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ISO-contour volume rendering

ISO-contour volume rendering

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1994 Symposium on Volume Visualization, VVS 1994

作者： Arvo, James Novins, Kevin Program of Computer Graphics Cornell University 580 Engineering and Theory Center IthacaNY14853 United States IMAGIS/IMAG BP53 Grenoble Cedex 0938041 France

ISBN: (纸本)0897917413

In this paper we present a new approach to volume rendering in which curves of constant intensity in image space, or iso-contours, are computed directly for each view. The generated iso-contours can be used to drive various visualization and feature-detection algorithms. The approach imposes no restriction on the organization of the data points and can accommodate a large class of radiallysymmetric filter functions. The technique works well for both perspective and orthographic viewing projections. Each iso-contour is defined by an ordinary differential equation, which is solved numerically using a predictor-corrector method. A key element of the algorithm is the use of image intensity gradients, which we compute by means of a closed-form expression that holds at every point on the image plane. A caching algorithm is described that dramatically accelerates the gradient computations on large datasets. The algorithm is demonstrated on emission-only datasets. We conclude by describing a number of possible enhancements. © 1995 IEEE.

关键词： Volume rendering

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Transparency for computer synthesized images 79

Transparency for computer synthesized images

引用

6th Annual Conference on computer graphics and Interactive Techniques, SIGGRAPH 1979

作者： Kay, Douglas Scott Greenberg, Donald Program of Computer Graphics Cornell University United States Sundance Productions Inc. Acme Cartoon Co. Inc. 7141 Envoy Ct. DallasTX75247 United States

ISBN: (纸本)0897910044

Simple transparency algorithms which assume a linear transparency over an entire surface are the type most often employed to produce computer synthesized images of transparent objects with curved surfaces. Although most of the images created with these algorithms do give the impression of transparency, they usually do not look realistic. One of the most serious problems is that the intensity of the light that is transmitted through the objects is generally not proportional to the amount of material through which it must pass. Another problem is that the image seen behind the objects is not distorted as would naturally occur when the light is refracted as it passes through a material of different density. Use of a non-linear transparency algorithm can provide a great improvement in the realism of an image at a small additional cost. Making the transparency proportional to the normal to the surface causes it to decrease towards the edges of the surface where the path of the light through the object is longer. The exact simulation of refraction, however, requires that each sight ray be individually traced from the observer, through the picture plane and through each transparent object until an opaque surface is intersected. Since the direction of the ray would change as each material of differing optical density was entered, the hidden surface calculations required would be very time consuming. However, if a few assumptions are made about the geometry of each object and about the conditions under which they are viewed, a much simplier algorithm can be used to approximate the refractive effect. This method proceeds in a back to front order, mapping the current background image onto the next surface, until all surfaces have been considered. © 1979 ACM.

关键词： Transparency

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Functional difference predictors (FDPs): measuring meaningful image differences

Functional difference predictors (FDPs): measuring meaningfu...

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Asilomar Conference on Signals, Systems & computers

作者： J.A. Ferwerda F. Pellacini Program of Computer Graphics Cornell University Pixar Animation Studios Emeryville Emeryville CA USA

In this paper we introduce functional difference predictors (FDPs), a new class of perceptually-based image difference metrics that predict how image errors affect the ability to perform visual tasks using the images. To define the properties of FDPs, we conduct a psychophysical experiment that focuses on two visual tasks: spatial layout and material estimation. In the experiment we introduce errors in the positions and contrasts of objects reflected in glossy surfaces and ask subjects to make layout and material judgments. The results indicate that layout estimation depends only on positional errors in the reflections and material estimation depends only on contrast errors. These results suggest that in many task contexts, large visible image errors may be tolerated without loss in task performance, and that FDPs may be better predictors of the relationship between errors and performance than current visible difference predictors (VDPs).

关键词： Reflection Rendering (computer graphics) computer graphics computer errors Pixel Performance evaluation Conducting materials Performance loss Layout Animation

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Real-time robot motion planning using rasterizing computer graphics hardware 90

Real-time robot motion planning using rasterizing computer g...

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Proceedings of the 17th annual conference on computer graphics and interactive techniques

作者： Jed Lengyel Mark Reichert Bruce R. Donald Donald P. Greenberg Graduate Student Program of Computer Graphics Cornell University Ithaca N.Y. Assistant Professor and Director Computer Science Robotics Laboratory Department of Computer Science 4130 Upson HalI Cornell University Ithaca N.Y. Director Program of Computer Graphics Jacob Gould Shurman Professor of Computer Graphics Cornell University Ithaca N.Y.

ISBN: (纸本)9780897913447

We present a real-time robot motion planner that is fast and complete to a resolution. The technique is guaranteed to find a path if one exists at the resolution, and all paths returned are safe. The planner can handle any polyhedral geometry of robot and obstacles, including disjoint and highly concave unions of *** planner uses standard graphics hardware to rasterize configuration space obstacles into a series of bitmap slices, and then uses dynamic programming to create a navigation function (a discrete vector-valued function) and to calculate paths in this rasterized space. The motion paths which the planner produces are minimal with respect to an L1 (Manhattan) distance metric that includes rotation as well as *** examples are shown illustrating the competence of the planner at generating planar rotational and translational plans for complex two and three dimensional robots. Dynamic motion sequences, including complicated and non-obvious backtracking solutions, can be executed in real time.

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Dynamic simulation of non-penetrating flexible bodies 92

Dynamic simulation of non-penetrating flexible bodies

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Proceedings of the 19th annual conference on computer graphics and interactive techniques

作者： David Baraff Andrew Witkin Program of Computer Graphics Cornell University Ithaca NY School of Computer Science Carnegie Mellon University Pittsburgh PA

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A framework for realistic image synthesis 97

A framework for realistic image synthesis

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24th Annual Conference on computer graphics and Interactive Techniques, SIGGRAPH 1997

作者： Greenberg, Donald P. Torrance, Kenneth E. Shirley, Peter Arvo, James Lafortune, Eric Ferwerda, James A. Walter, Bruce Trumbore, Ben Pattanaik, Sumanta Foo, Sing-Choong Program of Computer Graphics Cornell University 580 Frank H.T. Rhodes Hall Ithaca United States Department of Computer Science University of Utah United States Department of Computer Science California Institute of Technology United States Blue Sky Studios Harrison NY United States

ISBN: (纸本)0897918967

Our goal is to develop physically based lighting models and perceptually based rendering procedures for computer graphics that will produce synthetic images that are visually and measurably indistinguishable from real-world images. Fidelity of the physical simulation is of primary concern. Our research framework is subdivided into three sub-sections: the local light reflection model, the energy transport simulation, and the visual display algorithms. The first two subsections are physically based, and the last is perceptually based. We emphasize the comparisons between simulations and actual measurements, the difficulties encountered, and the need to utilize the vast amount of psychophysical research already conducted. Future research directions are enumerated. We hope that results of this research will help establish a more fundamental, scientific approach for future rendering algorithms. This presentation describes a chronology of past research in global illumination and how parts of our new system are currently being developed.

关键词： Light reflection

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The zonal method for calculating light intensities in the presence of a participating medium 87

The zonal method for calculating light intensities in the pr...

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14th Annual Conference on computer graphics and Interactive Techniques, SIGGRAPH 1987

作者： Rushmeier, Holly E. Torrance, Kenneth E. Program of Computer Graphics Rand Hall IthacaNY14853 United States Sibley School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Upson Hall IthacaNY14853 United States Cornell University IthacaNY14853 United States

ISBN: (纸本)0897912276

The zonal method for calculating radiative transfer in the presence of a participating medium is applied to the generation of realistic synthetic images. The method generalizes the radiosity method and allows for emission, scattering, and absorption by a participating medium. The zonal method accounts for volume/surface interactions which have not been previously included, as well as volume/volume and surface/surface interactions. In addition, new algorithms, based on the hemi-cube formulation, are introduced for calculating the geometric factors required by the zonal method.

关键词： Light scattering

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Visual navigation of large environments using textured clusters 95

Visual navigation of large environments using textured clust...

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Proceedings of the 1995 symposium on Interactive 3D graphics

作者： Paulo W. C. Maciel Peter Shirley Department of Computer Science Lindley Hall Indiana University Bloomington Indiana Program of Computer Graphics Cornell University Ithaca New York

ISBN: (纸本)9780897917360

A visual navigation system is described which uses texture mapped primitives to represent clusters of objects to maintain high and approximately constant frame rates. In cases where there are more unoccluded primitives inside the viewing frustum than can be drawn in real-time on the workstation, this system ensures that each visible object, or a cluster that includes it, is drawn in each frame. The system supports the use of traditional “level-of-detail” representations for individual objects, and supports the automatic generation of a certain type of level-of-detail for objects and clusters of objects. The concept of choosing a representation from among those associated with an object that accounts for the direction from which the object is viewed is also supported. The level-of-detail concept is extended to the whole model and the entire scene is stored as a hierarchy of levels-of-detail that is traversed top-down to find a good representation for a given viewpoint. This system does not assume that visibility information can be extracted from the model and is thus especially suited for outdoor environments.

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A practitioners' assessment of light reflection models

A practitioners' assessment of light reflection models

引用

Pacific Conference on computer graphics and Applications

作者： P. Shirley B. Smits H. Hu E. Lafortune Computer Science Department University of Utah Salt Lake UT USA Program of Computer Graphics Cornell University Ithaca NY USA

We discuss the theory and practical issues behind creating reflection models to show the difficulty of the problem. We survey the current approaches towards reflection models for computer graphics to show that even for simple surfaces, the important issues are far from settled. We briefly discuss future directions for research. Finally, we present a case study of a particular type of light reflection that captures some important aspects of appearance for a limited class of materials with subsurface reflection.

关键词： Optical reflection Optical polarization Rough surfaces Surface roughness computer science Cities and towns Image generation Layout computer graphics Optical scattering

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Improving interaction with radiosity-based lighting simulation programs 90

Improving interaction with radiosity-based lighting simulati...

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1990 Symposium on Interactive 3D graphics, I3D 1990

作者： Puech, Claude Sillion, François Vedel, Christophe Laboratoire d'Informatique Ecole Normale Supérieure 45 rue d'Ulm Paris75005 France Program of Computer Graphics Cornell University 120 Rand Hall IthacaNY14853 United States LIBNS URA 1327 CNRS France LIENS France

ISBN: (纸本)0897913515

We describe the main algorithms used in an interactive lighting simulation program based on a twopass extension of the radiosity method. The system allows interactive walk-through as other systems based on radiosity calculations. Moreover, it offers increased realism in the lighting effects by use of extended form factors which accounts for "specular reflection of diffuse light", fast production and display of progressively refined images by distribution of the calculations, good quality of the images in the early stages of the refinement by the use of "hardware light sources", "cheap" rendering of some of the specular highlights at any time by use of the built-in specular shading model, lighting modification (color, intensity of the light sources) by use of "negative light", fast simulation of mirror effects and interactive tools for controling the quality of the final image. © 1990 ACM.

关键词： Light sources

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