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41st International Conference on Environmental systems 2011, ICES 2011

作者： Swickrath, Michael J. Anderson, Molly S. Bagdigian, Bob M. NASA Johnson Space Center Crew and Thermal Systems Division 2101 NASA Parkway/EC211 Houston TX 77058 United States NASA Marshall Space Flight Center Environmental Control and Life Support Development Branch Marshall Space Flight Center/ES62 Huntsville AL 35812 United States

ISBN: (纸本)9781600869488

NASA is in the process of evaluating future targets for space exploration. To maintain the welfare of a crew during future missions, a host of life support technology is required. These technologies are responsible for oxygen and water generation, removal of carbon dioxide and trace concentrations of organic contaminants, water recovery, and solid waste disposal. For each particular life support subsystem, a variety of competing technologies either exist or are under aggressive development efforts. Each individual technology has strengths and weaknesses with regard to launch mass, power and cooling requirements, volume of hardware and consumables, and crew time requirements for operation. However, from a system-level perspective, the favorability of each life support architecture is better assessed when the subsystem technologies are analyzed in aggregate. We employed the measure of equivalent system mass (ESM) to evaluate each specific life support system architecture as a measure of favorability. The results discussed herein are presented from the context of loop-closure with respect to the air, water, and waste subsystems. Specifically, closure relates to the regenerative capabilities of the life support system in which a fully closed life support system completely regenerates all water and gas commodities supplied during launch. The results described herein demonstrate the optimal level of loop closure is heavily dependent on mission requirements such as duration and the level of extravehicular activity performed. Subsystem-level trades were also considered as a function of mission duration to assess when increased loop closure was practical. Although many additional factors will likely merit consideration in designing life support systems for future missions, the ESM results described herein provide a context for future architecture design decisions as mission specifications are refined.

关键词： NASA

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Analysis of water surplus at the lunar outpost

Analysis of water surplus at the lunar outpost

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AIAA SPACE Conference and Exposition 2010

作者： Santiago-Maldonado, Edgardo Bagdigian, Robert M. George, Patrick J. Plachta, David W. Fincannon, Homer J. Jefferies, Sharon A. Keyes, Jennifer P. Reeves, David M. Shyface, Hilary R. NASA Kennedy Space Center Surface Systems Office Cape Canaveral FL 32899 United States NASA Marshall Space Flight Center Environmental Control and Life Support Development Branch Huntsville AL 35812 United States NASA Glenn Research Center GRC Space Flight System Mail Stop: 77-5 Cleveland OH 44135 United States NASA Glenn Research Center Power and In-Space Propulsion Division Cleveland OH 44135 United States NASA Glenn Research Center Power Systems Branch Cleveland OH 44135 United States NASA Langley Research Center Space Mission Analysis Branch Hampton VA 23681 United States Analytical Mechanics Associates Inc Hampton VA 23681 United States

ISBN: (纸本)9781600869662

This paper evaluates the benefits to the lunar architecture and outpost of having a surplus of water, or a surplus of energy in the form of hydrogen and oxygen, as it has been predicted by Constellation Program's Lunar Surface System analyses. Assumptions and a scenario are presented leading to the water surplus and the revolutionary surface element options for improving the lunar exploration architecture and mission objectives. For example, some of the elements that can benefit from a water surplus are: the power system energy storage can minimize the use of battery systems by replacing batteries with higher energy density fuel cell systems;battery packs on logistics pallets can also be minimized;mobility asset power system mass can be reduced enabling more consumables and extended roving duration and distance;small robotic vehicles (hoppers) can be used to increase the science exploration range by sending round-trip robotic missions to anywhere on the Moon using in-situ produced propellants.

关键词： Lunar missions

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Evaluation of commercial off-the-shelf sorbents & catalysts for control of ammonia and carbon monoxide

Evaluation of commercial off-the-shelf sorbents & catalysts ...

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40th International Conference on Environmental systems, ICES 2010

作者： Luna, Bernadette Somi, George Winchester, J. Parker Grose, Jeffrey Mulloth, Lila Perry, Jay L. NASA Ames Research Center Bioengineering Branch Biosciences Division Building N239 Moffett Field CA 94035-1000 United States NASA Ames Research Center Bioengineering Branch Arizona Space Grant Consortium Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University 3700 Willow Creek Rd. #8206 Moffett Field CA 94035-1000 United States NASA Ames Research Center Bioengineering Branch University Space Resarch Association Mail Stop 226-8 NASA ARC Moffett Field CA 94035-1000 United States NASA Ames Research Center Bioengineering Branch Bay Area Environmental Research Institute 560 3rd St. West Sonoma CA 94035-1000 United States NASA Ames Research Center Bioengineering Branch SAIC Technology Services Company 2450 NASA Parkway Houston TX 77058 United States Environmental Control Systems Space Systems Department NASA Marshall Space Flight Center ECLS System Development Branch MSFC AL 35812 United States

ISBN: (纸本)9781600869570

Designers of future space vehicles envision simplifying the Atmosphere Revitalization (AR) system by combining the functions of trace contaminant (TC) control and carbon dioxide removal into one swing-bed system. Flow rates and bed sizes of the TC and CO2 systems have historically been very different. There is uncertainty about the ability of trace contaminant sorbents to adsorb adequately in high-flow or short bed length configurations, and to desorb adequately during short vacuum exposures. There is also concern about ambient ammonia levels in the absence of a condensing heat exchanger. In addition, new materials and formulations have become commercially available, formulations never evaluated by NASA for purposes of trace contaminant control. The optimal air revitalization system for future missions may incorporate a swing-bed system for carbon dioxide (CO2) and partial trace contaminant control, with a reduced-size, low-power, targeted trace contaminant system supplying the remaining contaminant removal capability. This paper describes the results of a comparative experimental investigation into materials for trace contaminant control that might be part of such a system. Ammonia sorbents and low temperature carbon monoxide (CO) oxidation catalysts are the foci. The data will be useful to designers of AR systems for future flexible path missions. This is a continuation of work presented in a prior year, with extended test results.

关键词： Carbon monoxide

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NASA/Army/Bell XV-15 tiltrotor low noise terminal area operations flight research program

NASA/Army/Bell XV-15 tiltrotor low noise terminal area opera...

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6th Aeroacoustics Conference and Exhibit, 2000

作者： Conner, David A. Edwards, Bryan D. Decker, William A. Marcolini, Michael A. Klein, Peter D. U.S. Army Aviation and Missile Command Langley Research Center Hampton VA 23681-2199 United States Bell Helicopter Textron Inc Fort Worth TX 76101 United States Flight Control and Cockpit Integration Branch Army/NASA Rotorcraft Division NASA Ames Research Center Moffett Field CA 94035-1000 United States Advanced Measurement and Diagnostics Branch NASA Langley Research Center Hampton VA 23681-2199 United States Advanced Systems Development Bell Helicopter Textron Inc Fort Worth TX 76101 United States

A series of three XV-15 acoustic flight tests have been conducted over a five year period by a NASA/Army/Bell Helicopter team to evaluate the noise reduction potential for tiltrotor aircraft during terminal area operations. Lower hemispherical noise characteristics for a wide range of steady-state terminal area type operating conditions were measured during the phase 1 test and indicated that the takeoff and level flight conditions were not significant contributors to the total noise of tiltrotor operations. Phase 1 results were used to design low noise approach profiles that were tested during the phase 2 and phase 3 tests, which used large area microphone arrays to directly measure the ground noise footprints. Approach profile designs emphasized noise reduction while maintaining handling qualities sufficient for tiltrotor commercial passenger ride comfort and flight safety under Instrument flight Rules (IFR) conditions. This paper will discuss the weather, aircraft, tracking, guidance, and acoustic instrumentation systems, as well as the approach profile design philosophy, and the overall test program philosophy. Acoustic results are presented documenting the variation in tiltrotor noise due to changes in operating condition, indicating the potential for significant noise reduction using the unique tiltrotor capability of nacelle tilt.

关键词： Noise abatement

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development and first successful flight test of a QFT flight control system

Development and first successful flight test of a QFT flight...

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IEEE National Conference on Aerospace and Electronics (NAECON)

作者： S.N. Sheldon S.J. Rasmussen Control Systems Development and Applications Branch Flight Control Division Florida International University USA

This paper is a discussion of the development and successful flight test of a flight control system designed using techniques of Quantitative Feedback Theory. The flight control system was designed for and flew on the Lambda Unmanned Research Vehicle. Lambda is a remotely piloted aircraft with a wingspan of 14 feet. It is operated by Wright Laboratory for research in flight control technology. The developmental process began with the use of Digital Datcom, a computer program which predicts stability and control derivatives for aerospace vehicles based upon geometric data. Datcom information formed the baseline model of the aircraft. This baseline model was refined by using system identification software to estimate the aerodynamic derivatives from actual flight test data. Maximum likelihood identification was used to identify the natural frequency and damping ratios of the short period and roll modes. This information combined with the Datcom information provided a working model for the flight control system design. Much of the preliminary QFT design work was accomplished at the Air Force institute of Technology. During the same period, a nonlinear simulation was developed at Wright Laboratory. This simulation incorporated a six degree of freedom simulation, and automatic trim calculation, air vehicle kinematics, control surface saturation, and sensor noise recorded from the Lambda on-board control system. When placed in this simulation, the original control system exhibited undesirable behavior. The controller was then adjusted prior to implementation. By this time, a new computer aided design program was developed by AFIT for designing Quantitative Feedback Theory control systems. This program allowed for a rapid redesign, which resulted in the successful flight test control system that flew on 20 November 1992.< >

关键词： Aerospace control Automatic control System testing Vehicles Feedback Aircraft Computational modeling control system synthesis control systems Stability

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APPLYING VECTOR PROCESSING TO ACTIVE SONARS FOR INCREASED ACCURACY AND AN EXPANDED OPERATING ENVELOPE

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NAVAL ENGINEERS JOURNAL 1991年第3期103卷 231-239页

作者： WHITNEY, DA BENEDICT, TJ David A. Whitneyis a division staff analyst in the Strategic Systems Division at TASC Reading Mass. He has B.S. and M.S. degrees in mathematics and statistics from Princeton University and the University of Illinois and has completed additional graduate work toward a Ph.D. at MIT. He has directed a number of algorithm development and data analysis activities in support of the U.S. Navy's Trident programs and has authored several technical papers. Mr. Whitney is currently involved in development and field testing of passive sonar signal processing algorithms and directs a R&D activity in the area of parallel processing applications for ASW. Lt Terry J. Benedict USNis an engineering duty officer in the U.S. Navy and is currently assigned as the assistant section head for missile engineering at Strategic Systems Programs Washington D.C. He has a B.S. degree in management from the U.S. Naval Academy and M.S. degree in weapons systems engineering from the Naval Postgraduate School. He formerly served as the system software development officer for the Navigation Branch at Strategic Systems Programs and shared responsibilities for the design development testing and configuration control of the Navigation Subsystem software.

Advanced computing technology development now allows considerable computational power to be packaged in small, modular components for low costs. In particular, vector and array processor add-on boards offer a way to incorporate modern parallel capabilities into existing hardware systems. In addition to cost efficiency, the fact that these boards may be able to plug-in to existing computer systems provides both design flexibility and a more rapid way of upgrading deployed computer hardware. To take advantage of such processing capabilities, however, algorithm analysis must be performed to determine what functions can be efficiently off-loaded to the vector processing board, and to decide what parts of the original serial algorithm should be redesigned to take advantage of the new hardware architecture. This paper presents a case study of how these issues are being addressed in a real-time active sonar data processing system. Vector processing technologies are being analyzed for application to correlation sonar systems used for estimating ship velocity on submarines, surface ships, and autonomous underwater vehicles. Such a system is deployed on Trident II SSBNs and is meeting its current design objectives. However, real-time operation of the correlation sonar is computationally intensive and fully utilizes the processing power of the fielded computing hardware. Expansions in the accuracy and operating envelope of the system are desirable and are not limited by the physics or practical operation of the sonar system, but rather by the speed at which processing of hydrophone returns can be performed. This analytic feasibility study investigates the possibility of expanding the operating envelope through the use of vector processing technology, within the constraint that any hardware or software changes would have minimal impact on the deployed system. It is predicted that significant speedups and operating envelope expansions can be achieved by introducing vectorized ha

关键词： Sonar

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LIGHTWEIGHT BROAD-BAND HF COMMUNICATIONS ANTENNA (LWCA)

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NAVAL ENGINEERS JOURNAL 1985年第4期97卷 279-286页

作者： BIONDI, RJ PRIDE, RW MURRAY, HD WHEELER, PK Roy J. Biondi:received his B.S.E.E. degree from the University of Illinois and has since taken additional graduate studies at the George Washington University. Currently he is head of the Communication Systems Application Branch code PDE 110–14 within the NAVELEXSYSCOM. Prior to his present appointment he served in the Combat Systems Division Naval Sea Systems Command and served as radar branch head in the former Naval Ship Engineering Center (NAVSEC). He was responsible for development and production of shipboard radars such as the AN/SPS-48 AN/SPS-49 AN/SPS-52 and AN/SPS-55. His primary Navy radar and combat system experience was attained during his earlier career in the Navy's Bureau of Ships where he was the AN/SPS-48 radar project engineer. In addition to ASNE which he joined in 1977 he is a member of IEEE and ASE and has had several technical papers published on radar radar antennas radar processing and transmission lines. Mr. Biondi has a total of 25 years naval experience in radar combat systems and communications. Richard W. Pride:received his B.S.E.E. from the University of Maine in 1959. Currently he is head of the Combatant Ship Section code PDE 110–143 in the Communications Systems Application Branch within the NAVELEXSYSCOM. Prior to joining the Naval Electronic Systems Command in 1974 he was the head of the Communication Antenna Design Section of the former Naval Ship Engineering Center. Harold D. Murray:received his B.S.E.E. from Vanderbilt University. Currently he is an EXCOMM program manager code PDE 110–1433 in the Combatant Ship Section of NAVELEXSYSCOM. As an EXCOMM program manager Mr. Murray is responsible for the external communications system design for the CG-47 (Aegis) class cruisers. Mr. Murray's previous government service includes 14 years at the Naval Research Laboratory (NRL) and 5 years at Naval Air Systems Command. Major areas of responsibility included shipboard RF distribution systems and aircraft intercommunication systems and control. Paul K. Wheeler:is pre

External communications is a critical element in the U.S. Navy design and utilization of a ship's combat system. The communications antenna system is a key factor in attainment of reliable circuit performance and reduction of electromagnetic interference (EMI). To maintain pace with improved ship manufacturing techniques and construction materials, along with design efforts to reduce topside generated EMI/RFI effects, an improved antenna design must also evolve. With the ever increasing complexity in the integration of the topside environment, the RF aspects of the antenna designs must be augmented by detailed analysis of the operating environment and the mechanical design if the goals of reliability and quality performance are to be achieved. The Naval Electronic systems Command has developed a new “Broadband HF Communications Antenna.” This paper traces the design evolution and describes the processes in determining current design deficiencies, the design objectives to correct these deficiencies and the results obtained.

关键词： ANTENNAS

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AN ADVANCED METHODOLOGY FOR PRELIMINARY HULL FORM development

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NAVAL ENGINEERS JOURNAL 1984年第4期96卷 147-161页

作者： LIN, WC DAY, WG HOUGH, JJ KEANE, RG WALDEN, DA KOH, IY Wen-Chin Lin:heads the Ship Powering Division at the David Taylor Naval Ship R&D Center (DTNSRDC). Dr. Lin received his B.S. degree in mechanical engineering from the National Taiwan University in 1957. He was awarded his M.S. degree in naval architecture and Ph.D. in engineering science from the University of California at Berkeley in 1963 and 1966 respectively. From 1966 to 1969 he was employed by ESSO Research and Engineering Company to conduct marine hydrodynamic research for oil tankers and offshore structures. Since joining DTNSRDC in 1969 he has actively conducted and directed hydrodynamic research to advance naval ship design technology and improve ship performance. Active in national and international symposia on ship hydrodynamic research he is recognized for contributions to the ship research community. For the past six years he has been a member of the Performance Committee of the ITTC and currently serves as secretary of the committee. He is a member of SNAME and the Society of Naval Architects of Japan. William G. Day Jr:. has been employed as a naval architect at the David Taylor Naval Ship R&D Center since receiving a B.E.S. degree from the Johns Hopkins University in 1966. He obtained an M.S. E. degree from George Washington University in 1971. As Head Design Evaluation Branch of the Ship Performance Department he is responsible for model experiments to evaluate the hydrodynamic performance of ships and propulsors. He is a member of ASNE and SNAME. In-Young Koh:received his B.S. and M.S. degrees in electrical engineering from Lowell University in 1969 and 1971 respectively and his Ph.D. in applied mechanics from Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute in 1976. Dr. Koh joined DTNSRDC as an electronic engineer specializing in the application of advanced instrumentation and computer techniques to ship research and design. He is currently engaged in research and development of active control systems for naval ship applications. Dr. Koh is a member of ASNE SNAME and IEEE. David Andrew Walden:is

A ship design methodology is presented for developing hull forms that attain improved performance in both seakeeping and resistance. Contrary to traditional practice, the methodology starts with developing a seakeeping-optimized hull form without making concessions to other performance considerations, such as resistance. The seakeeping-optimized hull is then modified to improve other performance characteristics without degrading the seakeeping. Presented is a point-design example produced by this methodology. Merits of the methodology and the point design are assessed on the basis of theoretical calculations and model experiments. This methodology is an integral part of the Hull Form Design System (HFDS) being developed for computer-supported naval ship design. The modularized character of HFDS and its application to hull form development are discussed.

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FUNDAMENTALS OF NAVAL SURFACE SHIP WEIGHT ESTIMATING

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NAVAL ENGINEERS JOURNAL 1983年第3期95卷 127-143页

作者： STRAUBINGER, EK CURRAN, WC FIGHERA, VL Mr. Erwin K. Straubinger:is currently Head of the Weight Division(SEA 55 W2)of the Naval Sea Systems Command. He graduated from the University of California School of Architecture at Berkeley in 1953. Mr. Straubinger began his career with the U.S. Navyin 1959 as a Naval Architect (Stability) in the Scientific Section of the Design Division at Long Beach Naval Shipyard and transferred to BUSHIPS Weight Branch in 1962. Achieving his present position in June 1980 Mr. Straubinger was previously Head of the Special Projects Section SEA 55W21 being responsible for formulation and development of weight control policies and procedures as well as coordination of the overall U.S. NavyWeight Control Program for detail design and construction. Before obtaining that position in 1968 he worked in the Special Projects Section on a variety of weight control matters including specifications contractual weight control language estimating techniques computer applications reporting procedures and evaluation of the Weight Control Program. Mr. Straubinger is a member of ASNE SNAME ASE and the Society of Allied Weight Engineers (SAWE) in which he serves as a member of the Government/Industry Panel for marine vehicles. Mr. William J. Cumin:is currently a task leader for surface combatant ships in the Weight Division (SEA 55W2) of the Naval Sea Systems Command. He began his career with the U.S. Navyin 1966 as a naval architect trainee at the Philadelphia Naval Shipyard while participating in Drexel University's cooperative education program. Upon graduation from the D.U. School of Engineering Mr. Curran accepted a position in the Scientific Branch of the Shipyard. Some of his responsibilities during this period included the development of modernization weight estimates inclining experiments and trim dives. In 1976 Mr. Curran transferred to the Surface Combatant Ship Logistic Division in NAVSEA where he worked for two years in the Destroyer Engineered Operating Cycle maintenance program. Since 1978 he has held his presen

This paper descirbes how ship weights are estimated. Detail is presented concerning relationships between existing weight data and the characteristics of a new design as it develops from completion of feasibility design through contract design. Margin requirements are also discussed. The weight estimating ratios and factors presented, while not directly associated with a specific ship type, cover the weight classification groups one would use in the design of a surface combatant. The purpose of this paper is to present the fundamentals of weight estimating to the ship design community. With this knowledge, ship design engineers and managers should be able to personally identify with the important parts they all play in creation of a credible weight estimate.

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AN OVERVIEW OF THE ROLE OF THE NAVSEA HUMAN-FACTORS ENGINEERING PROGRAM IN SHIP DESIGN

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NAVAL ENGINEERS JOURNAL 1983年第4期95卷 139-152页

作者： STEIN, NI BENEL, RA MALONE, TB Mr. Norman I. Stein:received his degree in mechanical engineering from the University of Iowa in 1943. MK Stein began his career with the Bureau of Ships Department of the Navy. After his military service with the Army of Occupation in Japan he has held positions with the Corps of Engineering Atomic Energy Commission Walter Reed Army General Hospital and the Protective Structures Development Center Department of the Army. He returned to the Naval Sea Systems Command in 1967 and is currently with the Manning and Controls Integration Branch SEA 55 W16. Mr. Stein is a registered professional engineer in New York state and also is a certified fallout shelter analyst with the Department of the Army. He has authored a comprehensive study on air distribution studies in multi-room shelters presentedpapers on human factors engineering to the Association of Scientists and Engineers and recently contributed a chapter on human factors engineering which will be incorporated in the proposed Naval Sea Systems Handbook on Surface Ship Design. Russell A. Benel:received his Ph. D. in engineering psychology from the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. He is currently a Senior Research Scientist with Essex Corporation where he is the manager of the Man-Machine Systems Department. He has been responsible f o r scientific studies associated with the Human Factors Engineering f o r ships program under contract to the Naval Sea Systems Command specifically the development application and validation of human factors engineering technology f o r surface ship systems such as aircraft launch and recovery propulsion engineering combat direction weapons and total ship systems. He is currently providing Human Factors Engineering Support on the DDG-51. His other activities include a variety of research development test and evaluation activities for military systems. He had been with the Crew Performance Branch of the Crew Technology Division at the USAF School of Aerospace Medicine as a National Research Council Postd

This paper provides a context within which the role of human factors engineering (HFE) for Naval ship design may be understood. HFE is defined and its history as part of engineering design teams is traced. The role of HFE in ship systems design is defined, and the HFE Technology for Ships Program, managed by SEA 061R, is described. The rationale for inclusion of HFE in the design process is presented, the methodology whereby it is incorporated into the design process is detailed, methodology to assess the application of HFE is outlined, and the benefits that will accrue as a result of inclusion of HFE considerations in the design process are documented. The counterpoint to inclusion is illustrated through instances of design-induced human errors. A specific application of HFE in the acquisition process is illustrated through use of the Landing Craft, Air Cushion HFE program plan. The difficulties which may be encountered as the size of the target system expands are described. Potential roadblocks to the required incorporation of HFE are examined for their source and possible ameliorative steps.

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