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The effect of wire drawing and aging on mechanical and electrical properties of Cu-Cr-Zr alloy

Procedia engineering 2017年 207卷 1129-1134页

作者： H.S. Joo Y.N. Kim S.K. Hwang Y.T. Im National Research Laboratory for Computer Aided Materials Processing Department of Mechanical Engineering KAIST 291 Daehak-ro Yuseong-gu Daejeon 34141 Republic of Korea Ultimate Manufacturing Technology R&B Group Daegyeong Regional Division KITECH 320 Techno sunhwan-ro Yuga-myeon Dalseong-gun Daegu 42994 Republic of Korea

The aim of the present study is to investigate changes of the mechanical and electrical properties in the Cu-Cr-Zr alloy depending on the thermomechanical treatment history (TMT). The nine cases of the experiments were conducted depending on the combination of the wire drawing and aging. The Cu-Cr-Zr alloy was solution-treated at 980˚C for 1h, and then water quenched. The wire drawing with 20% area reduction per each pass was carried out up to two passes (ɛ = 45) and four passes (ɛ = 0.89), respectively. Aging at 480°C for 1h was applied. The mechanical and electrical properties were measured by the tension, Vickers micro-hardness tests and a four-point probe method at room temperature. According to the measurement data, the mechanical strength of the specimens was increased by the wire drawing and it was increased with higher strain of the specimen with or without the aging. However, the ductility and electrical conductivity were decreased after the wire drawing. On the other hand, both mechanical and electrical properties of the specimens were increased after the aging. This increment was due to the generation of the precipitates during the aging. The mechanical and electrical properties of the alloy were changed depending on the order of the cold working and aging. The wire drawing before aging was advantageous in terms of the ductility and electrical conductivity, but the wire drawing after aging was advantageous for the increase in the strength. It can be construed from the current investigation that the mechanical and electrical properties of the Cu-Cr-Zr alloy could be improved by the combination of the cold working and aging, and both properties are dependent on the TMT history.

关键词： Wire drawing Aging Strength Electrical conductivity Precipitation hardening

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The overlapping burden of the three leading causes of disability and death in sub-Saharan African children

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Nature Communications 2022年第1期13卷 1-14页

作者： Reiner, Robert C. Welgan, Catherine A. Troeger, Christopher E. Baumann, Mathew M. Weiss, Daniel J. Deshpande, Aniruddha Blacker, Brigette F. Miller-Petrie, Molly K. Earl, Lucas Bhatt, Samir Abolhassani, Hassan Abosetugn, Akine Eshete Abu-Gharbieh, Eman Adekanmbi, Victor Adetokunboh, Olatunji O. Aghaali, Mohammad Aji, Budi Alahdab, Fares Al-Aly, Ziyad Alhassan, Robert Kaba Ali, Saqib Alizade, Hesam Aljunid, Syed Mohamed Almasi-Hashiani, Amir Al-Mekhlafi, Hesham M. Altirkawi, Khalid A. Alvis-Guzman, Nelson Amare, Azmeraw T. Amini, Saeed Amugsi, Dickson A. Ancuceanu, Robert Andrei, Catalina Liliana Ansari, Fereshteh Anvari, Davood Appiah, Seth Christopher Yaw Arabloo, Jalal Aremu, Olatunde Atout, Maha Moh’d Wahbi Ausloos, Marcel Ausloos, Floriane Ayanore, Martin Amogre Aynalem, Yared Asmare Azene, Zelalem Nigussie Badawi, Alaa Baig, Atif Amin Banach, Maciej Bedi, Neeraj Bhagavathula, Akshaya Srikanth Bhandari, Dinesh Bhardwaj, Nikha Bhardwaj, Pankaj Bhattacharyya, Krittika Bhutta, Zulfiqar A. Bijani, Ali Birhanu, Tesega Tesega Mengistu Bitew, Zebenay Workneh Boloor, Archith Brady, Oliver J. Butt, Zahid A. Car, Josip Carvalho, Felix Casey, Daniel C. Chattu, Vijay Kumar Chowdhury, Mohiuddin Ahsanul Kabir Chu, Dinh-Toi Coelho, Camila H. Cook, Aubrey J. Damiani, Giovanni Daoud, Farah Gela, Jiregna Darega Darwish, Amira Hamed Daryani, Ahmad Das, Jai K. Davis Weaver, Nicole Deribe, Kebede Desalew, Assefa Dharmaratne, Samath Dhamminda Dianatinasab, Mostafa Diaz, Daniel Djalalinia, Shirin Dorostkar, Fariba Dubljanin, Eleonora Duko, Bereket Dwyer-Lindgren, Laura Effiong, Andem El Sayed Zaki, Maysaa El Tantawi, Maha Enany, Shymaa Fattahi, Nazir Feigin, Valery L. Fernandes, Eduarda Ferrara, Pietro Fischer, Florian Foigt, Nataliya A. Folayan, Morenike Oluwatoyin Foroutan, Masoud Frostad, Joseph Jon Fukumoto, Takeshi Gaidhane, Abhay Motiramji Gebrekrstos, Hailemikael Gebrekidan G. K. Gebremeskel, Leake Gebreslassie, Assefa Ayalew Gething, Peter W. Gezae, Kebede Embaye Ghadiri, Keyghobad Ghashghaee, Ahmad Golechha, Mahaveer Gubar Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation University of Washington Seattle WA United States Department of Health Metrics Sciences School of Medicine University of Washington Seattle WA United States Malaria Atlas Project University of Oxford Oxford United Kingdom Imperial College London London United Kingdom Department of Laboratory Medicine Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge Sweden Research Center for Immunodeficiencies Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran Department of Public Health Debre Berhan University Debre Berhan Ethiopia Department of Clinical Sciences University of Sharjah Sharjah United Arab Emirates Population Health Sciences King’s College London London United Kingdom Centre of Excellence for Epidemiological Modelling and Analysis Stellenbosch University Stellenbosch South Africa Department of Global Health Stellenbosch University Cape Town South Africa Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics Qom University of Medical Sciences Qom Iran Faculty of Medicine and Public Health Jenderal Soedirman University Purwokerto Indonesia Mayo Evidence-based Practice Center Mayo Clinic Foundation for Medical Education and Research Rochester MN United States John T. Milliken Department of Internal Medicine Washington University in St. Louis St. Louis MO United States Clinical Epidemiology Center Department of Veterans Affairs St Louis MO United States Institute of Health Research University of Health and Allied Sciences Ho Ghana Department of Information Systems College of Economics and Political Science Sultan Qaboos University Muscat Oman Infectious and Tropical Disease Research Center Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences Bandar Abbas Iran Department of Health Policy and Management Kuwait University Safat Kuwait International Centre for Casemix and Clinical Coding National University of Malaysia Bandar Tun Razak Malaysia Department of Epidemiology Arak University of Medical Sciences Arak Iran Medical Research Center

Despite substantial declines since 2000, lower respiratory infections (LRIs), diarrhoeal diseases, and malaria remain among the leading causes of nonfatal and fatal disease burden for children under 5 years of age (under 5), primarily in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). The spatial burden of each of these diseases has been estimated subnationally across SSA, yet no prior analyses have examined the pattern of their combined burden. Here we synthesise subnational estimates of the burden of LRIs, diarrhoea, and malaria in children under-5 from 2000 to 2017 for 43 sub-Saharan countries. Some units faced a relatively equal burden from each of the three diseases, while others had one or two dominant sources of unit-level burden, with no consistent pattern geographically across the entire subcontinent. Using a subnational counterfactual analysis, we show that nearly 300 million DALYs could have been averted since 2000 by raising all units to their national average. Our findings are directly relevant for decision-makers in determining which and targeting where the most appropriate interventions are for increasing child survival. © 2022, The Author(s).

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Learning analytics trends and challenges in engineering education: SNOLA special session

Learning analytics trends and challenges in engineering educ...

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2018 IEEE Global engineering Education Conference - Emerging Trends and Challenges of engineering Education, EDUCON 2018

作者： Rodriguez, Manuel Caeiro Gonzalez, Miguel Angel Conde Alvarez, Ainhoa Larranaga, Mikel Mones, Alejandra Martinez Munoz-Merino, Pedro J. Hernandez-Garcia, Angel Pastor, Rafael Cruz-Benito, Juan Munoz, Salvador Ros Guenaga, Mariluz Departamento de Enxeñaría Telemática Universidade de Vigo Vigo Spain Área de Arquitectura y Tecnología de Computadores Universidad de León Spain Departamento de Lenguajes y Sistemas Informáticos Euskal Herriko Unibersitatea UPV/EHU Spain Departamento de Informática Universidad de Valladolid Spain Departamento de Ingeniería Telemática Universidad Carlos III de Madrid Spain Dep. Ing. de Organización Adm. de Empresas y Estadística Universidad Politécnica de Madrid Spain Departamento de Sistemas de Comunicación y Control Universidad Nacional de Educación A Distancia Spain GRIAL Research Group Computer Science Department University of Salamanca Spain Faculty of Engineering Universidad de Deusto Spain

ISBN: (纸本)9781538629574

SNOLA is a Thematic Network of Excellence recognized by the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness composed of the main Spanish researchers in the field of learning analytics. This network emerged in 2013 focusing mainly on the technology underlying learning analytics development, but also interested on the integration of other views and disciplines that give the network a wider scope. During these years, SNOLA has carry out numerous actions with the goal of promoting the collaboration on this field, the diffusion of knowledge and initiatives, the collection of resources and the provision of broad support. Remarkable examples of these efforts have been LASI Spain events, workshops at TEEM conferences or the numerous webinars. In this case, the EDUCON 2018 has given us the opportunity to organize this special session where 5 papers have been selected for presentation. © 2018 IEEE.

关键词： Learning systems

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Analysis on Cracked Commuter Aircraft Wing Under Dynamic Cruise Load By Means of XFEM

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Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2018年第1期1106卷

作者： N Wirawan N A Abdullah Mahesa Akbar J L Curiel-Sosa Aeronautics Technology Center National Institute of Aeronautics and Space of Indonesia (LAPAN) Bogor Indonesia Department of Mechanical Engineering Computer-Aided Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering Research Group (CA2M) The University of Sheffield The Portobello Centre Sheffield S1 4ET United Kingdom Department of Mechanical Engineering International Islamic University Malaysia Malaysia

In this paper, a new investigation of crack propagation on a commuter aircraft wing is discussed. The aircraft is a 19-seater multi-purpose commuter aircraft designed for a mission on the remote area. The dynamic load acting on the wing is assumed as harmonic load considering aerodynamic lift at a particular excitation frequency. A 3D wingbox CAD model is developed for the numerical simulation. Extended finite element (XFEM) is applied to analyse the crack propagation on the aircraft wing. The crack growth simulation is successfully done, and the results are shown in some details. These results provided a novel insight on the computational simulation of cracked wing structure under dynamic flight load.

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Preface

Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing

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Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing 2018年 620卷 v-vi页

作者： Omatu, Sigeru Rodríguez, Sara Villarrubia, Gabriel Faria, Pedro Sitek, Pawel Prieto, Javier Faculty of Engineering Department of Electronics Information and Communication Engineering Osaka Institute of Technology OsakaOsaka Japan Faculty of Science Department of Computer Science and Automation Control University of Salamanca Salamanca Spain GECAD – Research Group on Intelligent Engineering and Computing for Advanced Innovation and Development Instituto Superior de Engenharia do Porto Porto Portugal Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Department of Control and Management Systems Department of Information Systems Kielce University of Technology Kielce Poland

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Cascade IMC-PID control of Superheated Steam Temperature based on Closed-loop Identification in the Frequency Domain

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IFAC-PapersOnLine 2016年第18期49卷 91-97页

作者： Li, Xiao-Feng Ding, Dong-Jie Wang, Ya-Gang Huang, Zekun The Instrument and Power Plant Control Department Electric Power Research Institute of Guangdong Power Group Co. Guangzhou510080 China The School of Optical-Electrical and Computer Engineering University of Shanghai for Science and Technology Jungong Road Shanghai200093 China

This paper proposes an IMC-PID Cascade control of Superheated Steam Temperature based on closed-loop identification in the frequency domain. The process models of superheated steam temperature are firstly identified with set-point change tests in the inner and outer control loops. The process frequency responses are estimated, and then transform functions are obtained by least square method in both amplitude and phase. The IMC-PID controllers of the Steam Temperature Cascade control loop (SST) is designed by using the internal model control (IMC) and improved Skogestad-IMC (SIMC) method based on the obtained model. It is shown that this control strategy achieves better control performance and minimizes the effects of external and internal disturbances. © 2016

关键词： Closed loop control systems Cascade control systems control equipment Frequency response Least squares approximations Model predictive control Oceanography Steam Three term control systems Closed loop identification control performance H infinity controls IMC PID Internal model control Least square methods Steam temperature control Superheated steam temperature

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IMC-PID controller Design for Power control Loop Based on Closed-loop Identification in the Frequency Domain

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IFAC-PapersOnLine 2016年第4期49卷 79-84页

作者： Li, Xiao-Feng Chen, Gang Wang, Ya-Gang Instrument and Power Plant Control Department Electric Power Research Institute Guangdong Power Group Co. Guangzhou510080 China School of Optical-Electrical and Computer Engineering University of Shanghai for Science and Technology Jungong Road Shanghai200093 China

This paper proposes a closed-loop identification method for the design of a robust PID controller of the turbine control loop in the boiler-turbine coordinated control system. The process model is firstly identified. In the identification procedure, set-point change tests are adopted to calculate the model based on process inputs and outputs in control loops. The process frequency-response matrix is estimated, and then a transform function matrix is obtained by least square method. The robust PID controller of the turbine control loop is designed by using the internal model control (IMC) method based on the obtained model. It is shown that the IMC-PID controller maintains the robust performance and minimizes the effects of the external disturbance in power system or the internal disturbances in the power plant. © 2016, IFAC (International Federation of Automatic control) Hosting by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

关键词： controllers Boiler control Closed loop control systems Design Electric control equipment Frequency response Least squares approximations Model predictive control Power control Proportional control systems Three term control systems Turbines Boiler turbine coordinated control systems Closed loop identification External disturbances H infinity controls Identification procedure IMC PID Internal model control Least square methods

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The Liver Tumor Segmentation Benchmark (LiTS)

arXiv

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arXiv 2019年

作者： Bilic, Patrick Christ, Patrick Li, Hongwei Bran Vorontsov, Eugene Ben-Cohen, Avi Kaissis, Georgios Szeskin, Adi Jacobs, Colin Mamani, Gabriel Efrain Humpire Chartrand, Gabriel Lohöfer, Fabian Holch, Julian Walter Sommer, Wieland Hofmann, Felix Hostettler, Alexandre Lev-Cohain, Naama Drozdzal, Michal Amitai, Michal Marianne Vivanti, Refael Sosna, Jacob Ezhov, Ivan Sekuboyina, Anjany Navarro, Fernando Kofler, Florian Paetzold, Johannes C. Shit, Suprosanna Hu, Xiaobin Lipková, Jana Rempfler, Markus Piraud, Marie Kirschke, Jan Wiestler, Benedikt Zhang, Zhiheng Hülsemeyer, Christian Beetz, Marcel Ettlinger, Florian Antonelli, Michela Bae, Woong Bellver, Míriam Bi, Lei Chen, Hao Chlebus, Grzegorz Dam, Erik B. Dou, Qi Fu, Chi-Wing Georgescu, Bogdan Giró-I-Nieto, Xavier Gruen, Felix Han, Xu Heng, Pheng-Ann Hesser, Jürgen Moltz, Jan Hendrik Igel, Christian Isensee, Fabian Jäger, Paul Jia, Fucang Kaluva, Krishna Chaitanya Khened, Mahendra Kim, Ildoo Kim, Jae-Hun Kim, Sungwoong Kohl, Simon Konopczynski, Tomasz Kori, Avinash Krishnamurthi, Ganapathy Li, Fan Li, Hongchao Li, Junbo Li, Xiaomeng Lowengrub, John Ma, Jun Maier-Hein, Klaus Maninis, Kevis-Kokitsi Meine, Hans Merhof, Dorit Pai, Akshay Perslev, Mathias Petersen, Jens Pont-Tuset, Jordi Qi, Jin Qi, Xiaojuan Rippel, Oliver Roth, Karsten Sarasua, Ignacio Schenk, Andrea Shen, Zengming Torres, Jordi Wachinger, Christian Wang, Chunliang Weninger, Leon Wu, Jianrong Xu, Daguang Yang, Xiaoping Yu, Simon Chun-Ho Yuan, Yading Yue, Miao Zhang, Liping Cardoso, Jorge Bakas, Spyridon Braren, Rickmer Heinemann, Volker Pal, Christopher Tang, An Kadoury, Samuel Soler, Luc van Ginneken, Bram Greenspan, Hayit Joskowicz, Leo Menze, Bjoern Department of Informatics Technical University of Munich Germany Department of Quantitative Biomedicine University of Zurich Switzerland Ecole Polytechnique de Montréal Canada Department of Medical Imaging Radboud University Medical Center Nijmegen Netherlands Department of Biomedical Engineering Tel-Aviv University Israel Germany Pattern Analysis and Learning Group Department of Radiation Oncology Heidelberg University Hospital Heidelberg Germany Philips Research China Philips China Innovation Campus Shanghai China School of Biomedical Engineering & Imaging Sciences King0s College London London United Kingdom Institute for AI in Medicine Technical University of Munich Germany Department of Computer Science Guangdong University of Foreign Studies China Institute for diagnostic and interventional radiology Klinikum rechts der Isar Technical University of Munich Germany Institute for Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology Klinikum Rechts der Isar Technical University of Munich Germany Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital Nanjing University Medical School China Department of Computing Imperial College London London United Kingdom Institute for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine Helmholtz Zentrum München Neuherberg Germany Brigham and Women's Hospital Harvard Medical School United States School of Computer Science and Engineering The Hebrew University of Jerusalem Israel University of Pennsylvania PA United States Pte. Ltd. Singapore Medical Imaging and Reconstruction Lab Department of Engineering Design Indian Institute of Technology Madras India Sensetime Shanghai China Department of Radiology Perelman School of Medicine University of Pennsylvania United States Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine Perelman School of Medicine University of Pennsylvania PA United States Co. Ltd China MontréalQC Canada Department of Radiology Radiation Oncology and Nuclear Medicine University of Montréal

In this work, we report the set-up and results of the Liver Tumor Segmentation Benchmark (LiTS), which was organized in conjunction with the IEEE International Symposium on Biomedical Imaging (ISBI) 2017 and the International Conferences on Medical Image Computing and computer-Assisted Intervention (MICCAI) 2017 and 2018. The image dataset is diverse and contains primary and secondary tumors with varied sizes and appearances with various lesion-to-background levels (hyper-/hypo-dense), created in collaboration with seven hospitals and research institutions. Seventy-five submitted liver and liver tumor segmentation algorithms were trained on a set of 131 computed tomography (CT) volumes and were tested on 70 unseen test images acquired from different patients. We found that not a single algorithm performed best for both liver and liver tumors in the three events. The best liver segmentation algorithm achieved a Dice score of 0.963, whereas, for tumor segmentation, the best algorithms achieved Dices scores of 0.674 (ISBI 2017), 0.702 (MICCAI 2017), and 0.739 (MICCAI 2018). Retrospectively, we performed additional analysis on liver tumor detection and revealed that not all top-performing segmentation algorithms worked well for tumor detection. The best liver tumor detection method achieved a lesion-wise recall of 0.458 (ISBI 2017), 0.515 (MICCAI 2017), and 0.554 (MICCAI 2018), indicating the need for further research. LiTS remains an active benchmark and resource for research, e.g., contributing the liver-related segmentation tasks in http://***/. In addition, both data and online evaluation are accessible via ***. © 2019, CC BY-NC-ND.

关键词： Deep learning

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Robust and Fault-Tolerant control of In-Wheel Vehicles with Cornering Resistance Minimization

Robust and Fault-Tolerant Control of In-Wheel Vehicles with ...

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European control Conference

作者： András Mihály Péter Gáspár Institute for Computer Science and Control Hungarian Academy of Sciences and MTA- BME Control Engineering Research Group Hungary Institute for Computer Science and Control Hungarian Academy of Sciences and MTA-BME Control Engineering Research Group Hungary

ISBN: (纸本)9781509025923

The paper proposes a robust fault-tolerant trajectory and velocity tracking control for a four-wheel independently-actuated (4WIA) vehicle operated by in-wheel electric motors and a steer-by-wire steering system. The vehicle is basically operated with in-wheel motors using torque vectoring during cornering, thus steering is only applied when the vehicle is skidding, an electric motor has failed or the cornering maneuver is more efficiently realizable with applying a given amount of steering angle. A reconfigurable method is applied, which is capable of reallocating the actuator inputs in order to minimize cornering resistance and the consequent power loss of the in-wheel motors. In case of skidding or in-wheel motor failure, the energy optimal control allocation is substituted for by a fault-tolerant actuator intervention. The high-level reconfiguration control of the 4WIA is based on the LPV (Linear Parameter Varying) method, while the cornering resistance minimization and wheel torque allocation are based on constrained optimization techniques. The operation of the energy optimal and fault-tolerant control is demonstrated in the CarSim simulation environment.

关键词： Robust Fault-Tolerant control In-Wheel Vehicles

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Global, regional, and national sex-specific burden and control of the HIV epidemic, 1990–2019, for 204 countries and territories: the Global Burden of Diseases Study 2019

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The Lancet HIV 2021年第10期8卷 e633-e651页

作者： Jahagirdar, Deepa Walters, Magdalene K. Novotney, Amanda Brewer, Edmond D. Frank, Tahvi D. Carter, Austin Biehl, Molly H. Abbastabar, Hedayat Abhilash, E.S. Abu-Gharbieh, Eman Abu-Raddad, Laith Jamal Adekanmbi, Victor Adeyinka, Daniel Adedayo Adnani, Qorinah Estiningtyas Sakilah Afzal, Saira Aghababaei, Soodabeh Ahinkorah, Bright Opoku Ahmad, Sajjad Ahmadi, Keivan Ahmadi, Sepideh Ahmadpour, Ehsan Ahmed, Muktar Beshir Rashid, Tarik Ahmed Salih, Yusra Ahmed Aklilu, Addis Akram, Tayyaba Akunna, Chisom Joyqueenet Al Hamad, Hanadi Alahdab, Fares Alanezi, Fahad Mashhour Aleksandrova, Ekaterina A. Alene, Kefyalew Addis Ali, Liaqat Alipour, Vahid Almustanyir, Sami Alvis-Guzman, Nelson Ameyaw, Edward Kwabena Amu, Hubert Andrei, Catalina Liliana Andrei, Tudorel Anvari, Davood Arabloo, Jalal Aremu, Olatunde Arulappan, Judie Atnafu, Desta Debalkie Quintanilla, Beatriz Paulina Ayala Ayza, Muluken Altaye Azari, Samad Darshan, B.B. Banach, Maciej Bärnighausen, Till Winfried Barra, Fabio Barrow, Amadou Basu, Sanjay Bazargan-Hejazi, Shahrzad Belay, Habtamu Gebrehana Berheto, Tezera Moshago Bezabhe, Woldesellassie Mequanint Bezabih, Yihienew Mequanint Bhagavathula, Akshaya Srikanth Bhardwaj, Nikha Bhardwaj, Pankaj Bhattacharyya, Krittika Bibi, Sadia Bijani, Ali Bisignano, Catherine Bolarinwa, Obasanjo Afolabi Boloor, Archith Boltaev, Azizbek A. Briko, Nikolay Ivanovich Buonsenso, Danilo Burkart, Katrin Butt, Zahid A. Cao, Chao Charan, Jaykaran Chatterjee, Souranshu Chattu, Soosanna Kumary Chattu, Vijay Kumar Choudhari, Sonali Gajanan Chu, Dinh-Toi Couto, Rosa A.S. Cowden, Richard G. Dachew, Berihun Assefa Dadras, Omid Dagnew, Amare Belachew Dahlawi, Saad M.A. Dai, Xiaochen Dandona, Lalit Dandona, Rakhi das Neves, José Degenhardt, Louisa Demeke, Feleke Mekonnen Desta, Abebaw Alemayehu Deuba, Keshab Dhamnetiya, Deepak Dhungana, Govinda Prasad Dianatinasab, Mostafa Diaz, Daniel Djalalinia, Shirin Doan, Linh Phuong Dorostkar, Fariba Edinur, Hisham Atan Effiong, Andem Eftekharzadeh, Sahar El Sayed Zaki, Maysaa Elayedath, Rajesh Elhadi, Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation University of Washington Seattle WA United States Department of Health Metrics Sciences School of Medicine University of Washington Seattle WA United States Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases University of Washington Seattle WA United States Department of Global Health University of Washington Seattle WA United States School of Social Work University of Washington Seattle WA United States Department of Medicine University of Washington Seattle WA United States Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeones Columbia University Medical Center New York NY United States Division of Data Analytics and Delivery for Impact WHO Geneva Switzerland Advanced Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology Research Centre Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran Multiple Sclerosis Research Centre Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran School of Public Health Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran Paediatric Chronic Kidney Disease Research Centre Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran Department of Psychiatry Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran Metabolomics and Genomics Research Centre Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran Sina Trauma and Surgery Research Centre Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran Research Centre for Immunodeficiencies Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran Non-Communicable Diseases Research Centre Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran Department of Botany Sree Narayana Guru College Chelannur Kozhikode India Clinical Sciences Department University of Sharjah Sharjah United Arab Emirates Mass Communication Department University of Sharjah Sharjah United Arab Emirates Department of Health-Care Policy and Research Weill Cornell Medical College in Qatar Doha Qatar Department of Population Medicine Ca

Background: The sustainable development goals (SDGs) aim to end HIV/AIDS as a public health threat by 2030. Understanding the current state of the HIV epidemic and its change over time is essential to this effort. This study assesses the current sex-specific HIV burden in 204 countries and territories and measures progress in the control of the epidemic. Methods: To estimate age-specific and sex-specific trends in 48 of 204 countries, we extended the Estimation and Projection Package Age-Sex Model to also implement the spectrum paediatric model. We used this model in cases where age and sex specific HIV-seroprevalence surveys and antenatal care-clinic sentinel surveillance data were available. For the remaining 156 of 204 locations, we developed a cohort-incidence bias adjustment to derive incidence as a function of cause-of-death data from vital registration systems. The incidence was input to a custom Spectrum model. To assess progress, we measured the percentage change in incident cases and deaths between 2010 and 2019 (threshold >75% decline), the ratio of incident cases to number of people living with HIV (incidence-to-prevalence ratio threshold <0·03), and the ratio of incident cases to deaths (incidence-to-mortality ratio threshold <1·0). Findings: In 2019, there were 36·8 million (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 35·1–38·9) people living with HIV worldwide. There were 0·84 males (95% UI 0·78–0·91) per female living with HIV in 2019, 0·99 male infections (0·91–1·10) for every female infection, and 1·02 male deaths (0·95–1·10) per female death. Global progress in incident cases and deaths between 2010 and 2019 was driven by sub-Saharan Africa (with a 28·52% decrease in incident cases, 95% UI 19·58–35·43, and a 39·66% decrease in deaths, 36·49–42·36). Elsewhere, the incidence remained stable or increased, whereas deaths generally decreased. In 2019, the global incidence-to-prevalence ratio was 0·05 (95% UI 0·05–0·06) and the global incidence-to-mortality ratio was

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