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Linkages of the 2022 Unprecedented Global Heatwave Events to Triple-Dip La Niña

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IEEE International Symposium on Geoscience and Remote Sensing (IGARSS)

作者： Sachi Perera Joshua B. Fisher Mohamed Allali Hesham El-Askary Computational and Data Sciences Graduate Program Schmid College of Science and Technology Chapman University Orange CA USA Earth Systems Science and Data Solution Lab Chapman University Orange CA USA Schmid College of Science and Technology Chapman University Orange CA USA Fowler School of Engineering Chapman University Orange CA USA Department of Environmental Sciences Faculty of Science Alexandria University Alexandria Egypt

ISBN: (数字)9798350360325

ISBN: (纸本)9798350360332

Heatwaves are influenced significantly by El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO), which alters temperature and precipitation patterns throughout the world. Since 2020, we have witnessed a "triple dip" La Niña conditions persisting for three consecutive years resulting in severe weather and climate driven events globally. In this study, we identified the dominant frequency of Niño 3.4 Sea Surface Temperature (SST) signals and correlated them with regions experiencing unprecedented heat waves in 2022, namely, the Indian Ocean, the North Atlantic around England and Spain, and the Mediterranean Sea. The signal's power spectrum and its three highest power components are determined based on the signal's Singular Spectrum Analysis (SSA) for each region. Furthermore, the power spectrum coherence (PSC) of Niño 3.4 and other study regions is obtained to determine whether ENSO and heatwaves are linked. We find that Niño 3.4 and the Indian Ocean have the same dominant frequency for the highest power received, indicating ENSO's influence on the Indian heat wave. Additionally, we discovered that in March 2022, the Jet stream is essential in bringing warm Arctic waves southward, passing through Niño 3.4 and India. Furthermore, we found that no other region shared the dominant frequency of the Niño 3.4 region.

关键词： Heating systems Couplings Sea surface Precipitation Surface waves Indian Ocean Geoscience and remote sensing

Overview of Speaker Modeling and Its Applications: From the Lens of Deep Speaker Representation Learning

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arXiv 2024年

作者： Wang, Shuai Chen, Zhengyang Lee, Kong Aik Qian, Yanmin Li, Haizhou Shenzhen Research Institute of Big Data School of Data Science The Chinese University of Hong Kong Guangdong Shenzhen518172 China Auditory Cognition and Computational Acoustics Lab The Department of Computer Science and Engineering The MoE Key Laboratory of Artificial Intelligence AI Institute Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai200240 China Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Hong Kong

Speaker individuality information is among the most critical elements within speech signals. By thoroughly and accurately modeling this information, it can be utilized in various intelligent speech applications, such as speaker recognition, speaker diarization, speech synthesis, and target speaker extraction. In this overview, we present a comprehensive review of neural approaches to speaker representation learning from both theoretical and practical perspectives. Theoretically, we discuss speaker encoders ranging from supervised to self-supervised learning algorithms, standalone models to large pretrained models, pure speaker embedding learning to joint optimization with downstream tasks, and efforts toward interpretability. Practically, we systematically examine approaches for robustness and effectiveness, introduce and compare various open-source toolkits in the field. Through the systematic and comprehensive review of the relevant literature, research activities, and resources, we provide a clear reference for researchers in the speaker characterization and modeling field, as well as for those who wish to apply speaker modeling techniques to specific downstream tasks. Copyright © 2024, The Authors. All rights reserved.

关键词： Self-supervised learning

Generalization-Enhanced Code Vulnerability Detection via Multi-Task Instruction Fine-Tuning

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arXiv 2024年

作者： Du, Xiaohu Wen, Ming Zhu, Jiahao Xie, Zifan Ji, Bin Liu, Huijun Shi, Xuanhua Jin, Hai School of Cyber Science and Engineering Huazhong University of Science and Technology China School of Computer Science and Technology Huazhong University of Science and Technology China College of Computer National University of Defense Technology China National Engineering Research Center for Big Data Technology and System Services Computing Technology and System Lab HUST Wuhan430074 China Hubei Engineering Research Center on Big Data Security Hubei Key Laboratory of Distributed System Security HUST Wuhan430074 China JinYinHu Laboratory Wuhan430077 China Cluster and Grid Computing Lab HUST Wuhan430074 China

Code Pre-trained Models (CodePTMs) based vulnerability detection have achieved promising results over recent years. However, these models struggle to generalize as they typically learn superficial mapping from source code to labels instead of understanding the root causes of code vulnerabilities, resulting in poor performance in real-world scenarios beyond the training instances. To tackle this challenge, we introduce VulLLM, a novel framework that integrates multi-task learning with Large Language Models (LLMs) to effectively mine deep-seated vulnerability features. Specifically, we construct two auxiliary tasks beyond the vulnerability detection task. First, we utilize the vulnerability patches to construct a vulnerability localization task. Second, based on the vulnerability features extracted from patches, we leverage GPT-4 to construct a vulnerability interpretation task. VulLLM innovatively augments vulnerability classification by leveraging generative LLMs to understand complex vulnerability patterns, thus compelling the model to capture the root causes of vulnerabilities rather than overfitting to spurious features of a single task. The experiments conducted on six large datasets demonstrate that VulLLM surpasses seven state-of-the-art models in terms of effectiveness, generalization, and robustness. © 2024, CC BY.

关键词： Large datasets

Towards Efficient data-Centric Robust Machine Learning with Noise-based Augmentation

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arXiv 2022年

作者： Liu, Xiaogeng Wang, Haoyu Zhang, Yechao Wu, Fangzhou Hu, Shengshan School Of Cyber Science And Engineering National Engineering Research Center For Big Data Technology And System Services Computing Technology And System Lab Hubei Engineering Research Center On Big Data Security Huazhong University Of Science And Technology Wuhan430074 China

The data-centric machine learning aims to find effective ways to build appropriate datasets which can improve the performance of AI models. In this paper, we mainly focus on designing an efficient data-centric scheme to improve robustness for models towards unforeseen malicious inputs in the black-box test settings. Specifically, we introduce a noisedbased data augmentation method which is composed of Gaussian Noise, Salt-and-Pepper noise, and the PGD adversarial perturbations. The proposed method is built on lightweight algorithms and proved highly effective based on comprehensive evaluations, showing good efficiency on computation cost and robustness enhancement. In addition, we share our insights about the data-centric robust machine learning gained from our experiments. Copyright © 2022, The Authors. All rights reserved.

关键词： Gaussian noise (electronic)

MISA: UNVEILING THE VULNERABILITIES IN SPLIT FEDERATED LEARNING

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arXiv 2023年

作者： Wan, Wei Ning, Yuxuan Hu, Shengshan Xue, Lulu Li, Minghui Zhang, Leo Yu Jin, Hai School of Cyber Science and Engineering Huazhong University of Science and Technology China School of Computer Science and Technology Huazhong University of Science and Technology China School of Software Engineering Huazhong University of Science and Technology China School of Information and Communication Technology Griffith University Australia National Engineering Research Center for Big Data Technology and System China Services Computing Technology and System Lab China Hubei Key Laboratory of Distributed System Security China Hubei Engineering Research Center on Big Data Security China Cluster and Grid Computing Lab China

Federated learning (FL) and split learning (SL) are prevailing distributed paradigms in recent years. They both enable shared global model training while keeping data localized on users' devices. The former excels in parallel execution capabilities, while the latter enjoys low dependence on edge computing resources and strong privacy protection. Split federated learning (SFL) combines the strengths of both FL and SL, making it one of the most popular distributed architectures. Furthermore, a recent study has claimed that SFL exhibits robustness against poisoning attacks, with a fivefold improvement compared to FL in terms of robustness. In this paper, we present a novel poisoning attack known as MISA. It poisons both the top and bottom models, causing a misalignment in the global model, ultimately leading to a drastic accuracy collapse. This attack unveils the vulnerabilities in SFL, challenging the conventional belief that SFL is robust against poisoning attacks. Extensive experiments demonstrate that our proposed MISA poses a significant threat to the availability of SFL, underscoring the imperative for academia and industry to accord this matter due attention. Copyright © 2023, The Authors. All rights reserved.

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A Delay-Driven Iterative Technology Mapping Framework

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IEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems 2024年

作者： Liu, Junfeng Ni, Liwei Chen, Lei Li, Xing Zhao, Qinghua Li, Xingquan Ma, Shuai Pengcheng Laboratory Shenzhen China Beihang University School of Computer Science and Engineering Beijing China Huawei Noah's Ark Lab Hong Kong Hong Kong Hefei University School of Artificial Intelligence and Big Data Hefei China

Technology mapping is the pivotal synthesis step that translates abstract logical models into technology-dependent implementations using the designated library, e.g., standard cells for ASICs. The efficient solutions heavily rely on the gate selection guided by estimated delay. However, estimating these delays is sophisticated due to the absence of actual interconnect load and transition time during the mapping. In this paper, we revisit the difficulties of the delay-driven mapping problem and explore three key insights to address these. Inspired by the insights, we first design a structure-Aware load-slew model that integrates input transitions and output loads for gate delay estimations. Benefiting from the model, we propose a delay-iterative framework that progressively reduces the overall circuit delay by further aligning library characteristics with logical network structures. Finally, experiments with 130nm and 7nm libraries show its superiority, which averagely reduces circuit delay by 10% with NLDM, and 6% in delay after P&R, as compared to ABC. © 2024 IEEE.

关键词： Delay circuits

Localization of Image Splicing Under Segment Anything Model With Integrated Compression and Edge Artifacts

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Localization of Image Splicing Under Segment Anything Model ...

IEEE International Conference on Image Processing

作者： Ruhao Zhao Xian Zhong Liang Liao Wenxuan Liu Wenxin Huang Zheng Wang School of Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Hubei Key Laboratory of Transportation Internet of Things Wuhan University of Technology School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering Rapid-Rich Object Search Lab Nanyang Technological University College of Computing and Data Science Nanyang Technological University School of Computer Science and Information Engineering Hubei University School of Computer Science National Engineering Research Center for Multimedia Software Wuhan University

ISBN: (数字)9798350349399

ISBN: (纸本)9798350349405

The localization of image splicing involves identifying pixels in an image that have been spliced from other images, necessitating the discernment of splicing features. Despite significant advancements driven by the rise of social media and deep learning, existing methods exhibit limitations, often neglecting the integration of coarse and precise features and lacking the ability to understand objects. This leads to erroneous predictions in identifying spliced regions. This paper proposes Segment Anything Model with Integrated Compression and Edge artifacts (SAM-ICE) for the localization of image splicing, addressing these limitations by fusing forged edge features and compression artifact features. Leveraging SAM’s object understanding ability, our method identifies spliced regions using the fused features as guidance. Specifically, we employ Edge Artifact Extractor (EAE) to extract fine high-frequency edge splicing features and Compression Artifact Extractor (CAE) to extract coarse compression artifact features. By combining these features, our method utilizes coarse-fine features to accurately pinpoint the spliced portions of the image. Experimental results demonstrate the superior accuracy, robustness, and generalizability of our method compared to the state-of-the-arts.

关键词： Location awareness Image segmentation Image coding Social networking (online) Image edge detection Splicing Feature extraction

Deep treatment-adaptive network for causal inference

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Deep treatment-adaptive network for causal inference

作者： Li, Qian Wang, Zhichao Liu, Shaowu Li, Gang Xu, Guandong School of Electrical Engineering Computing and Mathematical Sciences Curtin University Perth Australia School of Electrical Engineering and Telecommunications University of New South Wales Sydney Australia Data Science and Machine Intelligence Lab School of Computer Science University of Technology Sydney Sydney Australia Centre for Cyber Security Research and Innovation Deakin University GeelongVIC3216 Australia

Causal inference is capable of estimating the treatment effect (i.e., the causal effect of treatment on the outcome) to benefit the decision making in various domains. One fundamental challenge in this research is that the treatment assignment bias in observational data. To increase the validity of observational studies on causal inference, representation-based methods as the state-of-the-art have demonstrated the superior performance of treatment effect estimation. Most representation-based methods assume all observed covariates are pre-treatment (i.e., not affected by the treatment) and learn a balanced representation from these observed covariates for estimating treatment effect. Unfortunately, this assumption is often too strict a requirement in practice, as some covariates are changed by doing an intervention on treatment (i.e., post-treatment). By contrast, the balanced representation learned from unchanged covariates thus biases the treatment effect estimation. In light of this, we propose a deep treatment-adaptive architecture (DTANet) that can address the post-treatment covariates and provide a unbiased treatment effect estimation. Generally speaking, the contributions of this work are threefold. First, our theoretical results guarantee DTANet can identify treatment effect from observations. Second, we introduce a novel regularization of orthogonality projection to ensure that the learned confounding representation is invariant and not being contaminated by the treatment, meanwhile mediate variable representation is informative and discriminative for predicting the outcome. Finally, we build on the optimal transport and learn a treatment-invariant representation for the unobserved confounders to alleviate the confounding bias. © 2022, The Author(s).

关键词： Deep neural networks

Incremental Learning Algorithms for Broad Learning System with Node and Input Addition

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Incremental Learning Algorithms for Broad Learning System wi...

IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man and Cybernetics

作者： Guang-Ze Chen Junwei Jin Hai-Wei Sun C. L. Philip Chen Department of Mathematics Faculty of Science and Technology University of Macau Macau China School of Artificial Intelligence and Big Data Henan University of Technology Zhengzhou China South China University of Technology and Pazhou Lab School of Computer Science and Engineering Guangzhou China

ISBN: (数字)9781665410205

ISBN: (纸本)9781665410212

The Broad Learning System (BLS) has been established as an effective flat network alternative to Deep Neural Networks (DNNs), delivering high efficiency while achieving competitive accuracy. Despite its advantages, the incremental learning methods of BLS face challenges in stability and computation when expanding with new nodes or input. We introduce two novel incremental learning algorithms based on factorization updates for BLS that optimize node and input additions to overcome these limitations. Our node addition algorithm utilizes QR decomposition and Cholesky factorization, using the update of the Cholesky factor instead of pseudo-inverse computations. For input addition, we propose an iterative Cholesky factor update algorithm. Our algorithms demonstrate not only faster computation compared to the existing BLS but also improved testing accuracy on the MNIST or Fashion-MNIST dataset. This work presents a significant step forward in the practical application and scalability of BLS in various data-dense environments.

关键词： Learning systems Incremental learning Accuracy Scalability Parallel processing Stability analysis Matrix decomposition Thermal stability Numerical stability Testing