The most commonly used mode of communications between Earth and a Mars surface mission is ultra-high frequency (UHF) radio relay via a Mars orbiter. There are four orbiters and two surface rovers operating at Mars and...
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ISBN:
(数字)9781624104268
ISBN:
(纸本)9781624104268
The most commonly used mode of communications between Earth and a Mars surface mission is ultra-high frequency (UHF) radio relay via a Mars orbiter. There are four orbiters and two surface rovers operating at Mars and by October there will be five orbiters and three landers or rovers. There has been some collaboration between ESA’s Mars Express orbiter and NASA’s rovers, but 2016 is when Mars relay becomes fully international. In October, ESA will deliver the ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter (TGO) and Entry, Descent, and Landing (EDL) Demonstrator Module (EDM) lander to Mars. The ExoMars program includes both ESA and ROSCOSMOS, with NASA participation (the Electra UHF transceiver on TGO). NASA orbiters will provide relay for EDM and future ESA Mars landers and rovers. TGO will provide relay for NASA's current and future surface assets (as Mars Express will continue to do). International collaboration is enabled in several steps. At the instruction of the space agencies, the Mars mission projects negotiate and write a "Service Agreement." This describes at a high level how a new Mars orbiter will operate with its corresponding surface missions or how a new surface mission will operate with its corresponding orbiters. It includes the roles of the different projects, how the new mission will communicate with existing or planned missions, the general flow of data and commands, and the capabilities or requirements of the new mission. After completing the Service Agreement, the projects write Interface Control Documents (ICDs), each of which describes data and command flow in greater detail and quantitative aspects of the relay link and operations timeline between an orbiter and a corresponding lander/rover. Interfaces and operations are tested before a new mission arrives at Mars. Once at Mars, a new orbiter will perform some "practice" relay contacts with its partners. For a new lander (e.g. EDM), relay operations generally begin before atmospheric entry at Mars, with recordin
This paper discusses the fundamental process for the computation of Flight Software (FSW) cost estimates. This process has been incorporated in a rule-based expert system [1] that can be used for Independent Cost Esti...
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