However, the effectiveness of pFL is severely impeded by challenges on fairness and significant communication overhead, where devices holding essential samples have to devote extensive resources for model training. To address these issues, we introduce the Fair and Communication-Efficient Personalized Federated Learning (FCE-PFL) framework, which harmonizes performance and device fairness while maintaining communication costs. Based on the Dempster-Shafer Theory, FCE-PFL employs assistance and contribution metrics to quantify the auxiliary information a client receives and provides. Then FCE-PFL balances and adjusts the involvement of devices in each training iteration, so as to facilitate fair training by constraining the maximum resource consumption per device and reduce the overall communication overhead. Our framework has been proven to be superior to existing methods in accuracy through rigorous experiments on the CIFAR10 and CIFAR100 datasets, demonstrating its potential as a fair and efficient pFL solution. © The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2025.

关键词： Federated learning

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YFLM: An Improved Levenberg-Marquardt Algorithm for Global Bundle Adjustment 41st

YFLM: An Improved Levenberg-Marquardt Algorithm for Global ...

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41st computer Graphics International Conference, CGI 2024

作者： Peng, Jiaxin Li, Tao Jiang, Qin Liu, Jie Wang, Ruibo Laboratory of Software Engineering for Complex Systems School of Computer Science National University of Defense Technology Hunan Changsha410073 China Parallel and Distributed Processing Laboratory School of Computer Science National University of Defense Technology Hunan Changsha410073 China

ISBN: (纸本)9783031820205

The conventional Levenberg-Marquardt (LM) algorithm is a state-of-the-art trust-region optimization method for solving bundle adjustment problems in the Structure-from-Motion community, which not only takes advantage of the fast convergence of the Gauss-Newton method, but also the stability of the gradient descent method when approaching optimal solutions. However, the damping ratio of LM is simply provided by trial-and-error, which causes slow convergence rate for large-scale problems. This paper proposes the Yamashita-Fukushima LM (YFLM) algorithm to reduce the time complexity for global bundle adjustment, where the damping factor is determined by Yamashita and Fukushima’s method. YFLM dynamically calculates a more reasonable and optimal damping ratio according to the newest reprojection error. The experimental results show that the YFLM algorithm outperforms the conventional LM algorithm for most public bundle adjustment datasets. Besides this, the convergence of the YFLM algorithm is also evaluated with different σ∈(0,2]. © The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2025.

关键词： Damping

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Optimal Illumination Distance Metrics for Person Re-identification 21st

Optimal Illumination Distance Metrics for Person Re-identif...

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21st Pacific Rim International Conference on Artificial Intelligence, PRICAI 2024

作者： Wang, Chao Wang, Zhongyuan Hu, Ruimin Wang, Xiaochen Zhou, Wen National Engineering Research Center for Multimedia Software School of Computer Science Wuhan University Wuhan China Hubei Key Laboratory of Multimedia and Network Communication Engineering Wuhan University Wuhan China College of Information Engineering Nanjing University of Finance Economics Nanjing China

ISBN: (纸本)9789819601240

Person re-identification (Re-ID) has been widely used in public security and surveillance. Due to the influence of different shooting times and locations, can lead to lighting variations in the images captured by the camera, and the lighting variations seriously affect the Re-ID performance. Existing methods utilize images under different lighting conditions to transform to uniform lighting conditions to eliminate the effect of lighting on Re-ID. However, these methods ignore the fact that different illumination metric distances have different recognition performances. Therefore, we propose the optimal illumination distance metric, by analyzing different light distances for pedestrians in different light conditions, we find that there exists an optimal light condition in which the distance between image pairs is smaller than the distance in other light conditions. The distance under the optimal lighting condition is used in the retrieval process as the distance between its final sorted image pairs. To verify the effectiveness of our method, Market-1501-IA and Duke-MTMC-IA datasets are constructed, and a large number of experiments are conducted under different lighting conditions to verify the existence of the optimal lighting conditions and the effectiveness of the proposed method. © The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2025.

关键词： Lighting

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Artificial intelligence in qualitative analysis: a practical guide and reflections based on results from using GPT to analyze interview data in a substance use program

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Quality and Quantity 2025年 1-24页

作者： Yang, Yang Ma, Liran Institute of Behavioral Research Texas Christian University 2800 South University Drive Fort Worth 76109 TX United States Department of Computer Science and Software Engineering Miami University Oxford OH United States

Language-based text provide valuable insights into people’s lived experiences. While traditional qualitative analysis is used to capture these nuances, new paradigms are needed to scale qualitative research effectively. Artificial intelligence presents an unprecedented opportunity to expand the sale of analysis for obtaining such nuances. The study tests the application of GPT-4—a large language modeling—in qualitative data analysis using an existing set of text data derived from 60 qualitative interviews. Specifically, the study provides a practical guide for social and behavioral researchers, illustrating core elements and key processes, demonstrating its reliability by comparing GPT-generated codes with researchers’ codes, and evaluating its capacity for theory-driven qualitative analysis. The study followed a three-step approach: (1) prompt engineering, (2) reliability assessment by comparison of GPT-generated codes with researchers’ codes, and (3) evaluation of theory-driven thematic analysis on psychological constructs. The study underscores the utility of GPT’s capabilities in coding and analyzing text data with established qualitative methods while highlighting the need for qualitative expertise to guide GPT applications. Recommendations for further exploration are also discussed. © The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature B.V. 2025.

关键词： Artificial intelligence ChatGPT and GPT Large language models Qualitative research

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Strategy Masking: A Method for Guardrails in Value-based Reinforcement Learning Agents

arXiv

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arXiv 2025年

作者： Keane, Jonathan Keyser, Sam Kedziora, Jeremy Department of Computer Science and Software Engineering Milwaukee School of Engineering MilwaukeeWI United States

The use of reward functions to structure AI learning and decision making is core to the current reinforcement learning paradigm;however, without careful design of reward functions, agents can learn to solve problems in ways that may be considered "undesirable" or "unethical. Without thorough understanding of the incentives a reward function creates, it can be difficult to impose principled yet general control mechanisms over its behavior. In this paper, we study methods for constructing guardrails for AI agents that use reward functions to learn decision making. We introduce a novel approach, which we call strategy masking, to explicitly learn and then suppress undesirable AI agent behavior. We apply our method to study lying in AI agents and show that it can be used to effectively modify agent behavior by suppressing lying post-training without compromising agent ability to perform effectively. © 2025, CC BY.

关键词： Reinforcement learning

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Streamlining Classroom and Laboratory Management in University: Enhancing Problem Reporting Processes

Streamlining Classroom and Laboratory Management in Universi...

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Computing and Information Technology (ICCIT-1441), 2020 International Conference on

作者： Qamar H. Naith Department of Software Engineering College of Computer Science and Engineering University of Jeddah Jeddah Saudi Arabia

ISBN: (数字)9798350353839

ISBN: (纸本)9798350353846

Managing the classroom and lab activities in the university and reporting process for the problems that occur during lectures is a hard process that needs more consideration. This study addresses challenges faced by technicians and academic staff in university classrooms, emphasizing the need for a streamlined automated issue reporting system. This paper proposes a comprehensive system aimed at improving communication, efficiency, and effectiveness in addressing classroom issues, benefiting technicians, students, and lecturers. Quantitative Analysis and evaluation of the system's user experience from instructors and technicians showed highly positive outcomes, indicating its high effectiveness in managing classroom issues and improving overall classroom management. Moreover, the statistical test revealed no statistically significant differences (α= 0.05) in the willingness to use the classroom issue management system between technicians and academic staff, indicating similar user perceptions and readiness for both groups to utilize the system.

关键词： Surveys Productivity Bridges Statistical analysis User experience Stakeholders Usability Information technology

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