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Institutional frameworks for renewable energy certificates: Insights from Japan and South Korea

Energy Reports 2025年 13卷 5792-5801页

作者： Chen, Kuan-Ting Jou, Sue-Ching International Degree Program in Climate Change and Sustainable Development National Taiwan University Taipei Taiwan Department of Geography National Taiwan University Taipei Taiwan

Policy instruments significantly shape a nation's energy transition success. Trends like green supply chains, the EU's Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM), and corporate sustainability efforts have prompted market-oriented countries to adopt Renewable Energy Certificates (REC) to enhance competitiveness and meet emissions targets, especially in manufacturing-heavy economies. This study examines the functional differences among Feed-in Tariffs (FIT), Renewable Portfolio Standards (RPS), and REC, traces the historical development of RECs, and evaluates their implementation in Japan and South Korea using academic studies, technical reports, official documents, and grey literature. The key insights derived from the analysis are as follows. First, REC, FIT, and RPS all play critical roles in advancing energy transitions and reducing carbon emissions. However, RECs uniquely serve as a high-precision tool for corporations to calculate Scope 2 greenhouse gas emissions, particularly when compared to carbon offset mechanisms. Second, the development processes and trajectories of REC systems in Japan and South Korea demonstrate that, in nations dominated by manufacturing or export-oriented industries, effective communication among international sustainability organizations, governments, and industry stakeholders facilitates the strategic alignment of policy adjustments. Third, voluntary REC markets can accelerate investments in renewable energy and incentivize corporate adoption of renewables, whereas mandatory REC markets are more effective in expanding overall market scale. Fourth, certificates have emerged as a fundamental component of a country's renewable energy policy toolkit. © 2025 The Authors

关键词： Renewable energy certificates Renewable energy policy instruments Green supply chain Scope 2 carbon emissions

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Can bureaucrats change light bulbs? Institutional constraints of energy poverty alleviation programs in Taiwan

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UTILITIES POLICY 2025年 95卷

作者： Chen, Yu-Hsien Liu, John Chung-En Natl Taiwan Univ Dept Sociol Taipei Taiwan Natl Taiwan Univ Int Degree Program Climate Change & Sustainable De Taipei Taiwan

Since 2018, the Taiwan government has implemented "energy-vulnerable care measures," focusing on replacing inefficient appliances to alleviate energy poverty. This paper examines the origin and implementation of these energy poverty alleviation programs. We explore how local governments identify energy-vulnerable populations and design suitable interventions by analyzing policy documents and semi-structured interviews with 35 frontline bureaucrats and program stakeholders. Our research revealed that the logic of energy conservation constrained the development of those supportive programs. There is a tendency to replicate familiar, easy-toimplement measures, such as light bulb replacements, even when they may not fully address local needs. In addition, fragmented governance, inadequate inter-bureau coordination, and high staff turnover further challenge effective implementation. Within this situation, overwhelmed bureaucrats, who often lack the necessary expertise, thus tend to depend heavily on contractors. This study is the first to explore Taiwan's energy poverty governance and seeks to extend its findings to countries undergoing energy transition and facing emergent energy poverty. We call for improving local energy governance capacity and integrating energy poverty policies into broader social welfare frameworks.

关键词： Energy poverty Energy conservation Street-level bureaucrats Taiwan

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A comprehensive review of environmental, sustainability and climate change curriculum in Taiwan’s higher education institutions

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International Journal of Sustainability in Higher Education 2024年第2期25卷 375-389页

作者： Liu, John Chung-En Kan, Ting-Yu Department of Sociology National Taiwan University Taipei Taiwan International Degree Program in Climate Change and Sustainable Development (IPCS) National Taiwan University Taipei Taiwan

Purpose: This study aims to evaluate the current situation of education for sustainable development, climate change education and environmental education in a nationwide context. Methodologically, this study calls for more research to go beyond case studies and take a similar approach to examine university curricula and facilitate cross-country comparisons. Design/methodology/approach: This paper examines the status of climate and sustainability curricula in Taiwan’s higher education system. Using the course catalog for the 2020–2021 academic year, the authors constructed a unique data set that includes 1,827 courses at 29 major universities in Taiwan. In each institution, the authors search for course titles that include “climate,” “sustainable/sustainability” and “environment/environmental” as keywords and code the courses according to their disciplines. Findings: The finding highlights the variations across institutional types and subject matters. Public universities have an average of 4.94 related courses per 1,000 students, whereas private universities have only 3.13. In general, the relevant courses are more concentrated in the STEM and bioscience fields. The curricula, however, are seriously constrained by the disciplinary structure and foster few transdisciplinary perspectives. Originality/value: The authors seek to go beyond case studies and offer one of the most comprehensive curricula samples at the national level. Taiwan adds an important data point, as the current literature focuses heavily on the USA and Europe. © 2023, Emerald Publishing Limited.

关键词： climate change education Education for sustainable development Environmental education Taiwan University curriculum

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A probabilistic pluvial flood warning model based on nest som using radar reflectivity data

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STOCHASTIC ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND RISK ASSESSMENT 2025年第1期39卷 361-381页

作者： Pan, Tsung-Yi Chen, Lo-Yi Hsieh, Yi-Huan Chen, Buo-Fu Lai, Jihn-Sung Natl Taiwan Univ Ctr Weather Climate & Disaster Res Taipei 10617 Taiwan Natl Taiwan Univ Int Degree Program Climate Change & Sustainable De Taipei 10617 Taiwan Natl Taiwan Univ Hydrotech Res Inst Taipei 10617 Taiwan

The occurrence and intensity of extreme weather events have increased under climate change, making flooding disasters more likely during the flood season from May to November in Taiwan. The current early warning system for flooding disasters developed by the Water Resources Agency in Taiwan relies on the density of rain gauges, which limits its effectiveness. To improve this system, our research collected historical radar reflectivity and rainfall data in the flood-prone area at the Zhonghua village of Taipei City. An unsupervised neural network called the self-organizing map (Clayton and Emery) is applied to establish the relationship between radar reflectivity and rainfall observations, enabling the analysis of clustering vectors corresponding to pluvial flood disaster events. A Nest SOM-based pluvial flood warning model was proposed for identifying flooding hot zones and delivering probabilistic flood warning information. Based on radar reflectivity characteristics along with corresponding rainfall intensity and frequency, the proposed model was evaluated during extreme events to demonstrate its applicability and provide probabilistic warning information prior to flood disasters. Consequently, the model provides considerable practical value in enhancing flood disaster management.

关键词： Radar reflectivity Self-organizing map Probabilistic flood warning Pluvial flood

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The Wise-Use Checklist as a Science–Policy Interface– The Interaction of Science and Policy in Taiwanese Wetland Conservation Policy

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Wetlands 2024年第5期44卷 1-18页

作者： Lee, Chen-Guang International Degree Program in Climate Change and Sustainable Development National Taiwan University G201 No. 1 Sec. 4 Roosevelt Rd Taipei 10617 Taiwan

The ‘Wise-Use Checklist’ was designed to assist people in formulating the ‘Conservation–Utilisation Plans for Wetlands of Importance’ in Taiwanese wetland conservation policy programme. Feedback from the planning teams, however, indicated that the checklist was difficult to use. Therefore, this research employed the perspective of science–policy interface to understand the barriers people were experiencing while implementing the checklist and identify the factors influencing the governance between science and policy in wetland conservation. The study mainly focused on the period from 2013 to 2015, when the wetland conservation policy was transformed into legislation and regulations in Taiwan. Semi-structured interviews were used to understand the thoughts of planners who participated in the formulation of the ‘Conservation–Utilisation Plans for Wetlands of Importance’. The interviews revealed that the main barrier to the planners was the uncertainty produced by perception divergence, technical difficulties, and policy–institutional barriers, rather than the checklist itself. The responses identified tensions and governance issues among the scientists and between the scientists and policymakers with respect to wetland conservation policies. The research yielded two findings in the aspect of the science-policy interfaces themselves, and six areas for discussion in the aspect of governance between wetland scientists and policymakers. © The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Society of Wetland Scientists 2024.

关键词： Eetland conservation policy Science–policy interfaces Wise–use checklist

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Pacific Meridional Mode Implicated as a Prime Driver of Decadal Summer Temperature Variation over Taiwan

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JOURNAL OF climate 2025年第8期38卷 1881-1894页

作者： Tsai, Chieh-Ting Wang, Yi-Chi Tseng, Wan-Ling Chiang, Li-Chiang Acad Sinica Res Ctr Environm Changes Taipei Taiwan Natl Taiwan Univ Int Degree Program Climate Change & Sustainable De Taipei Taiwan Natl Taiwan Univ Ocean Ctr Taipei Taiwan

The Pacific meridional mode (PMM) is a climate phenomenon in the eastern Pacific, characterized by strong wind-sea surface temperature (SST) interactions. During its positive phase, an atypical north-south SST gradient develops in the northeastern subtropical Pacific, leading to significant global teleconnections, which refer to the mutual influence or correlation between atmospheric or oceanic changes in two distant regions of Earth. This study examines the relationship between historical summer temperature data for Taiwan (June-August) and PMM indices over a 59-yr period (1960-2018), revealing a significant correlation between the two. Regressed large-scale circulations indicate the eastward propagation of a wave train across the northern Pacific into East Asia, inducing anticyclonic circulations near southeastern China and Taiwan, accompanied by subsidence, which refers to the vertical downward movement of air masses in the atmosphere, typically associated with high pressure systems and dry weather conditions, that stabilize the atmosphere. This stabilization reduces the influence of seasonal southwesterly winds while increasing shortwave radiation at the surface, thereby raising surface temperatures in Taiwan. Our findings are further supported by linear baroclinic model (LBM) experiments featuring PMM-like heating forcing and by large-scale responses to PMM-related SST patterns simulated in CMIP6 historical runs. While these results suggest that the PMM could be a valuable tool for predicting Taiwan's summer climate on decadal time scales, we also observe model uncertainties in simulating the teleconnection patterns of PMMrelated SSTs in East Asia, including Taiwan's summer temperature response. These findings underscore the need for further investigation into the complex interplay between PMM circulation responses, seasonal monsoons, and other components of climate systems simulated in climate models.

关键词： Atmospheric circulation Teleconnections Summer/warm season Heat budgets/fluxes climate variability Decadal variability

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Impact of Pacific–Japan pattern on temperature and heatwave events in summer over Taiwan

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International Journal of Climatology 2023年第15期43卷 7067-7081页

作者： Tseng, Wan-Ling Lin, Szu-Ying Wang, Yi-Chi Lo, Shih-How Lo, Min-Hui Lee, Shih-Yu Tsai, Chieh-Ting Hsu, Huang-Hsiung International Degree Program in Climate Change and Sustainable Development National Taiwan University Taipei Taiwan Research Center for Environmental Changes Academia Sinica Taipei Taiwan Department of Atmospheric Sciences National Taiwan University Taipei Taiwan

The prediction of heatwave events is vital to provide information on possible hazards caused by extremely high temperature. The Pacific–Japan (PJ) pattern is a significant climate variability that controls the summer climate over East Asia. Previous studies have reported that the meridional propagating wave structure associated with the PJ pattern can modulate summer temperature and heatwave characteristics over northeast Asian countries, such as Korea and Japan. Nevertheless, its impacts on the subtropical regions, including Taiwan, a mountainous subtropical island with an approximate population of 24 million, is not yet fully understood. In this study, we investigate the impacts of the PJ pattern on the summer temperature and heatwave characteristics in Taiwan on the interannual timescale using long-term station-based temperature and rainfall dataset. We found an island-wide increase in temperature during the positive phase of the PJ pattern, which is characterized by an anticyclonic anomalous circulation over Taiwan. Meanwhile, the averaged effective area and frequency of heatwave extremes over Taiwan have increased significantly, indicating an increase of exposure to heatwaves. Our examinations of large-scale environment suggest that the adiabatic warming due to subsidence anomaly associated with the anticyclone over Taiwan is primary contributor of surface warming, which is balanced by diabatic cooling and meridional advective cooling on a seasonal timescale. Our study consolidated the links between the PJ pattern as a climate driver, hot summers and increased summer heatwave events over Taiwan. By combining with the seasonal prediction systems and early warning systems, such understanding can help sectors that are vulnerable to heat stress to prepare for potential hazards. © 2023 The Authors. International Journal of Climatology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Royal Meteorological Society.

关键词： Hazards

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Contact angle for theoretical parameterization of immersion freezing rate inferred from the freezing temperature

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TERRESTRIAL ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC SCIENCES 2024年第1期35卷 1-18页

作者： Chang, Jun-Jie Chen, Jen-Ping Liu, Pei-Hsin Natl Taiwan Univ Dept Atmospher Sci Taipei Taiwan Natl Taiwan Univ Int Degree Program Climate Change & Sustainable De Taipei Taiwan Acad Sinica Res Ctr Environm Changes Taipei Taiwan

This study derived contact angles for fifteen types of pollens, nine types of fungi, ten types of bacteria, one type of diatom, and twelve types of mineral dust for use in the parameterization of immersion freezing based on the classical nucleation theory (CNT). Our approach is to interpret freezing temperature measurement results with the stochastic nucleation concept. In this way, the abundant freezing temperature data available in the literature can be converted to contact angles that needed in the CNT parameterization for a variety of INPs. The derived contact angles compared well with values independently obtained in earlier studies based on a pure-CNT approach using laboratory nucleation rate data. The uncertainties in contact angle calculation associated with the definition of onset nucleation rate, the activation energy, and the ice-nuclei size are estimated to be about +/- 1-2 degrees, +/- 1-5 degrees, and +/- 1-2 degrees, respectively, among different ice-nucleating particles.

关键词： Contact angle Immersion freezing Classical nucleation theory Freezing temperature Ice nucleation particles Bioaerosols Mineral dust Stochastic nucleation Deterministic nucleation

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The OECD’s ‘Well-being 2030’ agenda: how PISA's affective turn gets lost in translation

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Comparative Education 2024年第2期60卷 239-258页

作者： Rappleye, Jeremy Komatsu, Hikaru Uchida, Yukiko Tsai, Jeanne Markus, Hazel Faculty of Education The University of Hong Kong International Degree Program in Climate Change and Sustainable Development National University Taiwan Institute for the Future of Human Society Kyoto University Kyoto Japan Department of Psychology Stanford University United States

Well-being 2030 has become the latest rationale for the OECD’s education work. This vision has given rise to new assessments of student well-being beginning with PISA 2015. The OECD, recognising the problems of PISA 2015, conceptualised a wider student well-being construct in PISA 2018, and attempted to measure ‘students’ feelings’. However, analyses of the OECD’s affective turn reveal major problems remain. Our critique is empirically underpinned by an innovative analytical strategy: comparing PISA 2018 student questionnaire translations across different ‘economies’ that use the same written language (China, Hong Kong, Macao, and Taiwan). Our analyses confirm that the OECD imagines a cultural and context-free world, one in which translation and measurements are simply technical problems to be engineered, rather than deeper ‘problems’ of worldviews that require attunement. To encourage the OECD to recognise these differences in its future assessments, we offer starting points from recent research in cultural psychology. © 2023 Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group.

关键词： affect-based pedagogy China culture East Asia emotion Hong Kong Japan OECD Learning Compass 2030 Taiwan Well-being

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Host and parasite functional morphology jointly explain parasite specificity

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Functional Ecology 2023年第6期37卷 1620-1627页

作者： Sun, Syuan-Jyun Calhoun, Siobhan K. Duffy, Meghan A. Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology University of Michigan Ann Arbor 48109 MI United States International Degree Program in Climate Change and Sustainable Development National Taiwan University Taipei 10617 Taiwan

Host–parasite coevolution is a major diversifying force. However, while the genetic determinants of host–parasite coevolution have received substantial attention, it remains unresolved how morphological adaptations contribute to host–parasite coevolutionary dynamics. We used a well-studied and ecologically important host–parasite system to explore morphological adaptation in host–parasite interactions. In this daphniid-fungal parasite system, infection occurs when fungal spores puncture the host gut and enter the body cavity. Prior work found genetic differences in the parasite associated with spore size. We studied how host gut traits, parasite spore size and host immune responses influenced the infection process. We collected parasite spores from two host species, the larger Daphnia dentifera and the smaller Ceriodaphnia dubia, and exposed both host species to spores sourced from each host. The ability of a spore to embed in the host gut and to penetrate into the body cavity was influenced by the host species that was exposed to the parasite (‘exposure host species’) and the species from which the spores were sourced (‘source host species’). Spores sourced from D. dentifera were better able to attack both hosts, but were especially good at attacking D. dentifera. These differences likely resulted from morphological differences, with a striking correspondence between the diameter of host guts and the size of the parasite spores. Immune responses were influenced by both exposure and source host, with D. dentifera-sourced spores triggering a larger immune response in D. dentifera than in C. dubia. In addition, in C. dubia exposure hosts, D. dentifera-sourced spores triggered a greater immune response than did C. dubia-sourced spores. Only 13.5% of hosts that had at least one parasite spore penetrate ended up with terminal infections;all but one of these infections occurred in D. dentifera hosts exposed to D. dentifera-sourced spores. Overall, infection was influenced

关键词： Ceriodaphnia coevolution Daphnia host–parasite interactions Metschnikowia morphological adaptations

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