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IEEE Virtual Reality 2005

作者： Smith, Randall C. Sandin, Dan Fisher, Brian D. Westin, Stephen H. General Motors R and D Electronic Visualization Lab. U. Illinois Chicago School of Interactive Arts and Technology Simon Fraser University Program of Computer Graphics Cornell University

Within the large spectrum of possible VR application areas, automotive applications were among the first to appear, and are among the most demanding. Technology has not been sufficiently sophisticated for many tasks. The troubling thought is that we are happy to push the technology envelope, but don't really know how useful this technology is, or can be. Could I do my job even if I had a real-time, ortho-stereoscopic, head-tracked, multi-viewer, wide-field-of-view, high-dynamic-range display with eye-limiting acuity?

关键词： Virtual reality

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computer graphics for acoustic simulation and visualization

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The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 2005年第S1期85卷 S77-S77页

作者： Adam Stettner Program of Computer Graphics Cornell University Ithaca NY 14853

computer simulation can be used to generate the spatial and temporal data describing acoustical behavior. By using computer graphics to display the multidimensional data, substantially greater amounts of information than conveyed by standard techniques can be communicated to the designer. A methodology is presented for evaluating an acoustical environment using a two phase approach. The first phase entails simulating the time varying spatial distribution of sound energy, using techniques similar to those used in computer graphics to model illumination. These techniques, specifically probabilistic geometric ray tracing and reflection modeling, have been highly refined. By modifying these methods to account for a few basic differences between light and sound, they can be well suited to the simulation of sound propagation. The second phase entails an investigation of techniques of displaying multidimensional data that are useful to the user. These techniques, which include the use of three‐dimensional color image generation, animation, and icon representation, are used to visualize acoustical measurements derived from the simulation data. Using these criteria, three variations in the design of a performance hall are evaluated and compared. [Work supported by NSF.]

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Effects of rendering on shape perception in automobile design 04

Effects of rendering on shape perception in automobile desig...

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Proceedings - 1st Symposium on Applied Perception in graphics and Visualization, APGV 2004

作者： Ferwerda, James A. Westin, Stephen H. Smith, Randall C. Pawlicki, Richard Program of Computer Graphics Cornell University United States General Motors R and D

ISBN: (纸本)1581139144

The goal of this project was to determine if advanced rendering methods such as global illumination allow more accurate discrimination of shape differences than standard rendering methods such as OpenGL. To address these questions, we conducted two psychophysical experiments to measure observers' sensitivity to shape differences between a physical model and rendered images of the model. Two results stand out: The rendering method used has a significant effect on the ability to discriminate shape. In particular, under the conditions tested, global illumination rendering improves sensitivity to shape differences. Further, viewpoint appears to have an effect on the ability to discriminate shape. In most of the cases studied, sensitivity to small shape variations was poorer when the rendering and model viewpoints were different. The results of this work have important implications for our understanding of human shape perception and for the development of rendering tools for computer-aided design.

关键词： Sensory perception

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Perceptual illumination components: A new approach to efficient, high quality global illumination rendering 04

Perceptual illumination components: A new approach to effici...

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ACM SIGGRAPH 2004

作者： Stokes, William A. Ferwerda, James A. Walter, Bruce Greenberg, Donald P. Program of Computer Graphics Cornell University 580 Rhodes Hall Ithaca NY 14853

ISBN: (纸本)9781450378239

In this paper we introduce a new perceptual metric for efficient, high quality, global illumination rendering. The metric is based on a rendering-by-components framework in which the direct, and indirect diffuse, glossy, and specular light transport paths are separately computed and then composited to produce an image. The metric predicts the perceptual importances of the computationally expensive indirect illumination components with respect to image quality. To develop the metric we conducted a series of psychophysical experiments in which we measured and modeled the perceptual importances of the components. An important property of this new metric is that it predicts component importances from inexpensive estimates of the reflectance properties of a scene, and therefore adds negligible overhead to the rendering process. This perceptual metric should enable the development of an important new class of efficient global-illumination rendering systems that can intelligently allocate limited computational resources, to provide high quality images at interactive rates. © 2004 ACM.

关键词： Image analysis

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Feature-Based Textures

Feature-Based Textures

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15th Eurographics Workshop on Rendering Techniques, EGSR 2004

作者： Ramanarayanan, G. Bala, K. Walter, B. Department of Computer Science Cornell University IthacaNY United States Program of Computer Graphics Cornell University IthacaNY United States

ISBN: (纸本)3905673126

This paper introduces feature-based textures, a new image representation that combines features and samples for high-quality texture mapping. Features identify boundaries within an image where samples change discontinuously. They can be extracted from vector graphics representations, or explicitly added to raster images to improve sharpness. Texture lookups are then interpolated from samples while respecting these boundaries. We present results from a software implementation of this technique demonstrating quality, efficiency and low memory overhead. © The Eurographics Association 2004.

关键词： Image enhancement

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Combining and points for interactive high-quality rendering

Combining and points for interactive high-quality rendering

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ACM SIGGRAPH 2003

作者： Bala, Kavita Walter, Bruce Greenberg, Donald P. Computer Science Department Cornell University Program of Computer Graphics Cornell University

This paper presents a new interactive rendering and display technique for complex scenes with expensive shading, such as global illumination. Our approach combines sparsely sampled shading (points) and analytically computed discontinuities (edges) to inter-actively generate high-quality images. The edge-and-point image is a new compact representation that combines edges and points such that fast, table-driven interpolation of pixel shading from nearby point samples is possible, while respecting discontinuities. The edge-and-point renderer is extensible, permitting the use of arbitrary shaders to collect shading samples. Shading discontinuities, such as silhouettes and shadow edges, are found at interactive rates. Our software implementation supports interactive navigation and object manipulation in scenes that include expensive lighting effects (such as global illumination) and geometrically complex objects. For interactive rendering we show that high-quality images of these scenes can be rendered at 8-14 frames per second on a desktop PC: a speedup of 20-60 over a ray tracer computing a single sample per pixel. © 2003 ACM.

关键词： Image analysis

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Combining edges and points for interactive high-quality rendering 03

Combining edges and points for interactive high-quality rend...

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ACM SIGGRAPH 2003 Papers, SIGGRAPH '03

作者： Bala, Kavita Walter, Bruce Greenberg, Donald P. Computer Science Department Cornell University United States Program of Computer Graphics Cornell University United States

ISBN: (纸本)1581137095

This paper presents a new interactive rendering and display technique for complex scenes with expensive shading, such as global illumination. Our approach combines sparsely sampled shading (points) and analytically computed discontinuities (edges) to interactively generate high-quality images. The edge-and-point image is a new compact representation that combines edges and points such that fast, table-driven interpolation of pixel shading from nearby point samples is possible, while respecting *** edge-and-point renderer is extensible, permitting the use of arbitrary shaders to collect shading samples. Shading discontinuities, such as silhouettes and shadow edges, are found at interactive rates. Our software implementation supports interactive navigation and object manipulation in scenes that include expensive lighting effects (such as global illumination) and geometrically complex objects. For interactive rendering we show that high-quality images of these scenes can be rendered at 8 - 14 frames per second on a desktop PC: a speedup of 20 - 60 over a ray tracer computing a single sample per pixel. © 2003 ACM.

关键词： Compressed sensing

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Functional Difference Predictors (FDPs): Measuring meaningful image differences

Functional Difference Predictors (FDPs): Measuring meaningfu...

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Conference Record of the Thirty-Seventh Asilomar Conference on Signals, Systems and computers

作者： Ferwerda, James A. Pellacini, Fabio Program of Computer Graphics Cornell University Pixar Animation Studios Emeryville CA

In this paper we introduce Functional Difference Predictors (FDPs), a new class of perceptually-based image difference metrics that predict how image errors affect the ability to perform visual tasks using the images. To define the properties of FDPs, we conduct a psychophysical experiment that focuses on two visual tasks: spatial layout and material estimation. In the experiment we introduce errors in the positions and contrasts of objects reflected in glossy surfaces and ask subjects to make layout and material judgments. The results indicate that layout estimation depends only on positional errors in the reflections and material estimation depends only on contrast errors. These results suggest that in many task contexts, large visible image errors may be tolerated without loss in task performance, and that FDPs may be better predictors of the relationship between errors and performance than current Visible Difference Predictors (VDPs).

关键词： computer graphics

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Functional difference predictors (FDPs): measuring meaningful image differences

Functional difference predictors (FDPs): measuring meaningfu...

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Asilomar Conference on Signals, Systems & computers

作者： J.A. Ferwerda F. Pellacini Program of Computer Graphics Cornell University Pixar Animation Studios Emeryville Emeryville CA USA

In this paper we introduce functional difference predictors (FDPs), a new class of perceptually-based image difference metrics that predict how image errors affect the ability to perform visual tasks using the images. To define the properties of FDPs, we conduct a psychophysical experiment that focuses on two visual tasks: spatial layout and material estimation. In the experiment we introduce errors in the positions and contrasts of objects reflected in glossy surfaces and ask subjects to make layout and material judgments. The results indicate that layout estimation depends only on positional errors in the reflections and material estimation depends only on contrast errors. These results suggest that in many task contexts, large visible image errors may be tolerated without loss in task performance, and that FDPs may be better predictors of the relationship between errors and performance than current visible difference predictors (VDPs).

关键词： Reflection Rendering (computer graphics) computer graphics computer errors Pixel Performance evaluation Conducting materials Performance loss Layout Animation

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Using Perceptual Texture Masking for Efficient Image Synthesis

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computer graphics Forum 2003年第3期21卷

作者： Bruce Walter Sumanta N. Pattanaik Donald P. Greenberg Cornell University † Program of Computer Graphics 580 Rhodes Hall Cornell University Ithaca NY 14853 USA † University of Central Florida SEECS Department of Computer Science Room 250 Orlando FL 32816-2362 USA University of Central Florida

Texture mapping has become indispensable in image synthesis as an inexpensive source of rich visual detail. Less obvious, but just as useful, is its ability to mask image errors due to inaccuracies in geometry or lighting. This ability can be used to substantially accelerate rendering by eliminating computations when the resulting errors will be perceptually insignificant. Our new method precomputes the masking ability of textures using aspects of the JPEG image compression standard. This extra information is stored as threshold elevation factors in the texture's mip-map and interpolated at image generation time as part of the normal texture lookup process. Any algorithm which uses error tolerances or visibility thresholds can then take advantage of texture masking. Applications to adaptive shadow testing, irradiance caching, and path tracing are demonstrated. Unlike prior methods, our approach does not require that initial images be computed before masking can be exploited and incurs only negligible runtime computational overhead. Thus, it is much easier to integrate with existing rendering systems for both static and dynamic scenes and yields computational savings even when only small amounts of texture masking are present. Categories and Subject Descriptors (according to ACM CCS): I.3.7 [computer graphics]: Color, shading, shadowing, and texture

关键词： Visual Perception Perceptual Rendering Texture Mapping JPEG

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