In a subset of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patients, antiphospholipid syndrome, characterized by occurrence of anti-cardiolipin (CL) antibodies, thrombocytopenia, thrombosis and recurrent intrauterine fetal dea...
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In a subset of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patients, antiphospholipid syndrome, characterized by occurrence of anti-cardiolipin (CL) antibodies, thrombocytopenia, thrombosis and recurrent intrauterine fetal death occurs. Male (NZW × BXSB) F1 mice, carrying the BXSB Y aa gene, serve as a model for SLE-associated antiphospholipid syndrome. Using microsatellite markers in the NZW × (NZW × BXSB) F1 backcross male progeny, we mapped BXSB alleles contributing to the generation of anti-CL antibodies, platelet-binding antibodies, thrombocytopenia and myocardial infarction. Generation of each disease character was controlled by two major independently segregating dominant alleles, i.e. those on chromosomes (Chr.) 4 and 17 for anti-CL antibodies, Chr. 8 and 17 for both anti-platelet antibodies and thrombocytopenia and, to our surprise, Chr. 7 and 14 for myocardial infarction, and that a combination of the two alleles appeared to produce full expression of each character, as a complementary gene action. The alleles on Chr. 17 linked to the above three characters were all mapped in close proximity to the H-2 complex. Therefore, no single factor such as anti-CL antibodies can explain the pathogenesis of SLE-associated antiphospholipid syndrome. Rather, a combination of susceptibility alleles such as described here, along with additional modifying loci, i.e. BXSB Y aa and some from NZW, characterizes unique SLE features in male (NZW × BXSB) F1 mice. There are potentially important candidate genes which may be linked to the syndrome.
Coordinated spacing and patterning of stomata allow efficient gas exchange between plants and the atmosphere. Here we report that three ERECTA (ER)-family leucine-rich repeat-receptor-like kinases (LRR-RLKs) together ...
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Coordinated spacing and patterning of stomata allow efficient gas exchange between plants and the atmosphere. Here we report that three ERECTA (ER)-family leucine-rich repeat-receptor-like kinases (LRR-RLKs) together control stomatal patterning, with specific family members regulating the specification of stomatal stem cell fate and the differentiation of guard cells. Loss-of-function mutations in all three ER-family genes cause stomatal clustering. Genetic interactions with a known stomatal patterning mutant too many mouths (tmm) revealed stoichiometric epistasis and combination-specific neomorphism. Our findings suggest that the negative regulation of ER-family RLKs by TMM, which is an LRR receptor-like protein, is critical for proper stomatal differentiation.
We have previously shown that phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) activity is important in the balance between Th1 and Th2 responses. Lack of PI3K resulted in the impaired host immune response against nematode infection ...
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A simple rubbing technique to macroscopically align nanocylinders in an amphiphilic diblock liquid‐crystalline copolymer is reported by Ikeda and co‐workers on p. 2213. The inside cover shows highly ordered arrays o...
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A simple rubbing technique to macroscopically align nanocylinders in an amphiphilic diblock liquid‐crystalline copolymer is reported by Ikeda and co‐workers on p. 2213. The inside cover shows highly ordered arrays of nanocylinders parallel to the rubbing direction owing to supramolecular cooperative motions between mesogens and microphase‐separated domains. This opens a novel, convenient pathway for controlling defect‐free nanoscopic domains over large areas.
We prepared mixed films of polystyrene-b-poly(4-vinylpyridine) (PS-P4VP) and 4′-pentyl-4-cyanobiphenyl (5CB) on water by co-spreading method. The resulting films could be transferred onto mica at various surface pres...
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We prepared mixed films of polystyrene-b-poly(4-vinylpyridine) (PS-P4VP) and 4′-pentyl-4-cyanobiphenyl (5CB) on water by co-spreading method. The resulting films could be transferred onto mica at various surface pressures ranging from 0 to 4 mN m-1. The morphologies of the transferred films were characterized by atomic force microscope. As a result, the highly homogeneous dot array pattern of surface micelles grew with increasing surface pressure from a initially smooth monolayer with monomolecularly expanded polystyrene segment. The various compositions of block copolymer segments provided the variation of the dot spacing and height in the nano dot array patterns.
We prepared mixed films of polystyrene-b-poly(4-vinylpyridine) (PS-P4VP) and 4'-pentyl-4-cyanobiphenyl (5CB) on water by co-spreading method. The resulting films could be transferred onto mica at various surface p...
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We prepared mixed films of polystyrene-b-poly(4-vinylpyridine) (PS-P4VP) and 4'-pentyl-4-cyanobiphenyl (5CB) on water by co-spreading method. The resulting films could be transferred onto mica at various surface pressures ranging from 0 to 20 mN m-1. The morphologies of the transferred films were characterized by atomic force microscope. As a result, the highly regular dot array pattern of surface micelles grew with increasing surface pressure from an initially smooth monolayer. The various compositions of block copolymer segments provided the variation of the dot spacing and height in the nano dot array patterns.
Recently, porous polyimide (PI) nanoparticles have been successfully fabricated by reprecipitation method. After reprecipitation process, porous poly(amic acid) (PAA, precursor of PI) nanoparticles were obtained by us...
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Recently, porous polyimide (PI) nanoparticles have been successfully fabricated by reprecipitation method. After reprecipitation process, porous poly(amic acid) (PAA, precursor of PI) nanoparticles were obtained by using PAA solution adding other polymers as a source of pores. Then porous PI nanoparticles were fabricated by the two-step imidization of porous PAA nanoparticles without morphology transformation. Furthermore, multilayered films assembled by porous PI nanoparticles obtained were also successfully fabricated by electrodeposition method. It provides a new route to interlayer insulation films with lower dielectric constant for the prospective microelectronic applications.
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