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arXiv 2025年

作者： Salaudeen, Olawale Chiou, Nicole Weng, Shiny Koyejo, Sanmi Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Laboratory for Information and Decision Systems Massachusetts Institute of Technology CambridgeMA02139 United States Department of Computer Science Stanford University StanfordCA94305 United States

Spurious correlations are unstable statistical associations that hinder robust decision-making. Conventional wisdom suggests that models relying on such correlations will fail to generalize out-of-distribution (OOD), particularly under strong distribution shifts. However, a growing body of empirical evidence challenges this view, as naive in-distribution empirical risk minimizers often achieve the best OOD accuracy across popular OOD generalization benchmarks. In light of these counterintuitive results, we propose a different perspective: many widely used benchmarks for assessing the impact of removing spurious correlations on OOD generalization are misspecified. Specifically, they fail to include shifts in spurious correlations that meaningfully degrade OOD generalization, making them unsuitable for evaluating the benefits of removing such correlations. Consequently, we establish conditions under which a distribution shift can reliably assess a model’s reliance on spurious correlations. Crucially, under these conditions, we provably should not observe a strong positive correlation between in-distribution and out-of-distribution accuracy—often referred to as accuracy on the line. Yet, when we examine state-of-the-art OOD generalization benchmarks, we find that most exhibit accuracy on the line, suggesting they do not effectively assess robustness to spurious correlations. Our findings expose a limitation in current benchmarks evaluating algorithms for domain generalization, i.e., learning predictors that do not rely on spurious correlations. Our results (i) highlight the need to rethink how we assess robustness to spurious correlations, (ii) identify existing well-specified benchmarks the field should prioritize, and (iii) enumerate strategies to ensure future benchmarks are well-specified. © 2025, CC BY-NC-ND.

关键词： Decision making

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A Generic Load Flow Solution for Droop-controlled AC Microgrids Considering Electric Vehicle Loads

A Generic Load Flow Solution for Droop-Controlled AC Microgr...

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International Conference on Power Electronic Drives

作者： Ghanshyam Meena Akhilesh Mathur V. P. Singh Krishna Murari Sukumar Kamalasadan Department of Electrical Engineering Malaviya National Institute of Technology Jaipur Rajasthan India Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Department The University of Toledo Toledo Ohio USA Department of Electrical Engineering Power Energy and Intelligent Systems Laboratory EPIC University of North Carolina at Charlotte Charlotte NC USA

ISBN: (数字)9798350372472

ISBN: (纸本)9798350372489

Microgrids (MGs) have become more unpredictable due to integration of renewable generation sources. Several methods are used to solve load flow problems in MGs. Load flow analysis is a complex problem for islanded MGs due to the absence of slack bus and dependency of active power generation of droop-controlled DGs on frequency. In this paper, a Modified Newton Raphson (MNR) approach is used to perform load flow analysis of isolated MGs considering various types of electric vehicle (EV) loads. The presented method has been validated on 6-bus and 38-bus test systems of the islanded microgrid to give an accurate and simple approach for computing the load flow solutions.

关键词： Renewable energy sources Microgrids Drives Electric vehicles Software Power electronics Distributed power generation Planning MATLAB Load flow analysis

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Efficient Evaluation of Short-Circuit Faults in Active Distribution Networks

Efficient Evaluation of Short-Circuit Faults in Active Distr...

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International Conference on Power Electronic Drives

作者： Ghanshyam Meena Akhilesh Mathur V. P. Singh Krishna Murari Sukumar Kamalasadan Department of Electrical Engineering Malaviya National Institute of Technology Jaipur Rajasthan India Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Department The University of Toledo Toledo Ohio USA EPIC and Department of Electrical Engineering Power Energy and Intelligent Systems Laboratory University of North Carolina at Charlotte Charlotte NC USA

ISBN: (数字)9798350372472

ISBN: (纸本)9798350372489

Short-circuit problems in unbalanced radial distribution networks have become more common as a result of distributed generation connectivity and smart grid advancements. An accurate and effective strategy for assessing these faults due to short circuits is presented in this study. In contrast to traditional methods, this approach uses relationship matrices that are created expressly to take use of distribution network's radial characteristics. Through the examination of variations in bus voltages, bus current injections, and branch currents during fault conditions, the suggested method formulates the analysis of various fault types. The accuracy of developed method has been validated on IEEE-123 bus modified test network by comparing the obtained results with PSCAD/EMTDC simulation results.

关键词： Accuracy Simulation Distribution networks Drives Power electronics Distributed power generation Smart grids Circuit faults Active distribution networks

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Acoustic Amplifying Diode Using Nonreciprocal Willis Coupling

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Physical Review Letters 2023年第17期130卷 176101-176101页

作者： Xinhua Wen Heung Kit Yip Choonlae Cho Jensen Li Namkyoo Park Department of Physics The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Kowloon Hong Kong China Photonic Systems Laboratory Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Seoul National University Seoul 08826 South Korea

We propose a concept called acoustic amplifying diode combining signal isolation and amplification in a single device. The signal is exponentially amplified in one incident direction with no reflection and is perfectly absorbed in another. The reflection is eliminated from the device in both directions with impedance matching, preventing backscattering to the signal source. Here, we demonstrate the amplifying diode using an active metamaterial with nonreciprocal Willis coupling. We also discuss the situation with the presence of both reciprocal and nonreciprocal Willis couplings for more flexibility in implementation. The coexistence of both amplifier and perfect absorber in opposite incident directions extends the regime of sound isolation and further enables applications in sensing and communication, in which nonreciprocity can play an important role.

关键词： Acoustic metamaterials Non-Hermitean systems

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Deep Learning control for Autonomous Robot

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computers, Materials & Continua 2022年第8期72卷 2811-2824页

作者： Rihem Farkh Saad Alhuwaimel Sultan Alzahrani Khaled Al Jaloud Mohammad Tabrez Quasim College of Engineering Muzahimiyah BranchKing Saud UniversityRiyadh11451Saudi Arabia Laboratory for Analysis Conception and Control of SystemsLR-11-ES20Department of Electrical Engineering National Engineering School of TunisTunis El Manar University1002Tunisia King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology Saudi Arabia College of Computing and Information Technology University of BishaBisha67714Saudi Arabia

Several applications of machine learning and artificial intelligence,have acquired importance and come to the fore as a result of recent advances and improvements in these *** cars are one such *** is expected to have a significant and revolutionary influence on *** with smart cities,new infrastructure and urban planning with sophisticated cyber-security are some of the current ramifications of self-driving *** autonomous automobile,often known as selfdriving systems or driverless vehicles,is a vehicle that can perceive its surroundings and navigate predetermined routes without human *** are on the verge of evolving into autonomous robots,thanks to significant breakthroughs in artificial intelligence and related technologies,and this will have a wide range of socio-economic ***,in order for these automobiles to become a reality,they must be endowed with the perception and cognition necessary to deal with high-pressure real-life events and make proper judgments and take appropriate *** majority of self-driving car technologies are based on computer systems that automate vehicle control *** forward-collision warning and antilock brakes to lane-keeping and adaptive drive control,to fully automated driving,these technological components have a wide range of capabilities.A self-driving car combines a wide range of sensors,actuators,and *** researches on computer vision and deep learning are used to control autonomous driving *** self-driving automobiles,lane-keeping is *** study presents a deep learning approach to obtain the proper steering angle to maintain the robot in the *** propose an advanced control for a selfdriving robot by using two controllers *** neural networks(CNNs)are employed,to predict the car’and a proportionalintegral-derivative(PID)controller is designed for speed and steering *** stu

关键词： Autonomous car cascade PID control deep learning convolutional neural network differential drive system raspberry PI road lane detector

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Performance Optimization for Vehicular Cooperative Sensing: A Graph Attention Based Reinforcement Learning Approach

Performance Optimization for Vehicular Cooperative Sensing: ...

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2024 IEEE Global Communications Conference, GLOBECOM 2024

作者： Li, Xuefei Chen, Mingzhe Liu, Danpu Zhang, Zhilong Quek, Tony Q. S. Beijing Laboratory of Advanced Information Network Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications Beijing100876 China University of Miami Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Institute for Data Science and Computing Coral GablesFL33146 United States Information Systems Technology and Design Pillar Singapore University of Technology and Design 487372 Singapore

ISBN: (纸本)9798350351255

In this paper, the problem of collaborative vehicle sensing is investigated. In the considered model, a set of cooperative vehicles provide sensing information to sensing request vehicles with limited sensing and communication resources. A base station (BS) determines the subset of sensing request vehicles that each cooperative vehicle will serve and the sub-regions that each cooperative vehicle will detect. We formulate an optimization problem aiming to maximize the number of successfully detected sub-regions of sensing request vehicles while satisfying the cooperative sensing energy requirement by jointly determining the cooperative vehicle association and the sensing sub-region selection. To solve this problem, we propose a graph attention based reinforcement learning (RL) algorithm that can generate the graph information vectors based on the correlation between each cooperative vehicle and each sensing request vehicle. Using the learned graph information, the joint cooperative vehicle association and sensing sub-region selection strategy will be determined. Simulation results show that the proposed scheme can improve the number of successfully detected sub-regions of sensing request vehicles by up to 12.5% compared to the conventional RL algorithm without using graph attention networks (GANs). © 2024 IEEE.

关键词： Reinforcement learning

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Shortest Trajectory of a Dubins Vehicle with a controllable Laser

arXiv

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arXiv 2024年

作者： Bajaj, Shivam Jha, Bhargav Bopardikar, Shaunak D. Von Moll, Alexander Casbeer, David W. The Electrical and Computer Engineering Department Purdue University West LafayetteIN47906 United States The Electrical and Computer Engineering Department Michigan State University East LansingMI48823 United States Control Science Center Air Force Research Laboratory Ohio United States

We formulate a novel planar motion planning problem for a Dubins-Laser system that consists of a Dubins vehicle with an attached controllable laser. The vehicle moves with unit speed and the laser, having a finite range, can rotate in a clockwise or anti-clockwise direction with a bounded angular rate. From an arbitrary initial position and orientation, the objective is to steer the system so that a given static target is within the range of the laser and the laser is oriented at it in minimum time. We characterize multiple properties of the optimal trajectory and establish that the optimal trajectory for the Dubins-laser system is one out of a total of 16 candidates. Finally, we provide numerical insights that illustrate the properties characterized in this work. © 2024, CC BY-NC-SA.

关键词： Vehicles

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Hybrid Three-Layer Sub-Harmonic Synchronous Machine using Consequent Pole Permanent Magnets

Hybrid Three-Layer Sub-Harmonic Synchronous Machine using Co...

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Magnetic Conference - Short Papers (INTERMAG Short Papers), IEEE International

作者： S M Sajjad Hossain Rafin Qasim Ali Fei Zhao Osama A. Mohammed Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Energy Systems Research Laboratory Florida International University Miami FL USA Department of Electrical Engineering Sukkur IBA University Sukkur Pakistan School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation Harbin Institute of Technology Shenzhen China

ISBN: (数字)9798350362213

ISBN: (纸本)9798350362220

A novel three-layer sub-harmonic synchronous machine is proposed, equipped with consequent permanent magnets and windings for superior torque generation and better overall performance. The consequent pole PM rotor design reduces the PM quantity by half versus conventional configurations without compromising performance. Finite element analysis of an 8-pole, 48-slot machine verifies a 6% increase in torque generation and 4 % lower torque ripple compared to a fully PM -assisted design. The proposed machine also outperforms alternatives on metrics, including torque density and efficiency. These favorable characteristics demonstrate the promise of the topology as a cost-effective, high-performing electric propulsion candidate. This work contributes to an innovative machine advancing progress toward affordable PM -assisted synchronous motors.

关键词： Measurement Torque Windings Rotors Magnetic devices Production Propulsion

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On the Reliability of Static Load Models for the Modeling of Active Distribution Networks under Steady-State Conditions

On the Reliability of Static Load Models for the Modeling of...

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International Universities Power engineering Conference (UPEC)

作者： Ioanna D. Pasiopoulou Eleftherios O. Kontis Ioannis A. Angelis Theofilos A. Papadopoulos Grigoris K. Papagiannis Electrical and Computer Engineering Department Power Systems Laboratory Aristotle University of Thessaloniki Thessaloniki Greece Electrical and Computer Engineering Department Power Systems Laboratory Democritus University of Thrace Xanthi Greece

ISBN: (数字)9781665455053

ISBN: (纸本)9781665455060

Robust and well-established distribution network (DN) equivalent models have been used by system operators. Nevertheless, the advent of distributed energy resources (DERs) has changed the nature and the characteristics of the DNs triggering the need for updating the existing models. This study deals with the reliability of the exponential and polynomial static load models on active DN (ADN) modeling under steady-state conditions. The accuracy of the examined models is evaluated under specific load types and DERs penetration level. The conducted analysis reveals the high impact of the DER penetration level on the model accuracy and its parameters. Results indicate that the ZIP model presents higher accuracy compared to the exponential. However, both models fail to accurately capture the steady-state behavior of ADNs in case frequency and voltage controls are applied to the DER units.

关键词： Analytical models Reactive power Power engineering Computational modeling Steady-state Reliability Voltage control

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Fluorescence Spectral Imaging Based on Computational Spectral Sensing

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Physical Review Applied 2023年第2期19卷 024022-024022页

作者： Jin Xiang Qingyi Zhou Soongyu Yi Yurui Qu Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Technology and Systems (Ministry of Education) College of Optoelectronic Engineering Chongqing University Chongqing 400044 China Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering University of Wisconsin-Madison Madison Wisconsin 53705 USA

As a powerful optical tool, spectrometers are widely used in materials analysis and light-source characterization. Although commercial spectrometers based on dispersive diffraction or Fourier transform offer high resolution and broad dynamic range, spatial information of the sample is lost, limiting its application in snapshot hyperspectral imaging. Herein, we propose a computational spectrometer based on the tailored point spread function of the imaging system that uses disordered microstructures fabricated by low-cost photolithography. The spectrometer achieves a high quantum efficiency (Qavg∼60%) and ultracompact footprint as low as 24.5×24.5μm2, exhibits outstanding performance in weak-light hyperspectral imaging (e.g., Raman or fluorescence spectroscopy) in the microscopic system. Apart from the advancements mentioned above, our spectrometer offers good compatibility with commercial microscopes, implying it is a promising candidate for spectral imaging in chemistry, biology, and others.

关键词： Imaging & optical processing Metamaterials Optical sources & detectors Fluorescence spectroscopy Luminescence Spectrometers & spectroscopic techniques

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