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Media selection for anammox-based polishing filters: Balancing anammox enrichment and retention with filtration function (vol 94, e10724, 2022)

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WATER ENVIRONMENT RESEARCH 2022年第6期94卷 e10724页

作者： Fofana, Rahil Peng, Bo Huynh, Huu Sajjad, Mehran Jones, Kimberly Al-Omari, Ahmed Bott, Charles Vela, Jeseth Delgado Murthy, Sudhir Wett, Bernhard Debarbadillo, Christine De Clippeleir, Haydee DC Water & Sewer Authority Washington District of Columbia USA Howard University Washington District of Columbia USA Contribution: Data curation (equal) Contribution: Conceptualization (equal) Methodology (equal) Hampton Roads Sanitation District Virginia Beach Virginia USA Newhub Corp Herndon Virginia USA ARAconsult Innsbruck Austria Contribution: Conceptualization (equal) Funding acquisition (lead) Methodology (equal) Supervision (lead)

Retrofitting conventional denitrification filters into partial denitrification-anammox (PdNA)- or anammox (AnAOB)-based filters will reduce the needs for external carbon addition. The success of AnAOB-based filters depends on anammox growth and retention within such filters. Studies have overlooked the importance of media selection and its impact on AnAOB capacity, head loss progression dynamics, and shear conditions applied onto the AnAOB biofilm. The objective of this study was to evaluate viable media types (10 types) that can enhance AnAOB rates for efficient nitrogen removal in filters. Given the higher backwash requirement and lower AnAOB capacity of the conventionally used sand, expanded clay (3–5 mm) was recommended for AnAOB-based filters in this study. Owing to its surface characteristics, expanded clay had higher AnAOB activity (304- vs. 104-g NH 4 + -N/m 2 /day) and higher AnAOB retention (43% more) than sand. Increasing the iron content of expanded clay to 37% resulted in an increase in zeta potential, which led to 56% more anammox capacity compared to expanded clay with 7% iron content. This work provides insight into the importance of media types in the growth and retention of AnAOB in filters, and this knowledge could be used as basis in the development of PdNA filters. Practitioner Points Expanded clay showed the lowest head loss buildup and most likely will result in longer runtime for full-scale PdNA applications The highest AnAOB rates were achieved in expanded clay types and sand compared with smaller media typically used in biofiltration Expanded clay resulted in better AnAOB retention under shear, whereas sand could not withstand shear and required more frequent backwashing Expanded clay iron coating enhanced AnAOB enrichment and retention, most likely due to increased surface roughness and/or positive charge

关键词： deammonification denitrification filters expanded clay nutrient removal sand shortcut N removal

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Enhancing topological information of the Lyapunov-based distributed model predictive control design for large-scale nonlinear systems (vol 25, pg 1476, 2023)

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ASIAN JOURNAL OF CONTROL 2023年第4期25卷 3286-3286页

作者： He, W. Li, S. Department of Automation Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai China Key Laboratory of System Control and Information processing Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai China Contribution: Conceptualization Data curation Formal analysis Investigation Methodology Project administration Software Supervision Validation Visualization Contribution: Funding acquisition Resources Supervision Validation Visualization

In this paper, a distributed model predictive control architecture based on graph theory for integrated large-scale nonlinear process systems is proposed. This architecture is first agglomerated using popular community detection techniques and then organized on account of the relative master–slave relationship according to the ample information of interactions among separate subsystems. Both sequential and iterative distributed nonlinear model predictive coordination forms are considered for the reduction of the communication and computational burden within an acceptable loss of performance. Furthermore, the control performance of the large-scale integrated system could be improved to some extent under the architecture and the communication strategy we propose, whereby a brave exploration is made on the relationship between the control structure and the control performance, ulteriorly obtaining some notable results towards the untapped territory. The effectiveness of the proposed coordination method is evaluated by a standard reactor-separator process system.

关键词： Graph theory

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An updated classification of cyanobacterial orders and families based on phylogenomic and polyphasic analysis (vol 59, pg 12, 2023)

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JOURNAL OF PHYCOLOGY 2023年第3期59卷 635-635页

作者： Strunecky, O. Ivanova, A. P. Mares, J. Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters CENAKVA Institute of Aquaculture and Protection of Waters University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice Na Sádkách 1780 370 05 České Budějovice Czech Republic Contribution: Conceptualization (equal) Formal analysis (lead) Funding acquisition (supporting) Methodology (lead) Visualization (equal) Writing - original draft (equal) Contribution: Data curation (supporting) Formal analysis (supporting) Visualization (supporting) Biology Centre of the CAS Institute of Hydrobiology Na Sádkách 702/7 370 05 České Budějovice Czech Republic Faculty of Science Department of Botany University of South Bohemia Branišovská 1760 370 05 České Budějovice Czech Republic Contribution: Conceptualization (equal) Formal analysis (supporting) Funding acquisition (lead) Methodology (supporting) Writing - original draft (equal)

Cyanobacterial taxonomy is facing a period of rapid changes thanks to the ease of 16S rRNA gene sequencing and established workflows for description of new taxa. Since the last comprehensive review of the cyanobacterial system in 2014 until 2021, at least 273 species in 140 genera were newly described. These taxa were mainly placed into previously defined orders and families although several new families were proposed. However, the classification of most taxa still relied on hierarchical relationships inherited from the classical morphological taxonomy. Similarly, the obviously polyphyletic orders such as Synechococcales and Oscillatoriales were left unchanged. In this study, the rising number of genomic sequences of cyanobacteria and well-described reference strains allowed us to reconstruct a robust phylogenomic tree for taxonomic purposes. A less robust but better sampled 16S rRNA gene phylogeny was mapped to the phylogenomic backbone. Based on both these phylogenies, a polyphasic classification throughout the whole phylum of Cyanobacteria was created, with ten new orders and fifteen new families. The proposed system of cyanobacterial orders and families relied on a phylogenomic tree but still employed phenotypic apomorphies where possible to make it useful for professionals in the field. It was, however, confirmed that morphological convergence of phylogenetically distant taxa was a frequent phenomenon in cyanobacteria. Moreover, the limited phylogenetic informativeness of the 16S rRNA gene, resulting in ambiguous phylogenies above the genus level, emphasized the integration of genomic data as a prerequisite for the conclusive taxonomic placement of a vast number of cyanobacterial genera in the future.

关键词： 16S rRNA Cyanophyceae multilocus phylogenomic polyphasic approach taxonomy Vampirovibriophyceae

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Incorporation of omega-3 fatty acid-rich grape seed oil in yoghurt: Response surface optimization of physicochemical, textural, and sensory attributes during refrigerated storage (vol 9, pg 331, 2021)

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FOOD SCIENCE & NUTRITION 2021年第4期9卷 2345-2345页

作者： Kokabian, A. Garmakhany, Daraei A. Jafarzadeh, S. Aghajani, N. Department of Food Sciences and Technology Faculty of Pharmacy Tehran Medical Sciences Islamic Azad University Tehran Nutrition and Food Sciences Research Center Tehran Medical Sciences Islamic Azad University Islamic Azad University Tehran Iran Quality Assurance Manager Iran Dairy Industries Company (Pegah) Tehran Quality control manager of Zarvar Company Hamedan Iran Contribution: Data curation (equal) Resources (equal) Department of Food Science and Technology Tuyserkan Faculty of Engineering & Natural Resources Bu-Ali Sina University Hamedan Iran Mostafa Soltani Department of Food Sciences and Technology Faculty of Pharmacy Tehran Medical Sciences Islamic Azad University Tehran Iran Nutrition and Food Sciences Research Center Tehran Medical Sciences Islamic Azad University Tehran Iran. Contribution: Formal analysis (equal) Supervision (equal) Validation (equal) Writing - original draft (equal) Writing - review & editing (equal) Food Technology Division School of Industrial Technology University Sains Malaysia 11800 Minden Penang Malaysia Contribution: Formal analysis (equal) Writing - review & editing (equal) Department of Food Science and Technology Bahar Faculty of Food Science and Technology Bu-Ali Sina University Hamedan Iran Contribution: Conceptualization (equal) Data curation (equal) Formal analysis (equal) Investigation (equal) Methodology (equal) Writing - original draft (equal) Writing - review & editing (equal)

The demand for consuming low-fat or nonfat dairy products, especially fat-free yoghurt, has increased considerably because of the effects of high-fat diet on human health during the two past decades. Generally, consumers prefer low-fat products to the same high-fat products. For this reason, manufacturers are looking for an ideal source for replacing fat substitute. In this research, the effect of grape seed oil (GSO) as a fat replacement on different quality attributes of the produced set yoghurt was determined. The effect of diverse ratios (3:0, 1.5:1.5, and 0.5:3%) of milk fat and GSO on the change in the quality attributes of the set yoghurt for up to 22 days of refrigeration period (4 ± 1°C) was investigated. Statistical analysis revealed that increase in GSO concentration leads to a significant increase ( p < .05) in viscosity, acidity, and water-holding capacity (WHC), whereas syneresis and pH value decreased during the storage time. Furthermore, increasing the proportion of fat replacement to 3% (w/w) in set yoghurt increased the samples hardness while in case of cohesiveness; negative effect was observed because of the action of fat globules within the protein system. Result of fatty acid analysis revealed that the yoghurt samples containing GSO have higher unsaturated fatty acid content than the control yoghurt sample. In conclusion, the best fat replacement concentration of GSO in producing low-fat yoghurt was found in 1.5%, which also had the highest overall acceptance score between different yoghurt samples containing different levels of GSO.

关键词： grape seed oil physicochemical properties response surface methodology sensory properties set yoghurt

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Cover Image, Volume 140, Issue 15

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Journal of Applied Polymer Science 2023年第15期140卷

作者： Liang Yi Miaotian Long Long Yan Xinyu Tang Jiahao Liao Contribution: Conceptualization Methodology Supervision Contribution: Data curation Investigation Visualization Writing - original draft Contribution: Supervision Writing - review & editing Project administration Contribution: Data curation Formal analysis Contribution: Data curation Visualization

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Defining and unpacking the core concepts of pharmacology: A global initiative (vol 181, pg 375, 2024)

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BRITISH JOURNAL OF PHARMACOLOGY 2024年第7期181卷 1150-1150页

作者： Guilding, C. White, P. J. Cunningham, M. Kelly-Laubscher, R. Koenig, J. Babey, A. M. Tucker, S. Kelly, J. P. Gorman, L. Aronsson, P. Hawes, M. Ngo, S. N. T. Mifsud, J. Werners, A. H. Hinton, T. Khan, F. Aljofan, M. Angelo, T. School of Medicine Faculty of Medical Sciences Newcastle University Newcastle upon Tyne UK Professor Clare Guilding School of Medicine Faculty of Medical Sciences Newcastle University Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU UK. Contribution: Conceptualization (equal) Data curation (equal) Formal analysis (equal) Investigation (equal) Methodology (equal) Project administration (lead) Visualization (equal) Writing - original draft (equal) Writing - review & editing (equal) Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences Monash University Parkville Victoria Australia Strathclyde Institute for Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences (SIPBS) University of Strathclyde Glasgow UK Contribution: Data curation (equal) Formal analysis (equal) Investigation (equal) Visualization (equal) Writing - original draft (equal) Writing - review & editing (equal) Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics College of Medicine and Health University College Cork Cork Ireland School of Medicine University of Nottingham Nottingham UK Contribution: Data curation (equal) Formal analysis (equal) Investigation (equal) Writing - original draft (equal) Writing - review & editing (equal) Faculty of Medicine and Health University of New England Armidale New South Wales Australia School of Medicine Medical Science and Nutrition University of Aberdeen Aberdeen UK Contribution: Data curation (equal) Formal analysis (equal) Investigation (equal) Writing - original draft (supporting) Writing - review & editing (supporting) Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics School of Medicine University of Galway Galway Ireland Department of Medical Education University of Central Florida College of Medicine Orlando Florida USA Department of Biomedical Education Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine Philadelphia Pennsylvania USA Department of Pharmacology Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg Gothenburg Sweden Contribution: Formal analysi

Background and Purpose Development of core concepts in disciplines such as biochemistry, microbiology and physiology have transformed teaching. They provide the foundation for the development of teaching resources for global educators, as well as valid and reliable approaches to assessment. An international research consensus recently identified 25 core concepts of pharmacology. The current study aimed to define and unpack these concepts. Experimental Approach A two-phase, iterative approach, involving 60 international pharmacology education experts, was used. The first phase involved drafting definitions for core concepts and identifying key sub-concepts via a series of online meetings and asynchronous work. These were refined in the second phase, through a 2-day hybrid workshop followed by a further series of online meetings and asynchronous work. Key Results The project produced consensus definitions for a final list of 24 core concepts and 103 sub-concepts of pharmacology. The iterative, discursive methodology resulted in modification of concepts from the original study, including change of ‘drug–receptor interaction’ to ‘drug–target interaction’ and the change of the core concept ‘agonists and antagonists’ to sub-concepts of drug–target interaction. Conclusions and Implications Definitions and sub-concepts of 24 core concepts provide an evidence-based foundation for pharmacology curricula development and evaluation. The next steps for this project include the development of a concept inventory to assess acquisition of concepts, as well as the development of case studies and educational resources to support teaching by the global pharmacology community, and student learning of the most critical and fundamental concepts of the discipline.

关键词： core concept curriculum development Delphi method health science education pharmacology education science education sub-concept

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Synthesis of Satellite and Surface Measurements, Model Results, and FRAPPe Study Findings to Assess the Impacts of Oil and Gas Emissions Reductions on Maximum Ozone in the Denver Metro and Northern Front Range Region in Colorado

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EARTH AND SPACE SCIENCE 2023年第5期10卷

作者： Reddy, Patrick J. Independent Research Scientist Crestone CO USA P. J. Reddy Contribution: Conceptualization Methodology Validation Formal analysis Investigation Resources Data curation Writing - original draft Writing - review & editing Visualization

The Denver Metro/Northern Front Range area has been designated a severe nonattainment area (NAA) for O-3. Previous research associated with the 2014 Front Range Air Pollution and Photochemistry experiment field campaign and a 2017 O-3 source apportionment modeling analysis point to north-south gradients in oil and gas (O&G) impacts on O-3, with greater contributions to the north and a dominance of mobile sources to the south. Recent analysis of Atmospheric Infrared Sounder satellite methane enhancement and ethane trends in the area show similar to 50% and similar to 70% reductions in methane and ethane, respectively, from 2013 to 2020. These are consistent with reductions in O&G volatile organic compound (VOC) emissions estimated in the most recent O-3 State Implementation Plan but inconsistent with a timeline of top-down methane flux estimates for limited periods from 2012 to 2021. Reductions in annual fourth maximum eight-hour O-3 concentrations from 2012 to 2019 are 5 ppb greater at Fort Collins West (FTCW) to the north than at Chatfield Reservoir to the south. Bayesian correlation analyses and partial correlations between FTCW O-3 and ethane conditioned for tropospheric NO2 from the Aura satellite Ozone Monitoring Instrument suggest that most of the 9-ppb reduction here is due to declines in O&G emissions, and 9 ppb is comparable to estimated O&G VOC contributions on high-concentration days in the northern portion of the study area. The gradient in trends suggests that significant O&G emissions reductions have benefited locations in the central and northern portions of the NAA.

关键词： ozone oil and gas VOCs OMI NO2 AIRS methane downward trends Bayesian inference

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Foraging and mating behaviors of Hypsignathus monstrosus at the bat- human interface in a central African rainforest (vol 13, e10240, 2023)

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ECOLOGY AND EVOLUTION 2023年第7期13卷

作者： Schloesing, Elodie Caron, Alexandre Chambon, Remi Courbin, Nicolas Labadie, Morgane Nina, Roch Mbadinga, Frida Mouiti Ngoubili, Wilfrid Sandiala, Danficy Tobi, N'Kaya Bourgarel, Mathieu De Nys, Helene M. Cappelle, Julien Faculté des Sciences Université de Montpellier Montpellier France CIRAD BIOS UMR ASTRE Montpellier France Faculté des Sciences et Techniques Université Marien Ngouabi Brazzaville Democratic Republic of the Congo Ministère de l'Agriculture de l'Elevage et de la Pêche Direction Générale de l'Elevage Brazzaville Democratic Republic of the Congo Ministère de l'Economie Forestière Direction de la Faune et des aires Protégées Brazzaville Democratic Republic of the Congo Contribution: Conceptualization (equal) Data curation (lead) Formal analysis (lead) Methodology (lead) Writing - original draft (lead) Writing - review & editing (equal) Faculdade de Veterinaria Universidade Eduardo Mondlane Maputo Mozambique Contribution: Conceptualization (equal) Funding acquisition (supporting) Methodology (equal) Project administration (equal) Supervision (lead) Writing - review & editing (equal) Université de Rennes 1 unité BOREA MNHN CNRS 8067 SU IRD 207 UCN UA Rennes France Contribution: Conceptualization (equal) Data curation (lead) Formal analysis (lead) Methodology (lead) Writing - original draft (lead) Writing - review & editing (lead) Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive UMR 5175 Université de Montpellier CNRS EPHE IRD Montpellier France Contribution: Formal analysis (equal) Methodology (supporting) Writing - review & editing (equal) Contribution: Data curation (equal) Methodology (supporting) Project administration (equal) Writing - review & editing (equal) Contribution: Data curation (supporting) Project administration (supporting) Writing - review & editing (supporting) Contribution: Data curation (supporting) Writing - review & editing (supporting) Contribution: Conceptualization (supporting) Project administration (equal) Writing - review & editing (supporting) CIRAD BIOS UMR ASTRE Harare Zimbabwe Contribution: Conceptualization (equal) Funding acquisition (lead) Methodology (supporting) Project administration (lead) Supervision (equal) Writing

Studying wildlife space use in human-modified environments contributes to characterize wildlife-human interactions to assess potential risks of zoonotic-pathogens transmission, and to pinpoint conservation issues. In central African rainforests with human dwelling and activities, we conducted a telemetry study on a group of males of Hypsignathus monstrosus, a lek-mating fruit bat identified as a potential maintenance host for Ebola virus. During a lekking season in 2020, we investigated the foraging-habitat selection and the individual nighttime space use during both mating and foraging activities close to villages and their surrounding agricultural landscape. At night, marked individuals strongly selected agricultural lands and more generally areas near watercourses to forage, where they spent more time compared to forest ones. Furthermore, the probability and duration of the presence of bats in the lek during nighttime decreased with the distance to their roost site but remained relatively high within a 10 km radius. Individuals adjusted foraging behaviors according to mating activity by reducing both the overall time spent in foraging areas and the number of forest areas used to forage when they spent more time in the lek. Finally, the probability of a bat revisiting a foraging area in the following 48 hours increased with the previous time spent in that foraging area. These behaviors occurring close to or in human-modified habitats can trigger direct and indirect bat-human contacts, which could thus facilitate pathogen transmission such as Ebola virus.

关键词： Ebola virus GPS telemetry hammer-headed bat movement ecology republic of Congo resource selection function

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Heat inactivation of foetal bovine serum performed after EV-depletion influences the proteome of cell-derived extracellular vesicles (vol 13, e12408, 2024)

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JOURNAL OF EXTRACELLULAR VESICLES 2024年第2期13卷 e12408页

作者： Urzi, O. Bergqvist, M. Lasser, C. Moschetti, M. Johansson, J. D'Arrigo, D. Bagge, R. Olofsson Crescitelli, R. Sahlgrenska Center for Cancer Research and Wallenberg Centre for Molecular and Translational Medicine Department of Surgery Institute of Clinical Sciences Sahlgrenska Academy University of Gothenburg Gothenburg Sweden Department of Biomedicine Neurosciences and Advanced Diagnostics (Bi.N.D) University of Palermo Palermo Italy Contribution: Data curation (equal) Formal analysis (equal) Methodology (equal) Writing - original draft (equal) Writing - review & editing (equal) Krefting Research Centre Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition Institute of Medicine Sahlgrenska Academy University of Gothenburg Gothenburg Sweden Contribution: Data curation (equal) Methodology (equal) Validation (equal) Contribution: Formal analysis (equal) Writing - review & editing (equal) Contribution: Investigation (equal) Methodology (equal) Department of Surgery Sahlgrenska University Hospital Region Västra Götaland Gothenburg Sweden Contribution: Methodology (equal) Regenerative Medicine Technologies Laboratory Ente Ospedaliero Cantonale Bellinzona Switzerland Contribution: Methodology (supporting) Contribution: Funding acquisition (equal) Resources (equal) Writing - review & editing (equal) Contribution: Conceptualization (lead) Data curation (lead) Formal analysis (equal) Funding acquisition (equal) Investigation (lead) Methodology (equal) Resources (equal) Supervision (lead) Validation (equal) Visualization (equal) Writing - original draft (lead) Writing - review & editing (lead)

The release of extracellular vesicles (EVs) in cell cultures as well as their molecular cargo can be influenced by cell culture conditions such as the presence of foetal bovine serum (FBS). Although several studies have evaluated the effect of removing FBS-derived EVs by ultracentrifugation (UC), less is known about the influence of FBS heat inactivation (HI) on the cell-derived EVs. To assess this, three protocols based on different combinations of EV depletion by UC and HI were evaluated, including FBS ultracentrifuged but not heat inactivated (no-HI FBS), FBS heat inactivated before EV depletion (HI-before EV-depl FBS), and FBS heat inactivated after EV depletion (HI-after EV-depl FBS). We isolated large (L-EVs) and small EVs (S-EVs) from FBS treated in the three different ways, and we found that the S-EV pellet from HI-after EV-depl FBS was larger than the S-EV pellet from no-HI FBS and HI-before EV-depl FBS. Transmission electron microscopy, protein quantification, and particle number evaluation showed that HI-after EV-depl significantly increased the protein amount of S-EVs but had no significant effect on L-EVs. Consequently, the protein quantity of S-EVs isolated from three cell lines cultured in media supplemented with HI-after EV-depl FBS was significantly increased. Quantitative mass spectrometry analysis of FBS-derived S-EVs showed that the EV protein content was different when FBS was HI after EV depletion compared to EVs isolated from no-HI FBS and HI-before EV-depl FBS. Moreover, we show that several quantified proteins could be ascribed to human origin, thus demonstrating that FBS bovine proteins can mistakenly be attributed to human cell-derived EVs. We conclude that HI of FBS performed after EV depletion results in changes in the proteome, with molecules that co-isolate with EVs and can contaminate EVs when used in subsequent cell cultures. Our recommendation is, therefore, to always perform HI of FBS prior to EV depletion.

关键词： extracellular vesicles foetal bovine serum (FBS) EV depletion by ultracentrifugation FBS heat-inactivation

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Pattern of play behavior in infant (age 1 to 12 months) white-headed langurs in limestone forests, Southwest China (vol 12, e9160, 2022)

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ECOLOGY AND EVOLUTION 2022年第10期12卷 e9160页

作者： Yang, L. Sun, T. Zhou, Y. Tang, C. Huang, C. Fan, P. Zhou, Q. Key Laboratory of Ecology of Rare and Endangered Species and Environmental Protection (Guangxi Normal University) Ministry of Education Guilin Guangxi China Guangxi Key Laboratory of Rare and Endangered Animal Ecology College of Life Sciences Guangxi Normal University Guilin Guangxi China Contribution: Writing - original draft (equal) Writing - review & editing (equal) Contribution: Methodology (equal) Writing - original draft (equal) Contribution: Data curation (equal) College of Chemistry and Bioengineering Guangxi Normal University for Nationalities Chongzuo Guangxi China Contribution: Data curation (equal) Investigation (supporting) Institute of Zoology Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China Contribution: Conceptualization (equal) Methodology (equal) Supervision (equal) Visualization (equal) Contribution: Conceptualization (equal) Formal analysis (equal) Writing - original draft (equal) Writing - review & editing (equal) Penglai Fan and Qihai Zhou Key Laboratory of Ecology of Rare and Endangered Species and Environmental Protection (Guangxi Normal University) Ministry of Education Guilin Guangxi China. Contribution: Conceptualization (equal) Supervision (equal) Visualization (equal)

Play behavior is a significant trait of immature nonhuman primates (hereafter primates) that plays an important role in sensory, locomotor, socio-cognitive, and developmental processes. It has been suggested that the function of play is to practice and improve motor skills related to foraging, avoiding predators, attracting mates, raising offspring, and strengthening the skills needed for the formation and maintenance of social bonds. From September 2009 to August 2010, we investigated the play behavior of 1–12 month-old infant white-headed langurs ( Trachypithecus leucocephalus ) a Critically Endangered primate species endemic to China. We carried out this study in the Guangxi Chongzuo White-headed Langur National Nature Reserve, and recorded 4421 play bouts and 1302 min of play engaged in by seven infants. We found that infants of different ages exhibited different patterns of play behavior. Specifically, nonsocial play behaviors appeared at one month of age, social play behaviors at two months, and an expanded repertoire of social and non-social play behaviors at three months of age. The frequency and duration of nonsocial play peaked at five months of age and then decreased, while social play gradually increased with age. Nonsocial play did not differ between the sexes, whereas social play showed sex specificity, with a higher frequency and longer duration of social play in male infants compared to female infants. In addition, male and female white-headed langur infants appeared to prefer individuals of same sex as social playmates, but no obvious choice preference for a specific individual. In conclusion, we provide the first report of play behavior in a population of wild Critically Endangered white-headed langurs. We suggest that age- and sex-specific differences in play behavior of infants form the bases for age and sex-based differences in the social interactions of adult langurs.

关键词： age specificity motor play social play Trachypithecus leucocephalus

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