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GECAM Localization of High Energy Transients and the Systematic Error

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arXiv 2022年

作者： Zhao, Yi Xue, Wang-Chen Xiong, Shao-Lin Wang, Yuan-Hao Liu, Jia-Cong Luo, Qi Zhang, Yan-Qiu Sun, Jian-Chao Zhao, Xiao-Yun Cai, Ce Xiao, Shuo Huang, Yue Li, Xiao-Bo Zhang, Zhen Liao, Jin-Yuan Yang, Sheng Qiao, Rui Guo, Dong-Ya Zheng, Chao Yi, Qi-Bin Xie, Sheng-Lun Guo, Zhi-Wei Li, Chao-Yang Wang, Chen-Wei Tan, Wen-Jun Wang, Yue Peng, Wen-Xi Zheng, Shi-Jie He, Jian-Jian Wang, Ping Wang, Jin Ma, Xiang Song, Xin-Ying Zhang, Hong-Mei Li, Bing Zhang, Peng Wu, Hong Du, Yan-Qi Liang, Jing Zhao, Guo-Ying Li, Xin-Qiao Wen, Xiang-Yang An, Zheng-Hua Sun, Xi-Lei Xu, Yan-Bing Zhang, Fan Zhang, Da-Li Gong, Ke Liu, Ya-Qing Liang, Xiao-Hua Liu, Xiao-Jing Gao, Min Wang, Jin-Zhou Song, Li-Ming Chen, Gang Zhang, Ke-Ke Han, Xing-Bo Wu, Hai-Yan Hu, Tai Geng, Hao Lu, Fang-Jun Zhang, Shu Zhang, Shuang-Nan Lu, Gao-Peng Zeng, Ming Yu, Heng Department of Astronomy Beijing Normal University Beijing100875 China Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics Institute of High Energy Physics Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing100049 China University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing100049 China College of Physics Hebei Normal University 20 South Erhuan Road Hebei Shijiazhuang050024 China Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory of Radio Astronomy and Data Processing Guizhou Normal University GuiZhou Guiyang550001 China School of Physics and Electronic Science Guizhou Normal University GuiZhou Guiyang550001 China School of Physics and Optoelectronics Xiangtan University Hunan Xiangtan411105 China Institute of Astrophysics Central China Normal University Wuhan430079 China College of Physics Sciences Technology Hebei University No. 180 Wusi Dong Road Lian Chi District Hebei Province Baoding City071002 China Physics and Space Science College China West Normal University Nanchong637002 China College of Electronic and information Engineering Tongji University Shanghai201804 China School of Computing and Artificial Intelligence Southwest Jiaotong University Chengdu611756 China Innovation Academy for Microsatellites Chinese Academy of Sciences Shanghai201304 China National Space Science Center Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing100190 China School of Earth and Space Sciences University of Science and Technology of China Hefei230026 China Ministry of Education Beijing100084 China Department of Engineering Physics Tsinghua University Beijing100084 China

Gravitational wave high-energy Electromagnetic Counterpart All-sky Monitor (GECAM) is a pair of microsatellites (i.e. GECAM-A and GECAM-B) dedicated to monitoring gamma-ray transients including gravitational waves high-energy electromagnetic counterparts, Gamma-ray Bursts, Soft Gamma-ray Repeaters, Solar Flares and Terrestrial Gamma-ray Flashes. Since launch in December 2020, GECAM-B has detected hundreds of astronomical and terrestrial events. For these bursts, localization is the key for burst identification and classification as well as follow-up observations in multi-wavelength. Here, we propose a Bayesian localization method with Poisson data with Gaussian background profile likelihood to localize GECAM bursts based on the burst counts distribution in detectors with different orientations. We demonstrate that this method can work well for all kinds of bursts, especially for extremely short ones. In addition, we propose a new method to estimate the systematic error of localization based on a confidence level test, which can overcome some problems of the existing method in literature. We validate this method by Monte Carlo simulations, and then apply it to a burst sample with accurate location and find that the mean value of the systematic error of GECAM-B localization is ∼ 2.5◦. By considering this systematic error, we can obtain a reliable localization probability map for GECAM bursts. Our methods can be applied to other gamma-ray monitors. Copyright © 2022, The Authors. All rights reserved.

关键词： Errors

A Localization Method of High Energy Transients for All-Sky Gamma-Ray Monitor

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arXiv 2022年

作者： Zhao, Yi Xue, Wangchen Xiong, Shaolin Luo, Qi Wang, Yuanhao Liu, Jiacong Yu, Heng Zhao, Xiaoyun Huang, Yue Liao, Jinyuan Sun, Jianchao Li, Xiaobo Yi, Qibin Cai, Ce Xiao, Shuo Xie, Shenglun Zheng, Chao Zhang, Yanqiu Wang, Chenwei Tan, Wenjun Guo, Zhiwei Li, Chaoyang An, Zhenghua Chen, Gang Du, Yanqi Gao, Min Gong, Ke Guo, Dongya He, Jiang He, Jianjian Li, Bing Li, Gang Li, Xinqiao Liang, Jing Liang, Xiaohua Liu, Yaqing Ma, Xiang Qiao, Rui Song, Liming Song, Xinying Sun, Xilei Wang, Jin Wang, Ping Wen, Xiangyang Wu, Hong Xu, Yanbing Yang, Sheng Zhang, Dali Zhang, Fan Zhang, Hongmei Zhang, Peng Zhang, Shu Zhang, Zhen Zheng, Shijie Zhang, Keke Han, Xingbo Wu, Haiyan Hu, Tai Geng, Hao Lu, Gaopeng Xu, Wei Lyu, Fanchao Zhang, Hongbo Lu, Fangjun Zhang, Shuangnan Department of Astronomy Beijing Normal University Beijing100875 China Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics Institute of High Energy Physics Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing100049 China University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing100049 China School of Physics and Optoelectronics Xiangtan University Hunan Xiangtan411105 China College of Physics Hebei Normal University Shijiazhuang050024 China Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory of Radio Astronomy and Data Processing Guizhou Normal University Guiyang550001 China School of Physics and Electronic Science Guizhou Normal University Guiyang550001 China Institute of Astrophysics Central China Normal University Wuhan430079 China College of physics Sciences Technology Hebei University Baoding071002 China Physics and Space Science College China West Normal University Nanchong637002 China School of Computing and Artificial Intelligence Southwest Jiaotong University Chengdu611756 China College of Electronic and information Engineering Tongji University Shanghai201804 China Innovation Academy for Microsatellites of Chinese Academy of Sciences Shanghai201304 China National Space Science Center Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing100190 China School of Earth and Space Sciences University of Science and Technology of China Hefei230026 China Electronic Information School Wuhan University Hubei Wuhan430072 China Key Laboratory of Transportation Meteorology of China Meteorological Administration Nanjing Joint China Key Laboratory of Middle Atmosphere and Global Environment Observation Institute of Atmospheric Physics Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing100029 China

Fast and reliable localization of high-energy transients is crucial for characterizing the burst properties and guiding the follow-up observations. Localization based on the relative counts of different detectors has been widely used for all-sky gamma-ray monitors. There are two major methods for this counts distribution localization: χ2 minimization method and the Bayesian method. Here we propose a modified Bayesian method that could take advantage of both the accuracy of the Bayesian method and the simplicity of the χ2 method. With comprehensive simulations, we find that our Bayesian method with Poisson likelihood is generally more applicable for various bursts than χ2 method, especially for weak bursts. We further proposed a location-spectrum iteration approach based on the Bayesian inference, which could alleviate the problems caused by the spectral difference between the burst and location templates. Our method is very suitable for scenarios with limited computation resources or time-sensitive applications, such as in-flight localization software, and low-latency localization for rapid follow-up observations. Copyright © 2022, The Authors. All rights reserved.

关键词： Gamma rays

The First GECAM Observation Results on Terrestrial Gamma-ray Flashes and Terrestrial Electron Beams

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arXiv 2023年

作者： Zhao, Y. Liu, J.C. Xiong, S.L. Xue, W.C. Yi, Q.B. Lu, G.P. Xu, W. Lyu, F.C. Sun, J.C. Peng, W.X. Zheng, C. Zhang, Y.Q. Cai, C. Xiao, S. Xie, S.L. Wang, C.W. Tan, W.J. An, Z.H. Chen, G. Du, Y.Q. Huang, Y. Gao, M. Gong, K. Guo, D.Y. He, J.J. Li, B. Li, G. Li, X.Q. Li, X.B. Liao, J.Y. Liang, J. Liang, X.H. Liu, Y.Q. Ma, X. Qiao, R. Song, L.M. Song, X.Y. Sun, X.L. Wang, J. Wang, J.Z. Wang, P. Wen, X.Y. Wu, H. Xu, Y.B. Yang, S. Zhang, B.X. Zhang, D.L. Zhang, F. Zhang, P. Zhang, H.M. Zhang, Z. Zhao, X.Y. Zheng, S.J. Zhang, K.K. Han, X.B. Wu, H.Y. Hu, T. Geng, H. Zhang, H.B. Lu, F.J. Zhang, S.N. Yu, H. Department of Astronomy Beijing Normal University Beijing Beijing100875 China Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics Institute of High Energy Physics Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing Beijing100049 China University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing Beijing100049 China School of Physics and Optoelectronics Xiangtan University Hunan Xiangtan411105 China School of Earth and Space Sciences University of Science and Technology of China Anhui Hefei230026 China Electronic Information School Wuhan University Hubei Wuhan430072 China Key Laboratory of Transportation Meteorology of China Meteorological Administration Nanjing Joint Institute for Atmospheric Sciences Jiangsu Nanjing210000 China College of Physics Hebei Key Laboratory of Photophysics Research and Application Hebei Normal University Hebei Shijiazhuang050024 China Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory of Radio Astronomy and Data Processing Guizhou Normal University GuiZhou Guiyang550001 China School of Physics and Electronic Science Guizhou Normal University GuiZhou Guiyang550001 China Institute of Astrophysics Central China Normal University HuBei Wuhan430079 China School of Computing and Artificial Intelligence Southwest Jiaotong University SiChuan Chengdu611756 China College of Electronic and Information Engineering Tongji University Shanghai Shanghai201804 China Innovation Academy for Microsatellites Chinese Academy of Sciences Shanghai Shanghai201304 China National Space Science Center Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing Beijing100190 China Key Laboratory of Middle Atmosphere and Global Environment Observation Institute of Atmospheric Physics Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing Beijing100029 China

Gravitational-wave high-energy Electromagnetic Counterpart All-sky Monitor (GECAM) is a space-borne instrument dedicated to monitoring high-energy transients, including Terrestrial Gamma-ray Flashes (TGFs) and Terrestrial Electron Beams (TEBs). We implemented a TGF/TEB search algorithm for GECAM, with which 147 bright TGFs, 2 typical TEBs and 2 special TEB-like events are identified during an effective observation time of ∼9 months. We show that, with gamma-ray and charged particle detectors, GECAM can effectively identify and distinguish TGFs and TEBs, and measure their temporal and spectral properties in detail. A very high TGF-lightning association rate of ∼80% is obtained between GECAM and GLD360 in east Asia region. Copyright © 2023, The Authors. All rights reserved.

关键词： Electron beams

Design of Intelligent Robot Platform based on Multi-sensor Fusion

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Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2020年第1期1606卷

作者： Ya Dajin Lei Xiaochun Li Yue Chen Junyan Huang Rongcun Lan Lin School of computer and information security Guilin University of Electronic Technology Guilin 541004 China Guangxi Colleges and Universities Key Laboratory of Intelligent Processing of Computer Images and Graphics Guilin 541004 China Guangxi Cooperative Innovation Center of cloud computing and Big Data Guilin University of Electronic Technology Guilin 541004 China

The mobile robot adapts to the more complicated indoor and outdoor environments, and can expand its scope of application. In order to reduce the influence of the cumulative error caused by navigation in complex environments, the indoor mobile robot that combines Inertial Measurement Unit (IMU) and encoder fusion is designed and implemented. In view of the limitations of the traditional single lidar scheme, a Multi-sensor Fusion scheme is proposed to achieve indoor map construction, path planning, multi-point navigation and other functions, and a MSIF KartoSLAM (Multi-sensor Information Fusion) algorithm is proposed, which combines the KartoSLAM algorithm and Multi-sensor information to achieve map construction in complex environments. Through comprehensive testing in the indoor environment, the results show that the Multi-sensor Fusion scheme is superior to the traditional single lidar scheme, and can achieve higher accuracy in mapping and navigation. At the same time, the robot platform can also be combined with the Internet of Things technology and integrated into intelligent housing system.

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Design of People Flow Monitoring System in Public Place based on MD-MCNN

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Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2020年第1期1606卷

作者： Xiong Tianmin Lei Xiaochun Zheng Xingwen Chen Junyan Feng Yizhou School of computer and information security Guilin University of Electronic Technology Guilin 541004 China Guangxi Colleges and Universities Key Laboratory of Intelligent Processing of Computer Images and Graphics Guilin 541004 China Guangxi Cooperative Innovation Center of cloud computing and Big Data Guilin University of Electronic Technology Guilin 541004 China

Due to the limitation of hardware resources, the traditional people flow monitoring system based on computer vision in public places can't meet different crowd-scale scenarios. Therefore, a people flow monitoring system based on MD-MCNN algorithm is designed, which is an application system combining the improved SSD object detection algorithm MNSSD and MCNN density map regression algorithm. In the initial stage, the system uses MNSSD for accurate detection and counting. If the people flow gradually reaches a certain threshold, the system automatically uses MCNN to estimate people flow until the people flow falls below the threshold. Through the experimental verification, the system can realize the people flow statistics of low-density and high-density people in different scenarios, and can be applied on the existing embedded platform. This scheme can be extended to smart cities, smart scenic spots, smart transportation and other fields.

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Systematic Resource Allocation in Cloud RAN with Caching as a Service under Two Timescales

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Systematic Resource Allocation in Cloud RAN with Caching as ...

作者： Tang, Jianhua Quek, Tony Q. S. Chang, Tsung-Hui Shim, Byonghyo Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Intelligent Computing and Language Information Processing College of Information Science and Engineering Hunan Normal University Changsha410081 China Institute of New Media and Communications Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Seoul National University Seoul08826 Korea Republic of Information Systems Technology and Design Pillar Singapore University of Technology and Design Singapore487372 Singapore Department of Electronic Engineering Kyung Hee University Yongin17104 Korea Republic of School of Science and Engineering Chinese University of Hong Kong Shenzhen518172 China Shenzhen Research Institute of Big Data Shenzhen518172 China Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Institute of New Media and Communications Seoul National University Seoul08826 Korea Republic of

Recently, cloud radio access network (C-RAN) with caching as a service (CaaS) was proposed to merge the functionalities of communication, computing, and caching (CCC) together. In this paper, we dissect the interactions of CCC in C-RAN with CaaS from two dimensions: physical resource dimension and time dimension. In the physical resource dimension, we identify how to segment the baseband unit (BBU) pool resources (i.e., computation and storage) into different types of virtual machines (VMs). In the time dimension, we address how the long-term resource segmentation in the BBU pool impacts on the short-term transmit beamforming at the remote radio heads. We formulate the problem as a stochastic mixed-integer nonlinear programming (SMINLP) to minimize the system cost, including the server cost, VM cost and wireless transmission cost. After a series of approximation, including sample average approximation, successive convex approximation, and semidefinite relaxation, the SMINLP is approximated as a global consensus problem. The alternating direction method of multipliers (ADMM) is utilized to obtain the solution in a parallel fashion. Simulation results verify the convergence of our proposed algorithm, and also confirm that the proposed scheme is more cost-saving than that without considering the integration of CCC. © 1972-2012 IEEE.

关键词： Integer programming

iSplit LBI: Individualized partial ranking with ties via split LBI

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arXiv 2019年

作者： Xu, Qianqian Sun, Xinwei Yang, Zhiyong Cao, Xiaochun Huang, Qingming Yao, Yuan Key Lab. of Intelligent Information Processing Institute of Computing Technology CAS Microsoft Research Asia State Key Laboratory of Information Security Institute of Information Engineering CAS School of Cyber Security University of Chinese Academy of Sciences School of Computer Science and Tech. University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Big Data Mining and Knowledge Management CAS Peng Cheng Laboratory Department of Mathematics Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Hong Kong

Due to the inherent uncertainty of data, the problem of predicting partial ranking from pairwise comparison data with ties has attracted increasing interest in recent years. However, in real-world scenarios, different individuals often hold distinct preferences. It might be misleading to merely look at a global partial ranking while ignoring personal diversity. In this paper, instead of learning a global ranking which is agreed with the consensus, we pursue the tie-aware partial ranking from an individualized perspective. Particularly, we formulate a unified framework which not only can be used for individualized partial ranking prediction, but also be helpful for abnormal user selection. This is realized by a variable splitting-based algorithm called iSplitLBI. Specifically, our algorithm generates a sequence of estimations with a regularization path, where both the hyperparameters and model parameters are updated. At each step of the path, the parameters can be decomposed into three orthogonal parts, namely, abnormal signals, personalized signals and random noise. The abnormal signals can serve the purpose of abnormal user selection, while the abnormal signals and personalized signals together are mainly responsible for individual partial ranking prediction. Extensive experiments on simulated and real-world datasets demonstrate that our new approach significantly outperforms state-of-the-art alternatives. The code is now availiable at https://***/qianqianxu010/ NeurIPS2019-iSplitLBI. Copyright © 2019, The Authors. All rights reserved.

关键词： Forecasting

Radio detection of an elusive millisecond pulsar in the Globular Cluster NGC 6397

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arXiv 2022年

作者： Zhang, Lei Ridolfi, Alessandro Blumer, Harsha Freire, Paulo C.C. Manchester, Richard N. McLaughlin, Maura Kremer, Kyle Cameron, Andrew D. Zhang, Zhiyu Behrend, Jan Burgay, Marta Buchner, Sarah Champion, David J. Chen, Weiwei Dai, Shi Feng, Yi Fu, Xiaoting Guo, Meng Hobbs, George Keane, Evan F. Kramer, Michael Levin, Lina Li, Xiangdong Ni, Mengmeng Pan, Jingshan Padmanabh, Prajwal V. Possenti, Andrea Ransom, Scott M. Tsai, Chao-Wei Krishnan, Vivek Venkatraman Wang, Pei Zhang, Jie Zhi, Qijun Zhang, Yongkun Li, Di National Astronomical Observatories Chinese Academy of Sciences A20 Datun Road Chaoyang District Beijing100101 China Centre for Astrophysics and Supercomputing Swinburne University of Technology P.O. Box 218 HawthornVIC3122 Australia SelargiusI-09047 Italy Department of Physics and Astronomy West Virginia University MorgantownWV26506 United States Max-Planck Institut für Radioastronomie Auf dem Hügel 69 BonnD-53121 Germany CSIRO Space and Astronomy Australia Telescope National Facility PO Box 76 EppingNSW1710 Australia TAPIR California Institute of Technology PasadenaCA91125 United States The Observatories of the Carnegie Institution for Science PasadenaCA91101 United States Swinburne University of Technology Mail H74 PO Box 218 VIC3122 Australia School of Astronomy and Space Science Nanjing University Nanjing210023 China Ministry of Education Nanjing210093 China South African Radio Astronomy Observatory Fir Street Black River Park Cape Town7925 South Africa School of Science Western Sydney University Locked Bag 1797 PenrithNSW2751 Australia Research Center for Intelligent Computing Platforms Zhejiang Laboratory Hangzhou311100 China Purple Mountain Observatory Chinese Academy of Sciences Nanjing210023 China National Supercomputing Center in Jinan Qilu University of Technology 28666 East Jingshi Road Licheng Distrist Jinan250103 China Jinan Institute of Supercomputing Technology 28666 East Jingshi Road Licheng Distrist Jinan250103 China School of Physics Trinity College Dublin College Green Dublin Ireland Jodrell Bank Centre for Astrophysics Department of Physics and Astronomy The University of Manchester ManchesterM13 9PL United Kingdom HannoverD-30167 Germany MonserratoI-09042 Italy NRAO 520 Edgemont Road CharlottesvilleVA22903 United States College of Physics and Electronic Engineering Qilu Normal University 2 Wenbo Road Zhangqiu District Jinan250200 China Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory of Radio

We report the discovery of a new 5.78 ms-period millisecond pulsar (MSP), PSR J1740−5340B (NGC 6397B), in an eclipsing binary system discovered with the Parkes radio telescope (now also known as Murriyanga), Australia, and confirmed with the MeerKAT radio telescope in South Africa. The measured orbital period, 1.97 days, is the longest among all eclipsing binaries in globular clusters (GCs) and consistent with that of the coincident X-ray source U18, previously suggested to be a ‘hidden MSP’. Our XMM-Newton observations during NGC 6397B’s radio quiescent epochs detected no X-ray flares. NGC 6397B is either a transitional MSP or an eclipsing binary in its initial stage of mass transfer after the companion star left the main sequence. The discovery of NGC 6397B potentially reveals a subgroup of extremely faint and heavily obscured binary pulsars, thus providing a plausible explanation to the apparent dearth of binary neutron stars in core-collapsed GCs as well as a critical constraint on the evolution of GCs. Copyright © 2022, The Authors. All rights reserved.

关键词： Mass transfer

Why is the Winner the Best?

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Why is the Winner the Best?

Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR)

作者： M. Eisenmann A. Reinke V. Weru M. D. Tizabi F. Isensee T. J. Adler S. Ali V. Andrearczyk M. Aubreville U. Baid S. Bakas N. Balu S. Bano J. Bernal S. Bodenstedt A. Casella V. Cheplygina M. Daum M. De Bruijne A. Depeursinge R. Dorent J. Egger D. G. Ellis S. Engelhardt M. Ganz N. Ghatwary G. Girard P. Godau A. Gupta L. Hansen K. Harada M. Heinrich N. Heller A. Hering A. Huaulmé P. Jannin A. E. Kavur O. Kodym M. Kozubek J. Li H. Li J. Ma C. Martín-Isla B. Menze A. Noble V. Oreiller N. Padoy S. Pati K. Payette T. Rädsch J. Rafael-Patiño V. Singh Bawa S. Speidel C. H. Sudre K. Van Wijnen M. Wagner D. Wei A. Yamlahi M. H. Yap C. Yuan M. Zenk A. Zia D. Zimmerer D. Aydogan B. Bhattarai L. Bloch R. Brüngel J. Cho C. Choi Q. Dou I. Ezhov C. M. Friedrich C. Fuller R. R. Gaire A. Galdran Á. García Faura M. Grammatikopoulou S. Hong M. Jahanifar I. Jang A. Kadkhodamohammadi I. Kang F. Kofler S. Kondo H. Kuijf M. Li M. Luu T. Martinčič P. Morais M. A. Naser B. Oliveira D. Owen S. Pang J. Park S. Park S. Płotka E. Puybareau N. Rajpoot K. Ryu N. Saeed A. Shephard P. Shi D. Štepec R. Subedi G. Tochon H. R. Torres H. Urien J. L. Vilaça K. A. Wahid H. Wang J. Wang L. Wang X. Wang B. Wiestler M. Wodzinski F. Xia J. Xie Z. Xiong S. Yang Y. Yang Z. Zhao K. Maier-Hein P. F. Jäger A. Kopp-Schneider L. Maier-Hein Division of Intelligent Medical Systems German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) Heidelberg Germany Helmholtz Imaging German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) Heidelberg Germany Faculty of Mathematics and Computer Science Heidelberg University Heidelberg Germany Division of Biostatistics German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) Heidelberg Germany Division of Medical Image Computing German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) Heidelberg Germany Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences School of Computing University of Leeds Leeds UK Institute of Informatics School of Management HES-SO Valais-Wallis University of Applied Sciences and Arts Western Switzerland Sierre Switzerland Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging Lausanne University Hospital Lausanne Switzerland Technische Hochschule Ingolstadt Ingolstadt Germany Center for Artificial Intelligence and Data Science for Integrated Diagnostics (AI2D) and Center for Biomedical Image Computing and Analytics (CBICA) University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia PA USA Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine Perelman School of Medicine University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia PA USA Department of Radiology Perelman School of Medicine University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia PA USA Department of Radiology University of Washington Seattle WA USA Department of Computer Science Wellcome/EPSRC Centre for Interventional and Surgical Sciences (WEISS) University College London London UK Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona & Computer Vision Center Barcelona Spain Division of Translational Surgical Oncology National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT/UCC) Dresden Dresden Germany Department of Advanced Robotics Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia Italy Department of Electronics Information and Bioengineering Politecnico di Milano Milan Italy IT University of Copenhagen Copenhagen Denmark Department of General Visceral and Transplantation Surgery Heidelberg University Hospital Heidelberg Germany Department of Radiology and Nuc

International benchmarking competitions have become fundamental for the comparative performance assessment of image analysis methods. However, little attention has been given to investigating what can be learnt from these competitions. Do they really generate scientific progress? What are common and successful participation strategies? What makes a solution superior to a competing method? To address this gap in the literature, we performed a multicenter study with all 80 competitions that were conducted in the scope of IEEE ISBI 2021 and MICCAI 2021. Statistical analyses performed based on comprehensive descriptions of the submitted algorithms linked to their rank as well as the underlying participation strategies revealed common characteristics of winning solutions. These typically include the use of multi-task learning (63%) and/or multi-stage pipelines (61%), and a focus on augmentation (100%), image preprocessing (97%), data curation (79%), and post-processing (66%). The “typical” lead of a winning team is a computer scientist with a doctoral degree, five years of experience in biomedical image analysis, and four years of experience in deep learning. Two core general development strategies stood out for highly-ranked teams: the reflection of the metrics in the method design and the focus on analyzing and handling failure cases. According to the organizers, 43% of the winning algorithms exceeded the state of the art but only 11% completely solved the respective domain problem. The insights of our study could help researchers (1) improve algorithm development strategies when approaching new problems, and (2) focus on open research questions revealed by this work.

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