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The Journal of Machine Learning Research 2024年第1期25卷 6810-6860页

作者： Yutong Wang Clayton Scott Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science and Michigan Institute of Data Science Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science and Department of Statistics University of Michigan Ann Arbor MI

The notion of margin loss has been central to the development and analysis of algorithms for binary classification. To date, however, there remains no consensus as to the analogue of the margin loss for multiclass classification. In this work, we show that a broad range of multiclass loss functions, including many popular ones, can be expressed in the relative margin form, a generalization of the margin form of binary losses. The relative margin form is broadly useful for understanding and analyzing multiclass losses as shown by our prior work (Wang and Scott, 2020, 2021). To further demonstrate the utility of this way of expressing multiclass losses, we use it to extend the seminal result of Bartlett et al. (2006) on classification-calibration of binary margin losses to multiclass. We then analyze the class of Fenchel-Young losses, and expand the set of these losses that are known to be classification-calibrated.

关键词： classification loss functions consistency margins label encodings

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Software Testing Model by Measuring the Level of Accuracy Fault Output Using Neural Network Algorithm 7

Software Testing Model by Measuring the Level of Accuracy Fa...

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7th IEEE International Conference on Information Technology and Digital Applications, ICITDA 2022

作者： Zulkifli Gaol, Ford Lumban Trisetyarso, Agung Budiharto, Widodo Binus University Binus Graduate Program - Computer Science Computer Science Department Jakarta Indonesia Binus University School of Computer Science Computer Science Department Jakarta Indonesia

ISBN: (数字)9781665461368

ISBN: (纸本)9781665461368

The testing stage is essential in software development because it determines the quality level, which is indicated by minimal errors. Meanwhile, the error that is discovered by the tester is called a fault. Therefore, this research aims to create a Model-Based Testing (MBT) using the equivalence partitioning technique in the black-box method. The model is expected to log software errors such as Access, performance, initialization, a data structure or external database, incorrect or missing functions, to identify, categorize, and fix them methodically and appropriately. Based on the discoveries, the errors form a dataset that measures the accuracy of the fault output using a neural network algorithm. The result showed the formation of MBT can be developed using the equivalence partitioning technique by measuring the fault output accuracy level using a neural network algorithm, where the average accuracy rate is 80%. © 2022 IEEE.

关键词： Errors

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Energy Efficiency in Sustainable Software Development: Clean Code Approaches

Energy Efficiency in Sustainable Software Development: Clean...

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International Conference on Electrical Engineering and computer science (ICECOS)

作者： Inayatullah Wijang Widhiarso Deris Stiawan Department Program in Engineering Science Faculty of Computer Science Universitas Multi Data Palembang Palembang Indonesia Department Program in Engineering Science Faculty af Computer Science Universitas Sriwijaya Palembang Indonesia Faculty of Computer Science Universitas Multi Data Palembang Palembang Indonesia Faculty af Computer Science Universitas Sriwijaya Palembang Indonesia

ISBN: (数字)9798350368253

ISBN: (纸本)9798350368260

The use of technology and information devices contributes to global warming. This issue has also become a concern for UN institutions, as stated in international environmental agreements, which aim to stabilize greenhouse gas emissions in the atmosphere at a level that prevents anthropogenic and dangerous disturbances to the environmental system. This research uses a line of code derived from the tanjak dataset, a student project from 2003 to 2020, numbering 500. This research aims to apply energy consumption efficiency to reduce CO2 emissions produced using computer devices, especially in developing software. The approach used in this research is clean code, which can provide benefits in the form of a line of code that is easy to read, understand, test, and maintain so that it can create savings in energy use. In the test, the line of code used was 1,072,089, producing an energy of 82,152.18 Joules, minus the line of code comments, which was 76,750, producing an energy of 2,971.25 Joules. Initial research results show that the clean code approach can be used to save energy usage, with the result of the line of code used being 995,339 and producing 79,180 Joules of energy, so it can affect reducing CO2 emissions when implementing software development.

关键词： Electrical engineering computer science Energy consumption Codes Software Global warming Energy efficiency Greenhouse gases Carbon emissions Software development management

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PROVABLE SIM-TO-REAL TRANSFER IN CONTINUOUS DOMAIN WITH PARTIAL OBSERVATIONS 11

PROVABLE SIM-TO-REAL TRANSFER IN CONTINUOUS DOMAIN WITH PART...

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11th International Conference on Learning Representations, ICLR 2023

作者： Hu, Jiachen Zhong, Han Jin, Chi Wang, Liwei School of Computer Science Peking University China Center for Data Science Peking University China Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Princeton University United States National Key Laboratory of General Artificial Intelligence School of Intelligence Science and Technology Peking University Center for Data Science Peking University Beijing Institute of Big Data Research China

Sim-to-real transfer, which trains RL agents in the simulated environments and then deploys them in the real world, has been widely used to overcome the limitations of gathering samples in the real world. Despite the empirical success of the sim-to-real transfer, its theoretical foundation is much less understood. In this paper, we study the sim-to-real transfer in continuous domain with partial observations, where the simulated environments and real-world environments are modeled by linear quadratic Gaussian (LQG) systems. We show that a popular robust adversarial training algorithm is capable of learning a policy from the simulated environment that is competitive to the optimal policy in the real-world environment. To achieve our results, we design a new algorithm for infinite-horizon average-cost LQGs and establish a regret bound that depends on the intrinsic complexity of the model class. Our algorithm crucially relies on a novel history clipping scheme, which might be of independent interest. © 2023 11th International Conference on Learning Representations, ICLR 2023. All rights reserved.

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Utilizing Web Scraping and Machine Learning for Improving Accuracy of Smartphone Price Prediction

Utilizing Web Scraping and Machine Learning for Improving Ac...

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2024 International Conference on Advances in data Engineering and Intelligent Computing Systems, ADICS 2024

作者： Vasanth Kumar, V. Tamizhselvan, C. Manoharan, L. Vishnu Sekhar, R. Vinoth Kumar, V. Hindustan Institute Of Technology And Science Department Of Electronics And Communication Engineering Chennai India School Of Computing Srm Institute Of Science And Technology Department Of Data Science And Business Systems Kattankulathur India Hindustan Institute Of Technology And Science Department Of Computer Science And Engineering Chennai India School Of Bioengineering Srm Institute Of Science And Technology Integrated Bioprocessing Laboratory Department Of Biotechnology Kattankulathur India

ISBN: (纸本)9798350364828

Mobile prices play a pivotal role in determining their popularity amongst consumers and their competitive standing within the market. As customers consider their budget while evaluating a mobile phone's specifications and design, estimating the price beforehand becomes essential to cater to their needs and expectations. Hence, accurately forecasting mobile phone prices is a vital step in the product launch process to remain competitive and assess the market dynamics and competitors. The primary aim of this research is to determine the true market value of mobile phones. In this research, the dataset was extracted by means of utilizing a web scraping process from the flipkart website. The main objective of this research is to fetch the most recent dataset based on the most recent features. The extracted dataset is fitted into regression models such as linear regression, decision tree regressor, random forest regressor, KNN regressor, and gradient boosting regressor and performs the comparative analysis. The models are evaluated based on the mean absolute error metric. © 2024 IEEE.

关键词： Decision trees

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Analyzing Classroom Behavior to Enhance Student Engagement and Learning Outcomes 2

Analyzing Classroom Behavior to Enhance Student Engagement a...

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2nd IEEE International Conference on Emerging Research in Computational science, ICERCS 2024

作者： Suresh Kumar, S. Sivaprakasam, Anantha Joseph, R Edwin Sandeep, Atmakuru Siva Buvankalyan, P. Rajalakshmi Engineering College Department of Artificial Intelligence and Data Science Chennai India Rajalakshmi Engineering College Department of Computer Science and Engineering Chennai India Rajalakshmi Engineering College Department of Automobile Engineering Chennai India

ISBN: (纸本)9798331534950

This research presents a high-tech smart system that utilizes video records to monitor student behavior in classroom settings and identify specific activities like raising hands and dozing. The uneven frequency of certain behaviors along with variances in student posture, seating arrangements, and video quality make it extremely difficult to identify these behaviors in a live classroom. While some behaviors, like raising one's hand, may happen frequently and in a variety of ways, others, like napping, may happen less frequently but are just as crucial to comprehending student engagement. We use a sizable annotated dataset, in which bounding boxes are constructed around significant objects of interest in the video frames, to get over these difficulties. Our system's core is a convolutional neural network (CNN), which we have specially tuned for behavior identification. The CNN model is made to quickly evaluate the visual data and recognize characteristics and patterns connected to certain student behaviors in real time. We make sure the model can accurately identify actions like raising one's hand and falling asleep even when there are variations in lighting, seating configurations, and video quality by training it with a large dataset. Our model is specifically designed to achieve high accuracy in identifying minute cues that distinguish one movement from another, in contrast to conventional methods that might find it difficult to comprehend the intricacy of these actions. © 2024 IEEE.

关键词： Convolutional neural networks

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Lung Cancer Detection from CT Images Using Image Processing and Machine Learning Techniques 10

Lung Cancer Detection from CT Images Using Image Processing ...

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10th International Conference on Electrical and Electronics Engineering, ICEEE 2023

作者： Sawalha, Deema Sohrab Salman, Adnan An-najah National University Computational Science Program Nablus Palestine An-najah National University Computer Science Department Nablus Palestine

ISBN: (纸本)9798350304299

Lung cancer is the most common type of cancer among males worldwide. It accounts for one of every five cancer-related fatalities and is prevalent in people aged 55 to 65. Detecting lung cancer in its earliest stages is a crucial step in the treatment process that can significantly increase the chance of survival. In this paper, we used image processing techniques with MATLAB on computed tomography (CT) images of lung cancer for multiple patients to determine the location and extent of cancerous spots. The stages included image analysis and segmentation, feature extraction, and candidate identification as distinct regions of interest (ROI). Algorithms based on machine learning were utilized to classify cancer from the ROIs of candidates by extracting the characteristics required for the classification of pathologic features from the annotated ROIs. Comparing the evaluated algorithms in order to identify the optimal algorithm for cancer detection. © 2023 IEEE.

关键词： computerized tomography

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A Survey of Integrating Generative Artificial Intelligence and 6G Mobile Services: Architectures, Solutions, Technologies and Outlooks

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IEEE Transactions on Cognitive Communications and Networking 2025年第3期11卷 1334-1356页

作者： Liu, Yi-Jing Du, Hongyang Xu, Xinyi Zhang, Ruichen Feng, Gang Cao, Bin Niyato, Dusit Kim, Dong In Jamalipour, Abbas Letaief, Khaled B. Tafazolli, Rahim University of Electronic Science and Technology of China National Key Lab on Wireless Communications Chengdu China University of Hong Kong Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering Pok Fu Lam Hong Kong Nanyang Technological University College of Computing and Data Science Singapore Singapore Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications State Key Laboratory of Networking and Switching Technology Beijing China Sungkyunkwan University Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Suwon Korea Republic of University of Sydney School of Electrical and Computer Engineering Sydney Australia Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Department of Electronic and Computer Engineering Hong Kong Hong Kong University of Surrey Institute for Communication Systems School of Computer Science and Electronic Engineering United Kingdom

Generative artificial intelligence (GenAI) is rapidly driving a new phase of artificial intelligence revolution, marked by various applications such as ChatGPT, Sora and DeepSeek. With powerful capabilities in content generation, personalization and user interaction, GenAI can drive significant enhancements in various mobile services to satisfy individual user preferences. Meanwhile, mobile services offer substantial support for accessibility, functionality and intelligence of GenAI applications. However, current research on integrating GenAI and mobile services remains nascent, lacking necessary theoretical and technical support. In this survey, we break down a new vision to guide research on integrating GenAI and mobile services, aiming to improve 6G intelligence levels and enable 6G mobile networks to support the integration of GenAI and mobile services effectively. We begin by examining the necessity of integrating GenAI with 6G mobile services and exploring potential learning architectures of GenAI models within mobile networks. Next, we analyze potential solutions from two perspectives: how 6G mobile networks empower GenAI and how GenAI enables mobile services. We subsequently explore a promising use case, along with essential features and techniques, to facilitate the integration of GenAI and mobile services. Finally, we discuss future research directions, aiming at realizing intelligent 6G networks. © 2015 IEEE.

关键词： Generative adversarial networks

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A Global Geometric Analysis of Maximal Coding Rate Reduction 41

A Global Geometric Analysis of Maximal Coding Rate Reduction

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41st International Conference on Machine Learning, ICML 2024

作者： Wang, Peng Liu, Huikang Pai, Druv Yu, Yaodong Zhu, Zhihui Qu, Qing Ma, Yi Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science University of Michigan Ann Arbor United States Antai College of Economics and Management Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai China Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science University of California Berkeley United States Department of Computer Science and Engineering The Ohio State University Columbus United States Institute of Data Science University of Hong Kong Hong Kong

The maximal coding rate reduction (MCR2) objective for learning structured and compact deep representations is drawing increasing attention, especially after its recent usage in the derivation of fully explainable and highly effective deep network architectures. However, it lacks a complete theoretical justification: only the properties of its global optima are known, and its global landscape has not been studied. In this work, we give a complete characterization of the properties of all its local and global optima, as well as other types of critical points. Specifically, we show that each (local or global) maximizer of the MCR2 problem corresponds to a low-dimensional, discriminative, and diverse representation, and furthermore, each critical point of the objective is either a local maximizer or a strict saddle point. Such a favorable landscape makes MCR2 a natural choice of objective for learning diverse and discriminative representations via first-order optimization methods. To validate our theoretical findings, we conduct extensive experiments on both synthetic and real data sets. Copyright 2024 by the author(s)

关键词： Network architecture

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Advancing Precision Agriculture: Machine Learning-Enhanced GPR Analysis for Root-Zone Soil Moisture Assessment in Mega Farms

IEEE Transactions on AgriFood Electronics

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IEEE Transactions on AgriFood Electronics 2025年第1期3卷 98-109页

作者： Namdari, Himan Moradikia, Majid Zekavat, Seyed Askari, Radwin Mangoubi, Oren Petkie, Doug Data Science Program WorcesterMA01609 United States Michigan Technological University Department of Geological and Mining Engineering and Sciences HoughtonMI48105 United States Physics Department WorcesterMA01609 United States

In this article, we investigate an intelligent ground penetrating radar (GPR) that facilitates root-zone soil moisture estimation, a key parameter in precision agriculture. To create an intelligent GPR, we must train machine learning (ML) methods applied to the GPR-received signal. This process requires a large number of labeled GPR data that would be time-consuming and labor-intensive if created via field measurements. This article uses gprMAX software to emulate drone-coupled GPR received signal to generate large-scale data for training ML models. The data are created via a 1.5 GHz Ricker waveform considering a three-layer soil consistent with a realistic soil horizon model. The approach is structured as follows: first, we generate a synthetic dataset using gprMAX. Feature engineering techniques are then employed to extract meaningful components from the GPR signals, followed by a rigorous selection process to identify the most effective ML model for soil moisture prediction. Finally, we validate our model by integrating synthetic data with real GPR data collected at the SoilX lab at Worcester Polytechnic Institute, enhancing prediction accuracy and generalization capability. Our proposed model achieves an overall average root-mean-squared error of 0.5%, and 1.56 cm for moisture and depth estimations, respectively. The proposed intelligent GPR, when installed on a drone, enables high horizontal (e.g., 10 m) and vertical (e.g., 1.5 cm) resolution and high penetration depth (beyond 2 m) megafarm root-zone 3-D moisture map creation. Thus, it offers much higher capabilities when compared to traditional methods, such as synthetic aperture radar and satellite imaging. These results facilitate efficient farming practices, such as optimizing irrigation models, for better crop yields and food security. © 2023 IEEE.

关键词： Soil moisture

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