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Building ships as a system: An approach to total ship integration

NAVAL ENGINEERS JOURNAL 1997年第5期109卷 47-60页

作者： Duren, BG Pollard, JR Bernard G. Duren:is an operations research analyst in the Combat Systems Department of the. Naval Surface Warfare Center Dahlgren Division. Mr. Duren received an A.B. degree in mathematics from Indiana University and an M.S. degree in operations research from the Georgia Institute of Technology. His major duties involve development of system concepts and system engineering methodology. His primary areas of achievement include startup of a strategic planning process at the Dahlgren Division analysis of seaskimmer defense issues and formulation of concepts for counter-command warfare. His areas of interest include information integration group problem solving methods warfare analysis and strategic planning. Mr. Duren is currently conducting studies in design of future shipboard combat systems. James R. Pollard:serves as principal systems engineer in the Combat Systems Department of the Naval Surface Warfare Center Dahlgren Division. Dr. Pollard received a B.S. degree in physics from Roanoke College an M.S. degree in electrical engineering from The George Washington University and a Ph.D. in systems engineering from the University of Virginia. After joining the Dahlgren Division in 1962 he performed research in antennas and electromagnetic coupling. He subsequently managed the Special Effects Weapon Research Program which focused on high power electromagnetic devices. After serving as head of the Weapon Systems Division and the Search and Track Division he formed the Strategic Planning Group. In 1985 he received the Bernard Smith Award for creative development and implementation of a strategic planning process for the Division. From 1985 to 1987 he served as warfare systems architect in the Space and Naval Warfare Systems Command. Dr. Pollard is currently conducting studies in design of future shipboard combat systems.

This paper considers an effort to reinvent the process by which the Navy transforms operational requirements into warships. The objective is to articulate a framework and strategy for implementing a total ship system engineering approach. Three factors drive the effort: involve the warfighters in the design process;adopt a ''system of systems'' framework for integration;and continually improve the acquisition process. The strategy is illustrated by consideration of control structure on a total ship basis. The work has been conducted as a collaborative effort involving three Navy warfare centers and various headquarters activities in Washington, D.C.

关键词： Shipbuilding

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Soliton system evaluations using fibers with dispersion and loss fluctuations

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ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATIONS IN JAPAN PART II-ELECTRONICS 1996年第4期79卷 77-84页

作者： Ishiba, K Komatsu, T Takahara, M Faculty of Engineering Yamanashi University Kofu Japan 400 Graduated in 1994 from the Department of Electronic and Information Engineering where he is currently in the Master's program. He has been engaged in research on optical fiber soliton transmission. Received his B.S. and M.S. degrees in 1993 and 1995 respectively from the Department of Electronic and Information Engineering Yamanashi University. He joined NTT in April 1995. He has been engaged in research on simulation of the optical fiber soliton transmission and on the transmission system with flexibility in transmission speed. Graduated from the Department of Electrical Engineering Yamanashi University in 1965 and received his M.S. degree in 1967. He received his Ph.D. degree later. In 1967 he became a Research Associate of the Department of Electronic Engineering Yamanashi University. In 1991 he became a Professor of Electronic and Information Engineering. He has been engaged in research on special function theory nonlinear circuits optical communication systems and LAN systems. In 1984 he received a Book Award from I.E.I.C.E. In 1990–91 he was on leave at Southampton University. He is a member of IEEE.

In the development of practical multimedia systems, greater capacity is desired in a long-distance large-capacity transmission system. A number of studies have been undertaken to develop a long-distance large-capacity system. Several long-distance transmission experiments for high-density transmission by wavelength demultiplexing method (WDM) have been reported recently. However, more of the experimental examples have reported on soliton transmission than on WDM systems. Hence, the former is considered more advanced. It is necessary to prepare a fiber of a length of approximately 10,000 km for ultralong-distance transmission experiment. Since this is difficult to obtain, repetitive experiments are often the case. However, such an experiment does not disclose the effects of dispersion and loss fluctuation in the fiber. In this paper, the effect of fluctuation in dispersion and loss in the fiber is studied by simulation so that the resilience of the soliton to the variations of the fiber characteristics is evaluated.

关键词： optical soliton dispersion fluctuation loss fluctuation Gordon-Haus jitter

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AN ARCHITECTURE DESIGN APPROACH FOR LARGE SATELLITE NETWORKS

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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SATELLITE COMMUNICATIONS 1994年第3期12卷 197-210页

作者： COTNER, C INUKAI, T COMSAT World Systems 6560 Rock Spring Drive Bethesda MD 20817 USA. Director Customer Technical Support for COMSAT World Systems. He directs support to U.S. users of the INTELSAT satellite network particularly in the areas of certifying that performance of earth-stations is in accordance with system requirements and in supporting the unique needs of television customers. Mr. Cotner's primary technical interests are earth-station design transmission analysis and high power amplifiers. Mr. Cotner has been with COMSAT for over 25 years. Most recently he served as Director of Technical Liaison and Analysis responsible for much of COMSAT World Systems research and development programme for high-level technical interaction with customers such as AT&T and MCI and for initiatives to improve the quality of international satellite transmission. He has also held technical management positions in COMSAT Laboratories COMSAT General where he was a Division Director Earth Segment Engineering and COMSAT World Systems where he represented the U.S. Signatory on the INTELSAT Board of Governors Technical Advisory Committee for five years. Mr. Cotner is a colonel (retired) in the Signal Corps U.S. Army Reserve where he was assigned to several mobilization positions related to satellite communications including a tour of duty on the Joint Staff. Awarded the degree of B.S.E. (cum-laude) in Electrical Engineering by Princeton University. Mr. Cotner also holds an M.S.E. from Cornell University and is a Commandants List graduate of the U.S. Army Command and General Staff College. He and his wife Sharon live in Silver Spring Maryland. COMSAT Laboratories 22300 COMSAT Drive Clarksburg MD 20871 USA. Received the BS and MS degrees in Communications Engineering from the Tokyo Electrical Engineering College Tokyo Japan and the Ph.D. degree in Electrical Engineering from the City University of New York New York. Dr. Inukai is a Principal Scientist in the Network Technology Division of COMSAT Laboratories. He directs res

Designing a world-wide satellite network that consists of hundreds of user sites and thousands of circuit connections is a complex problem, which involves selecting a set of candidate satellites and satellite beams/frequency bands from among numerous existing and planned satellites, evaluation of circuit connectivity, earth-station compatibility and sizing, and estimating transponder loading. The design process may also require assessment of the impact of a different set of satellites and modified user traffic requirements on the space segment, the earth-station types and quantity, and the total system cost. Although a conventional design approach based on link-by-link and site-by-site analysis provides accurate results, it is time-consuming and impractical for developing high-level network architectures in a time-constrained environment. A design technique is proposed which employs a set of rules for satellite network design, in combination with extensive databases of satellite parameters, earth-station parameters and user traffic requirements, to synthesize a network architecture. The technique is particularly useful for performing high-level trade-offs among alternative architectures in terms of space segment requirements, the number and type of earth-stations and overall system cost. Once the desired architecture has been selected, a detailed design may be developed using conventional methods.

关键词： SATELLITE NETWORK DESIGN RULE-BASED DESIGN FIXED SATELLITE SERVICES FDMA INTELSAT BANDWIDTH REQUIREMENTS TRANSPONDER CAPACITY

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HYBRID SATELLITE AND TERRESTRIAL NETWORKS

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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SATELLITE COMMUNICATIONS 1994年第3期12卷 313-327页

作者： CHITRE, DM SHYY, DJ EPHREMIDES, A GUPTA, S COMSAT Laboratories 22300 Comsat Drive Clarksburg MD 20871–9475 USA. Received his B.Sc. from the University of Bombay India an M.A. in mathematics from the University of Cambridge U.K. and a Ph.D. in physics from the University of Maryland. He is currently an Associate Executive Director of the Network Technology Division at COMSAT Laboratories. He has been involved in research and development activities in ISDN VSAT networks data communications and network systems and architectures. Prior to his current positions Dr. Chitre was a Principal Scientist in the Network Technology Division at COMSAT Laboratories. Dr. Chitre joined COMSAT Laboratories in 1980. He has made major contributions to the analysis and architecture of data communication ISDN and BISDN via satellite. Dr. Chitre directs and participates in the international and national standards activities in ISDN BISDN and data communication as they apply to satellite communication. He was Chairman of the Working Group on Protocols and Network Timing Function of the CCIR/CCITT Joint Ad Hoc Group on ISDN/Satellite Matters during 1990–1992. Currently he is the Chairman of the Working Group on New Technologies in the ITU Intersector Coordinating Group (ICG) on Satellite Matters. Dr. Chitre was a programme manager during 1990 and 1991 on a contract from INTELSAT on systems studies on satellite communications systems architectures for ISDN and broadband ISDN systems. Currently he is the technical manager of the DoD Contract on ATM via satellite demonstration and the programme manager for the INTELSAT contract on analysis and top-level specification of INTELSAT ISDN subnetworks and SDH compatible transport network. Received the B.S. degree in electrical engineering from national Chiao-Tung University Hsin-Chu Taiwan in 1983 and the M.S. and Ph.D. degrees in electrical engineering from Georgia Institute of Technology Atlanta GA in 1986 and 1990 respectively. From June 1987 to October 1987 he worked for the Department of Neurology Emory Univers

The role of satellite communications in networks that provide new services, such as frame relay and multimedia, is investigated. Both passive and active (on-board switching/processing) satellite systems are considered. Novel techniques are developed for each system to demonstrate, via detailed analysis and simulation, how the communications bandwidth agility of multipoint/broadcast satellite channels, and the on-board switching/processing, makes it feasible to provide these new services via hybrid satellite and terrestrial networks in a resource-efficient manner.

关键词： HYBRID NETWORKS ON-BOARD PROCESSING FRAME RELAY

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THE CALLING(SM) NETWORK - A GLOBAL WIRELESS COMMUNICATION-SYSTEM

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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SATELLITE COMMUNICATIONS 1994年第1期12卷 45-61页

作者： TUCK, EF PATTERSON, DP STUART, JR LAWRENCE, MH Calling Communications Corporation. 1900 West Garvey Ave South. Suite 200 West Covina CA 91790 USA. Chairman of Calling Communications Corporation. He is also the Managing Director of Kinship Venture Management Inc. the general partner of Kinship Partners 11 and a General Partner of Boundary the general partner of The Boundary Fund. As a venture capitalist he has founded or participated in founding several telecommunications companies including Calling Communications Corporation Magellan Systems Corporation manufactures of Global Positioning System receivers Applied Digital Access manufacturer of DS-3 test access and network performance monitoring equipment Endgate Technology Corporation specialists in satellite phased array antennas and Poynting Systems Corporation. now a division of Reliance Corporation manufacturers of fibre optic transport equipment. He was a founder of Kebby Microwave Corporation where he invented the first solid-state. frequency-modulated commercial microwave link system. The company was acquired by ITT Corporation where he rose to the position of V.P. and Technical Director of ITT North America Telecommunications Inc. Subsequently he was V.P. of Marketing and Engineering at American Telecommunications Inc. (ATC). He was founding Director of American Telecom Inc. a joint venture between ATC and Fujitsu and has served on more than 20 boards of directors including those of three public companies. He has authored articles on microwave engineering and telephone signalling and was a contributor to Reference Data For Radio Engineers. He is a graduate of the University of Missouri at Rolla where he was later awarded an honorary Professional degree and serves on its Academy of Electrical Engineering. Mr Tuck is a Senior Member of the IEEE a Fellow of the Institution of Engineers (Australia) a Professional Member of the AIAA and a registered professional engineer in three states. More than 25 years of experience in the telecommunications industry where he has been responsibl

There is a very large demand for basic telephone service in developing nations, and remote parts of industrialized nations, which cannot be met by conventional wireline and cellular systems. This is the world's largest unserved market. We describe a system which uses recent advances in active phased arrays, fast-packet switching technology, adaptive routeing, and light spacecraft technology, in part based on the work of the Jet Propulsion Laboratory and on recently-declassified work done on the Strategic Defense Initiative, to make it possible to address this market with a global telephone network based on a large low-Earth-orbit constellation of identical satellites. A telephone utility can use such a network to provide the same modern basic and enhanced telephone services offered by telephone utilities in the urban centres of fully-industrialized nations. Economies of scale permit capital and operating costs per subscriber low enough to provide a service to all subscribers, regardless of location, at prices comparable to the same services in urban areas of industrialized nations, while generating operating profits great enough to attract the capital needed for its construction. The bandwidth needed to support the capacity needed to gain these economies of scale requires that the system use K(alpha)-band frequencies. This choice of frequencies places unusual constraints on the network design, and in particular forces the use of a large number of satellites. Global demand for basic and enhanced telephone service is great enough to support at least three networks of the size described herein. The volume of advanced components, and services such as launch services, required to construct and replace these networks is sufficient to propel certain industries to market leadership positions in the early 21st Century.

关键词： LOW EARTH ORBIT SATELLITE COMMUNICATIONS FAST PACKET SWITCHING EARTH FIXED CELLS ADAPTIVE ROUTEING LIGHT SPACECRAFT K(A) BAND PHASED-ARRAY ANTENNAS

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FUEL-CELL POWER-PLANTS FOR SURFACE FLEET APPLICATIONS

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NAVAL ENGINEERS JOURNAL 1994年第3期106卷 59-76页

作者： GOUBAULT, P GREENBERG, M HEIDENREICH, T WOERNER, J Philippe Goubault:graduated in 1983 from the “Ecole Nationale Superieure de Techniques Avancees” in Paris with a major in naval architecture. After one year of military service with the French navy he worked as naval architect and program director for the French navy between 1984 and 1988. He was in charge of the development of AGNES200 Surface Effect Ship design which completed its sea trials in 1992. He also was responsible for the construction of five ships (four hydrographic vessels and one experimental MCM vessel) which entered service between 1988 and 1991. He has been involved in a number of projects and studies for the U.S. Navy U.S. Coast Guard and other foreign and domestic customers. At Band Lavis & Associates Inc. Mr. Goubault has expanded the computer tools used to conduct parametric analysis of advanced hullforms and has developed cost-effectiveness assessment tools and methodologies for both commercial and military ships. Mr. Goubault is a member of ASNE. Marc Greenberg:is employed as a cost analyst at the cost and economic analysis branch systems assessment and engineering division Naval Surface Warfare Center. He provides cost estimates and analyses of Navy ship and submarine technologies and has assisted in the development of parametric cost models since 1991. Employed as an electronics engineer by the U.S. Army Information Systems Command from 1989 to 1991 he provided support in simulation design and construction of high frequency and microwave communication systems. Mr. Greenberg received his BS degree in ceramic science and engineering from the Pennsylvania State University May 1987. He is a member of MORS. Todd Heidenreich:is employed in the design analysis and tools branch systems assessment and engineering division of the Carde-rock Division Naval Surface Warfare Center. He is involved as a project naval architect in the conceptual design of future surface ship designs future technology impact assessments and the assessment of current domestic and foreign surface ship desig

This paper describes the results of a study undertaken to determine the impact of fuel cell technology on the design and effectiveness of future naval surface combatants. The study involved the collection of data to characterize four different fuel cell technologies: proton exchange membrane, molten carbonate, phosphoric acid, and solid oxide fuel cells. This information was used to expand current computer models to develop specific fuel cell plants that met the power requirements for several applications on a nominal 5000 Lton destroyer and a nominal 2000 Lton corvette. Each of the fuel cell technologies was incorporated into several applications aboard the destroyer and the corvette. These applications included combinations of centralized and distributed ship service power, and propulsion power. In addition, the impact of fuel cell technology was determined for a ship service power backfit option aboard a DDG-51 class destroyer. The results of the impact on the ship designs were analyzed and a military effectiveness assessment was conducted to address such issues as the impact of fuel cells on mobility, survivability, affordability, and on the environment. The paper identifies which aspects of the fuel cell technologies have the greatest impact upon the ship designs and their operational costs. Recommendations are given for future technology development efforts required to make fuel cells suitable for Navy service.

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Solid‐liquid interface of an inductively heated metal sphere

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European Transactions on Electrical Power 1993年第6期3卷 407-414页

作者： Bex, H. Greuel, K. Prof. Dr.-Ing. Hans Bex (1937) VDE VDI IEEE is head of the department of High-Frequency Techniques at the Fachhochschule of Aachen Germany. He received his degrees at the Technical University of Aachen Germany in 1965 and 1969. From 1965 to 1980 he was with the Philips Research Laboratories in Aachen as a research scientist where he was engaged in research on lumped element circulators YIG-filters linear and non-linear microstrip circuits for microwave subsystems. Since 1981 he has been a professor for high-frequency techniques at the Fachhoch-schule Aachen Germany teaching electromagnetics and microwaves. His areas of interest include microwave and millimeter wave integrated circuits and devices non-linear analysis techniques device modelling planar transmission line modelling and electromagnetic field theory applied to isotropic and anisotropic materials. (FH Aachen Abteilung fur Theoretische Nachrichtentechnik und Hochstfrequenztechnik. Eupener Str. 70 D-52066 Aachen T + 492 41/60 09 21 08 Fax + 49 241/60 09 21 91) Dipl.-Ing. Karl Greuel (1960) VDE studied Electrical Engineering at the FH Aachen Germany and got his degree there in 1988. After his study he designed software for industry-furnaces with stored-program controllers at the Otto Junker GmbH. Since 1990 he works at the Datus GmbH for electrical information-systems in software development. (Datus GmbH Abteilung Software-Entwicklung Tempelhofer Str. 4-6 D-52068 Aachen T +49241/1 6802-0 Fax + 492 41/168 02-80)

In this paper inductive melting in a metal sphere is investigated, whereby the temperature dependence of the sample 's most important material parameters is considered. The solid‐liquid interface in the sphere is determined in consideration of heat conduction. The melting process takes place in a vacuum with zero gravity under the influence of a homogeneous, magnetic alternating field. For the numerical solution of the heat conduction equation, homogeneous, isotropic conditions are assumed in discrete toroidal volumes. This approach simplifies, at the same time, the use of Maxwell's equations. Using the method of finite differences, the procedure yields not only the spatial location of the solid‐liquid interface but also the corresponding time and absorbed active power as a function of frequency, radius of the sphere and intensity of the exciting field. And not least, the total required melting time for melting the sphere can be determined. Copyright © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

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MEASURES OF EFFECTIVENESS AS APPLIED TO MAINTENANCE PRACTICES

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NAVAL ENGINEERS JOURNAL 1992年第4期104卷 101-102页

作者： JACOBS, KS ELFONT, M PROCACCINO, V Mark Elfont Ph.D:. is head of the Engineering Analysis Staff at the Naval Ship Systems Engineering Station (NAVSSES). At NAVSSES Dr. Elfont developed the Ships Machinery Analysis and Reporting Technique (SMART) System that utilizes direct access to the Ships 3-M database to calculate the fleet performance of HM&E systems. The SMART process is an automated approach to performance trending and offers the in-service engineers and life cycle managers cost effective information on the performance of equipments and systems in the actual fleet environment. Prior to coming to NAVSSES Dr. Elfont was at the Naval Air Development Center (NADC) for 18 years with most of his service as program manager for various avionic weapon system developments. Dr. Elfont also spent three years as the business manager of a private telecommunication firm. Vincent Procaccino:is the measures of effectiveness coordinator within the Performance and Business Indicators Section of the Equipment Assessment and Alteration Department Naval Ship System Engineering Station (NAVSSES). Mr. Procaccino is responsible for developing processes and techniques for determining the effectiveness of condition assessment efforts primarily the Assessment of Equipment Condition (AEC) program. NAVSSES is the Navy's in service engineering agent for HM&E equipment and is currently pursuing several programs which are in the process of evaluating condition assessment of HM&E systems. The efforts include continuous on-line monitors and expert system applications. Prior to arriving at NAVSSES in December 1988 Mr. Procaccino received a bachelor of science degree in mechanical engineering from Penn State University in August of 1987. He then worked as a project engineer for a small manufacturing firm until his arrival at NAVSSES.

Recent developments in surface ship maintenance strategies have been advanced on the promise of achieving reduced maintenance costs and improving the availability of shipboard systems. Included in the melange of proposed solutions are the Phased Maintenance Concept, Condition Based Maintenance, Expert System Diagnostics, as well as many other variations of these notions. As programs are initiated to evaluate prototype systems, or in some cases install production units, it is crucial that effective measurement procedures be instituted to determine to what extent the respective program goals and objectives are achieved. This paper explores various data sources that offer potential application to evaluation of advanced maintenance concept effectiveness. Also examined are data analysis and reporting techniques to clearly identify the benefits gained from those activities. The authors feel that it is important that the process of effectiveness evaluation, while remaining an objective process, become a part of the maintenance process itself. Maximum use of existing databases and in-place data collection procedures is advocated.

关键词： Naval Vessels

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FFG-61 PROTOTYPE DIGITAL TECHNICAL LIBRARY

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NAVAL ENGINEERS JOURNAL 1992年第2期104卷 58-68页

作者： VINROOT, CA ORNER, JG USN Capt. Charles A. Vinroot USN (Ret.)retired from the U.S. Navy in September 1991 following over 27 years of active duty as an engineering duty officer. He holds a BSEE from North Carolina State University and a MSEE and professional degree from the U.S. Naval Postgraduate School. During his naval career he served on USSIndependence (CVA-62) and USSLuce (DLC-7/DDC-38). He also served at Supship Quincy Mass. and Hunters Point Naval Shipyard. He was stationed in Washington D.C. with assignments at CNO (OP 98) ASN (S&L) and the Naval Sea Systems Command. Captain Vinroot was technical director of the Battleship Reactivation Program (PMS 378) technical director of the Destroyer Acquisition Program (PMS 389) and deputy program manager of the Amphibious Warfare and Strategic Sealift Program (PMS 377). Most recently he served as program manager for Gas Turbine Surface Combatants (PMS 314) and Surface Combatants (PMS 330). Captain Vinroot is now employed by PRC Inc. and serves as technical director for the Advanced Technology Division in Crystal City Va. Jeffery G. Ornergraduated from Wittenberg University in Springfield Ohio in 1979 with a bachelor of arts degree in political science and earned a master's of science degree in business from The American University in Washington D.C. in 1982. He has ten years of professional experience with the Naval Sea Systems Command in positions with responsibilities for logistic support planning policy and delivery computer-aided acquisition and logistic support and Fleet Modernization Program (FMP) and ship construction issues. He was a key player in establishing the current FMP integrated logistic support (ILS) process and in implementing of the Ships' Configuration and Logistic Support Information System (SCLSIS). His current position as Fleet Logistic Support Branch head for the Surface Combatant Program includes responsibility for logistic support and management of ship configuration and logistic data for all surface combatant ships (except for Aegis ships). In

USS Ingraham (FFG-61) is the prototype ship for NavSea's Advanced Technical information System (ATIS). ATIS is a digital technical library, which holds on optical disks the ship's 2,000 technical manuals and 73,000 drawing sheets. It contains a detailed ship's configuration index (derived from SCLSIS) to lead the user to the proper drawing or manual, and it replaces the ship's aperture cards and the second (library) copy of the technical manuals. ATIS, and the data standards established and tested through ATIS development, will be the technical library portion of micro-SNAP and SNAP III. It also forms an important part of NavSea's plans to utilize EDMICS data. This paper describes the goals and technical concepts behind the development of ATIS. Problems encountered, solutions developed, and lessons learned are detailed. Special attention was paid to the application of the Computer Aided Acquisition and Logistic Support (CALS) standards, problems caused by conflicts and ambiguities in those standards, the standards. Original program goals are compared with actual operational experiences. Plans for future expansion are outlined, including applications of this technology in the availability planning and execution process. A comparison is developed among the various methods of optical imaging and their costs and benefits.

关键词： information Retrieval systems

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COMPARISON OF SHOCK TEST METHODS OF MIL-S-901 DERIVED FROM TESTS ON A CIRCUIT-BREAKER AND SWITCHBOARD

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NAVAL ENGINEERS JOURNAL 1992年第3期104卷 178-190页

作者： BRADLEY, TL DAVES, TM MCCAMPBELL, SL YKEMA, JI Thomas L. Bradley Jr:. is director of program management of SPD Technologies research and development group in Philadelphia Pa. He has twenty years of experience on Navy shipboard electrical power protective systems and electrical switchgear. Mr. Bradley received a B.S. degree in electrical engineering from Villanova University. He is a member of ASNE SNAME and IEEE. Ted M. Daves:is president of Hi-Test Laboratories Inc. Mr. Daves has devoted his professional career to Navy shock survivability testing programs to support shock qualification research on hull mechanical electrical and combat systems for both surface ships and submarines. He has twenty years of experience in lightweight medium weight and heavyweight shock qualification programs and has conducted shock survivability inspections at the component and systems level on almost all types of machinery and equipment that require MIL-S-901 shock qualification. He received his B.S. degree in industrial technology from Western Carolina University in 1970 and is a member of ASNE IES Shock and Vibration Information Center and ADPA. Steven L. McCampbell P.E:. is the engineering supervisor and senior technical officer at Hi-Test Laboratories Inc. where he has worked in direct support of Navy shock and vibration testing programs since 1978. His work includes test program management testing machine design and solution of design problems encountered by machinery and equipment undergoing shock and vibration qualification. He is familiar with instrumentation systems and methods data reduction and data interpretation. He received his B.S. in civil engineering from the University of Virginia in 1985. John I. Ykema P.E:. is vice president and chief technical officer at SPD Technologies Philadelphia Pa. He has served in various capacities within SPD (formerly I-T-E) since 1955. He served for three years (1951–1954) with NavSea (formerly BuShips) engineering electrical power systems for aircraft carriers and cruisers. Mr. Ykema received his M.S. degree

For shipboard equipment to qualify as shock-hardened, it must pass a shock test in accordance with the military shock test specification, MIL-S-901 [1]. The test methods prescribed by MIL-S-901 have gone essentially unchanged since 1963. All equipment is divided into three test categories, depending on weight, and a different shock test machine is specified for each weight category. The heavy weight category is further sub-divided depending on the method of mounting within the ship, namely deck mounted or hull mounted. The authors have observed cases when equipment passing MIL-S-901 shock qualification testing using one method (e.g., the medium weight) failed when tested on another method (e.g., the floating shock platform). Concern about this difference in shock phenomena between the approved equipment performance stimulated the authors to perform the testing and analysis presented in this paper. The thirty year old test methods which have contributed significantly to shock survivability may not always simulate adequately the actual shipboard installation during shock qualification testing, thus leading to a false confidence level that all qualified equipment will perform well in combat. To explore the possible variations in shock phenomena from the different methods, an extensive testing program was conducted whereby a 100 ampere circuit breaker was subjected to shock testing under the four methods outlined in MIL-S-901D, namely, lightweight, medium weight, heavy weight deck, and heavy weight hull. The data gathered during the testing, and the performance of the equipment under test, were both evaluated and analyzed to observe differences in shock phenomena from each of the four different test methods. The shock testing methods, the equipment which was subjected to test, the test procedures, and the results of the investigation are described in this paper. The recommendations suggest improvements to the Navy shock testing methods and procedures.

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