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Motion to Support Rapid Interactive Queries on Node-Link Diagrams

ACM Transactions on Applied Perception 2004年第1期1卷 3-18页

作者： Ware, Colin Bobrow, Robert University of New Hampshire Data Visualization Research Lab Colin Ware-Center for Coastal and Ocean Mapping University of New Hampshire Durham NH 03824 United States BBN Technologies Cambridge MA 02138 United States

Many different problems can be represented as graphs displayed in the form of node—link diagrams. However, when a graph is large it becomes visually uninterpretable because of the tangle of links. We describe a set of techniques that use motion in an interactive interface to provide effective access to larger graphs. Touching a node with the mouse cursor causes that node and the subgraph of closely connected nodes to oscillate. We argue from perceptual principles that this should be a more effective way of interactively highlighting a subgraph than more conventional static methods. The MEGraph system was developed to gain experience with different forms of motion highlighting. Based on positive feedback, three experiments were carried out to evaluate the effectiveness of motion highlighting for specific tasks. All three showed motion to be more effective than static highlighting, both in increasing the speed of response for a variety of visual queries, and in reducing *** argue that motion highlighting can be a valuable technique in applications that require users to understand large graphs. © 2004, ACM. All rights reserved.

关键词： Design Design Experimentation Human Factors Human—computer interaction Information visualization Interactive visualization Motion highlighting Visual queries visualization: data visualization

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Enhanced stereoscopic imaging

Enhanced stereoscopic imaging

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Proceedings of the Fourth IASTED International Conference on visualization, Imaging, and Image Processing

作者： Le, Nhu Pochec, P.R. Ware, C. Communications Research Centre 3701 Carling Ave. Ottawa Canada Faculty of Computer Science University of New Brunswick Fredericton Canada Data Visualization Research Lab. University of New Hampshire Durham NH United States

ISBN: (纸本)0889864152

In this paper we introduce a new technique designed to optimize stereoscopic depth perception of small targets embedded in 3D scenes. Central to the technique is a modified version of an image processing algorithm originally designed for gray scale image enhancement. This has been adapted and modified to adjust the stereoscopic depth in a 3D scene while mostly preserving other depth cues such as perspective, texture gradients, size gradients and occlusion. An experimental study to evaluate the algorithm showed that enhanced stereoscopic depth can enable the detection of targets that would otherwise be missed.

关键词： Imaging techniques

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Message from the Program Co-Chairs

Message from the Program Co-Chairs

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Proceedings - Graphics Interface 2003

作者： Moller, Torsten Ware, Colin Graphics Usability/Visualisation Lab School of Computing Science Simon Fraser University Canada Data Visualization Research Lab Center for Coastal and Ocean Mapping University of New Hampshire United States

No abstract available

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An evaluation of methods for linking 3D views 03

An evaluation of methods for linking 3D views

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ACM SIGGRAPH 2003 Symposium on Interactive 3D Graphics

作者： Plumlee, Matthew Ware, Colin Department of Computer Science University of New Hampshire Durham NH 03824 United States Data Visualization Research Lab. Center for Coastal and Ocean Mapping University of New Hampshire Durham NH 03824 United States

ISBN: (纸本)9781581136456

It is common for 3D visualization systems to provide multiple points of view to a user, but there have been many solutions to the problem of linking these views so that users can understand the spatial relationships between them. Toward developing guidelines for view-linking devices, we have carried out two experiments that compare the utility of three different classes of linking devices: a directional proxy, tethers from one view to another, and a track-up map coupling. The task we apply them to is what we call the multi-perspective identification task: subjects are asked to identify an item seen in a local, forward-looking view in the context of a global, overhead view. Our results indicate that the directional proxy is the most beneficial device, and that the track-up map coupling is also beneficial. The results suggest that tethers provide little benefit. The results also suggest that when multiple local views are present, it may be beneficial to emphasize one window as being of primary interest.

关键词： Three dimensional computer graphics

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Haptic interface for center-of-workspace interaction 10

Haptic interface for center-of-workspace interaction

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10th Symposium on Haptic Interfaces for Virtual Environment and Teleoperator Systems, HAPTICS 2002

作者： Komerska, Rick Ware, Colin Plumlee, Matthew Data Visualization Research Lab CCOM University of New Hampshire United States

ISBN: (纸本)0769514898

We build upon a new interaction style for 3D interfaces, called the center of workspace interaction. This style of interaction is defined with respect to a central fixed point in 3D space, conceptually within arm's length of the user. For demonstration, we show a haptically enabled fish tank VR that utilizes a set of interaction widgets to support rapid navigation within a large virtual space. The fish tank VR refers to the creation of a small but high quality virtual reality that combines a number of technologies, such as head-tracking and stereo glasses, to their mutual advantage. © 2002 IEEE.

关键词： Fish

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Rivalry and Interference with a Head-Mounted Display

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ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction 2002年第3期9.0卷 238-251页

作者： Laramee, Robert S. Ware, Colin VRVis-Research Center for Virtual Reality and Visualization Vienna Donau-City-Stresse 1 A-1220 Austria University of New Hampshire Data Visualization Research Lab Center for Coastal and Ocean Mapping NH Durham 03824 United States

Perceptual factors that affect monocular, transparent (a.k.a “see-thru”) head-mounted displays include binocular rivalry, visual interference, and depth of focus. We report the results of an experiment designed to evaluate the effects of these factors on user performance in a table look-up task. Two backgrounds were used. A dynamic moving background was provided by a large screen TV and an untidy bookshelf was used to provide a complex static *** the TV background large effects were found attributable to both rivalry and visual interference. These two effects were roughly additive. Smaller effects were found with the bookshelf. In conclusion we suggest that monocular transparent HMDs may be unsuitable for use in visually dynamic environments. However when backgrounds are relatively static, having a transparent display may be preferable to having an opaque display. © 2002, ACM. All rights reserved.

关键词： augmented reality binocular rivalry head-mounted display heads-up display Human Factors mobile computing devices see-thru Display visual interference Wearable computing

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Cognitive measurements of graph aesthetics

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Information visualization 2002年第2期1卷 103-110页

作者： Ware, Colin Purchase, Helen Colpoys, Linda McGill, Matthew Data Visualization Research Lab Durham United States School of Computer Science and Electrical Engineering University of Queensland Brisbane St Lucia 4072 Australia

A large class of diagrams can be informally characterized as node–link diagrams. Typically nodes represent entities, and links represent relationships between them. The discipline of graph drawing is concerned with methods for drawing abstract versions of such diagrams. At the foundation of the discipline are a set of graph aesthetics (rules for graph layout) that, it is assumed, will produce graphs that can be clearly understood. Examples of aesthetics include minimizing edge crossings and minimizing the sum of the lengths of the edges. However, with a few notable exceptions, these aesthetics are taken as axiomatic, and have not been empirically tested. We argue that human pattern perception can tell us much that is relevant to the study of graph aesthetics including providing a more detailed understanding of aesthetics and suggesting new ones. In particular, we find the importance of good continuity (ie keeping multi-edge paths as straight as possible) has been neglected. We introduce a methodology for evaluating the cognitive cost of graph aesthetics and we apply it to the task of finding the shortest paths in spring layout graphs. The results suggest that after the length of the path the two most important factors are continuity and edge crossings, and we provide cognitive cost estimates for these parameters. Another important factor is the number of branches emanating from nodes on the path. © 2002, SAGE Publications. All rights reserved.

关键词： aesthetics cognitive modeling Graph layout network visualization

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A method for the perceptual optimization of complex visualizations 02

A method for the perceptual optimization of complex visualiz...

引用

Working Conference on Advanced Visual Interfaces, AVI 2002

作者： House, Donald Ware, Colin Visualization Laboratory Texas A and M University College Station TX 77843-3137 United States Data Visualization Research Lab. Center for Coastal and Ocean Mapping University of New Hampshire Durham NH 03824 United States

ISBN: (纸本)1581135378

A common problem in visualization applications is the display of one surface overlying another. Unfortunately, it is extremely difficult to do this clearly and effectively. Stereoscopic viewing can help, but in order for us to be able to see both surfaces simultaneously, they must be textured, and the top surface must be made partially transparent. There is also abundant evidence that all textures are not equal in helping to reveal surface shape, but there are no general guidelines describing the best set of textures to be used in this way. What makes the problem difficult to perceptually optimize is that there are a great many variables involved. Both foreground and background textures must be specified in terms of their component colors, texture element shapes, distributions, and sizes. Also to be specified is the degree of transparency for the foreground texture components. Here we report on a novel approach to creating perceptually optimal solutions to complex visualization problems and we apply it to the overlapping surface problem as a test case. Our approach is a three-stage process. In the first stage we create a parameterized method for specifying a foreground and background pair of textures. In the second stage a genetic algorithm is applied to a population of texture pairs using subject judgments as a selection criterion. Over many trials effective texture pairs evolve. The third stage involves characterizing and generalizing the examples of effective textures. We detail this process and present some early results. © 2009 ACM.

关键词： Genetic algorithms

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Zooming, multiple windows, and visual working memory 02

Zooming, multiple windows, and visual working memory

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Working Conference on Advanced Visual Interfaces, AVI 2002

ISBN: (纸本)1581135378

Zooming and multiple windows are two techniques designed to address the focus-in-context problem. We present a theoretical model of performance that models the relative benefits of these techniques when used by humans for completing a task involving comparisons between widely separated groups of objects. The crux of the model is its cognitive component: the strength of multiple windows comes in the way they aid visual working memory. The task to which we apply our model is multiscale comparison, in which a user begins with a known visual pattern and searches for an identical or similar pattern among distracters. The model predicts that zooming should be better for navigating between a few distant locations when demands on visual memory are low, but that multiple windows are more efficient when demands on visual memory are higher, or there are several distant locations that must be investigated. To evaluate our model we conducted an experiment in which users performed a multiscale comparison task using both zooming and multiple-window interfaces. The results confirm the general predictions of our model. © 2009 ACM.

关键词： visual working memory multiple windows interaction design multiscale comparison focus-in-context multiscale zooming

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The visual representation of information structures 8th

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8th International Symposium on Graph Drawing, GD 2000

作者： Ware, Colin Data Visualization Research Lab Center for Coastal and Ocean Mapping University of New Hampshire DurhamNH03924 United States

ISBN: (纸本)3540415548

It is proposed that research into human perception can be applied in designing ways to represent structured information. This idea is illustrated with four case studies. (1) How can we design a graph so that paths can be discerned? Recent results in the perception of contours can be applied to make paths easier to perceive in directed graphs. (2) Should we be displaying graphs in 3D or 2D space? research suggests that larger graphs can be understood if stereo and motion parallax depth cues are available. (3) How can heterogeneous information structures be best represented? Experiments show using structured 3D shape primitives make diagrams that are easier to discover and remember. (4) How can causal relationships be displayed? Michotte’s work on the perception of causality suggests that causal relationships can be represented using simple animations. The general point of these examples is that data visualization can become a science based on the mapping of data structures to visual representations. Scientific methods can be applied both in the development of theory and testing the value of different representations. © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2001.

关键词： data visualization

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