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mmWave Radar-Based Non-Invasive Vehicle Occupancy Detection with Insights from Vision, RF, and Physical Sensors: A Review

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IEEE Sensors Journal 2025年第11期25卷 18643-18661页

作者： Yousaf, Jawad Palmer, Alyssa Shams, Maitha Wasma, Zayna Qasymeh, Montasir Hassan, Taimur Arora, Deepak Ghazal, Mohammed Abu Dhabi University Electrical Computer and Biomedical Engineering Department Abu Dhabi United Arab Emirates Liwa College Faculty of Engineering and Computing Abu Dhabi United Arab Emirates

The potential uses of human occupancy detection (HOD) in vehicles are crucial for handling resources, passenger safety, and privacy-preserving technology. In this study, the usage of various sensor systems for non-invasive vehicle occupant detection is examined, including mmWave radar, vision-based, and physical sensors. These technologies undergo a thorough review analysis that looks at methods, performance indicators, and use cases before being assessed for robustness, accuracy, real-time capabilities, scalability, and cost-effectiveness. The impact of clutter, scalability, and privacy in car interiors on HOD is also thoroughly discussed. Based on its ability to balance cost, accuracy, and adaptability, frequency-modulated continuous wave (FMCW) radar is termed the best option for vehicle occupant identification. The study discussed the possible challenges and future direction, as well as the conclusion provides research opportunities in hybrid sensing systems and advanced machine learning integration to overcome existing constraints. © 2001-2012 IEEE.

关键词： Frequency shift keying

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SAR Analysis in an Anatomical Head Model Using CFL-Optimized Yee Cells and an Accurate Dipole Model at 700-MHz for 5G Mobile Radiation

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IEEE Access 2025年 13卷 82718-82731页

作者： Jariyanorawiss, Terapass Kanjanasit, Komsan Chongburee, Wachira Sornsungnoen, Nattapon Kasetsart University Faculty of Engineering Department of Electrical Engineering Bangkok10900 Thailand Prince of Songkla University Phuket Campus College of Computing Phuket83120 Thailand

Electromagnetic radiation (EMR) exposure from fifth-generation (5G) mobile technology influences human health. This article proposes a numerical analysis to investigate the specific absorption rate (SAR) using an anatomical human head and accurate dipole model to examine the EMR effect at 700 MHz, a low-band frequency for 5G mobile communication. A three-dimensional (3D) digital model of a realistic human head is reconstructed using a series of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans. This model encompasses various tissue types with their respective bio-material properties. The radiation from a mobile terminal is modeled using a dipole-based structure. In this study, the Unsplit-Field Finite-Difference Time-Domain (UF-FDTD) algorithm is modified for numerical analysis, with a perfectly matched layer (PML) serving as the boundary condition. The electromagnetic (EM) simulation is conducted to study the interaction between the two computational objects in the artificial absorbing environment. The Yee cell is utilized for a structured lattice in the UF-FDTD approach, characterized by its uniformity and consistent application throughout the model. The research problem involves correlating the size of the human head model with the unit cell size, which is associated with the average weight of the human brain for adults. The Yee cell is optimized based on the Courant-Friedrichs-Lewy (CFL) condition. This work enhances simulation accuracy twofold. First, the optimization of the unit cell size relative to the wavelength is refined in comparison to other unit cells without a phase error. This optimization leads to an accurate time-step parameter via the CFL criterion, ensuring the stability of the computer simulation. Second, the optimized grid structure of the UF-FDTD algorithm closely approximates the infinitesimal feeding gap, ensuring precise alignment with the exact dimensions of the feed-gap point in the dipole antenna configuration and accurately reflecting the effects

关键词： Antenna radiation

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Generative AI in E-maintenance: Myth or Reality? 47

Generative AI in E-maintenance: Myth or Reality?

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47th ICT and Electronics Convention, MIPRO 2024

作者： Ćelić, J. Bronzin, T. Horvat, M. Jović, A. Stipić, A. Prole, B. Maričević, M. Pavlović, I. Pap, K. Mikota, M. Jelača, N. University Of Rijeka Faculty Of Maritime Studies Rijeka Croatia Citus Zagreb Croatia University Of Zagreb Faculty Of Electrical Engineering And Computing Department Of Applied Computing Zagreb Croatia University Of Zagreb Faculty Of Electrical Engineering And Computing Dept. Of. El. Microelectronics. Comp Zagreb Croatia University Of Zagreb Faculty Of Graphic Arts Zagreb Croatia

ISBN: (纸本)9798350382495

With increasing requirements for reliability, availability, efficiency, effectiveness, productivity, and security of the system, the importance of diagnostics and maintenance is also increasing. E-maintenance as a leading concept for maintenance management has so far primarily involved the use of domain-specific technical language processing (TLP) techniques on historical case data. Due to its popularity, generative AI (GAI) with large language models (LLMs) is starting to be used more and more in various technical areas, thus starting to take an increasingly important place in diagnostics and maintenance. Starting from the fact that the rapid development of information and communication technologies (ICT) was the main factor in the emergence and development of the concept of e-maintenance, the importance of the potential more serious application of all forms of generative AI in the context is clear. This is especially pronounced in cases of difficult or impossible access to the location of components or an uncertain situation related to the type of process (e.g., nuclear, aeronautical, space, offshore). Autonomous vehicles, vessels, and aircraft (as an indispensable part of today's intelligent transport systems) are certainly a leading example of these cases. Regardless of the level of autonomy, these systems are extremely complex and difficult to maintain and represent a clear challenge for the application of new approaches. Therefore, the authors of the paper propose the use of middleware that would enable the integration of various GAI tools, algorithms, and models to increase the effectiveness of diagnostics and maintenance as close as possible to real-time. However, the exact extent of the possibilities and limitations of this approach has yet to be determined. © 2024 IEEE.

关键词： Maintenance

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Optimal aeration management strategy for a small-scale food waste composting

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Carbon Resources Conversion 2024年第1期7卷 79-88页

作者： Jia Chi Lai Yi Lung Then Siaw San Hwang Chung Sien Lee School of Engineering and Science Faculty of EngineeringComputing and ScienceSwinburne University of Technology93350 KuchingSarawakMalaysia Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering Faculty of EngineeringUniversiti Malaysia Sarawak94300 Kota SamarahanSarawakMalaysia

Food waste is a significant contributor to greenhouse gas emissions when it ends up in *** turns out to be a sustainable solution to this problem,but it requires controlled and continuous airflow for optimal *** study focused on the effect of aeration rates and airflow directions on food waste composting using a closed system with forced *** was entered into the composting vessel in three directions,which were upward,downward,and a combination of both *** direction was run at aeration rates of 0.1,0.4,and 0.7 L/*** findings showed that the compost pile aerated at 0.4 L/min by using two-directional airflow can reach the thermophilic temperature within half of the *** compost pile achieved temperature of 40.94℃ after 10.5 *** the compost experienced slightly high in moisture loss(4.3%),the compost still attained the standard values for *** compost produced from food waste could be applied in soil to improve its fertility.

关键词： Small-scale composting Two-directional airflow Intermittent aeration Food waste

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Biochemical and Physiological Responses of Arabidopsis thaliana Leaves to Moderate Mechanical Stimulation

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Phyton-International Journal of Experimental Botany 2023年第3期92卷 901-920页

作者： Iva Šutevski Klara Krmpotić Sandra Vitko Nataša Bauer Eva Fancev Mario Cifrek Željka Vidaković-Cifrek Department of Biology Faculty of ScienceUniversity of ZagrebZagreb10000Croatia Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computing University of ZagrebZagreb10000Croatia

Mechanical stimulation of plants can be caused by various abiotic and biotic environmental *** from the negative consequences,it can also cause positive changes,such as acclimatization of plants to stress ***,it is necessary to study the physiological and biochemical mechanisms underlying the response of plants to mechanical *** aim was to evaluate the response of model plant Arabidopsis thaliana to a moderate force of 5 N(newton)for 20 s,which could be compared with the pressure caused by animal movement and weather conditions such as heavy *** stimulated leaves were sampled 1 h after exposure and after a recovery period of 20 *** study a possible systemic response,unstimulated leaves of treated plants were collected 20 h after exposure alongside the stimulated leaves from the same *** effect of stimulation was assessed by measuring oxidative stress parameters,antioxidant enzymes activity,total phenolics,and photosynthetic *** leaves showed increased lipid peroxidation 1 h after treatment and increased superoxide dismutase activity and phenolic oxidation rate after a 20-h recovery *** photosynthetic performance after the 20-h recovery period,the effective quantum yield of the photosystem II was lower in the stimulated leaves,whereas photochemical quenching was lower in the unstimulated leaves of the treated *** quenching was lower in the stimulated leaves 1 h after *** study suggested that plants sensed moderate force,but it did not induce pronounced change in metabolism or photosynthetic *** component analysis distinguished three groups–leaves of untreated plants,leaves analysed 1 h after stimulation,while stimulated and unstimulated leaves of treated plants analysed 20 h after treatment formed together the third *** grouping of stimulated and unstimulated leaves of treated plants could indicate signal transducti

关键词： Arabidopsis thaliana mechanical stimulation oxidative stress antioxidant enzymes photosynthetic performance systemic response

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Optical Filter Selection for the Detection of Light Pollution from Low Earth Orbit 47

Optical Filter Selection for the Detection of Light Pollutio...

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47th ICT and Electronics Convention, MIPRO 2024

作者： Babić, Dubravko Tutavac, Jakov Lončar, Josip Vuković, Josip University Of Zagreb Faculty Of Electrical Engineering And Computing Department Of Communication And Space Technologies Zagreb Croatia

ISBN: (纸本)9798350382495

Light pollution is defined as excessive, misdirected, or obtrusive artificially produced outdoor lighting. It disrupts ecosystems and wastes energy, besides interfering with astronomic research. Light pollution is currently growing at a rate of almost 10% annually, and is an active area of research and monitoring. This paper describes a design step in the development of a single-pixel monitoring payload to perform light-source identification from low-Earth orbit. Public light sources emit signature light spectra in the visible and near-infrared range. This spectrum is captured in eight or fewer spectral segments using optical bandpass filters thus achieving two orders of magnitude data reduction relative to state-of-the-art mini spectrometers. The challenge is to select the center wavelengths and full width at half maximum (FWHM) of the optical filters to achieve highest accuracy in identifying the light sources in the light mixtures captured from a low Earth orbit (LEO).We describe the optimization procedure used to select filter characteristics for monitoring light pollution from orbit using an eight-detector characterization payload. © 2024 IEEE.

关键词： Light sources

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User Input Search - Custom Motion Estimation Algorithm Optimized for UAVs 46

User Input Search - Custom Motion Estimation Algorithm Optim...

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46th ICT and Electronics Convention, MIPRO 2023

作者： Benjak, J. Hofman, D. Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computing Department of Control and Computer Engineering Zagreb Croatia

ISBN: (纸本)9789532331042

Unmanned aerial vehicle technology is growing rapidly as it finds its application in the various industries, including military & defense, agriculture, logistics, transportation, healthcare, entertainment and many others. One of the fastest growing industries including drones is the entertainment industry. More specifically, First Person View (FPV) piloting has become a popular sport which attracts huge masses. In FPV systems, the pilot wears FPV goggles and controls the drone using a controller, and the drone transmits video data to the goggles in real time. Since drones usually fly very quickly, the video quality in terms of resolution, compression artefacts and end-to-end delay must be maintained. This paper explores the idea of optimizing the Motion Estimation (ME) algorithm of existing High Efficiency Video Coding (HEVC) algorithms by utilizing user input from the controller. For example, if the drone is directed to hover to the left, then it would make sense to search for the most similar blocks in the previous video frame only on the left side of the referent block. For the purpose of this research, a HEVC video coder was customized to receive additional input besides the video data - the user input from the controller, or in other words, drone movement directions. We call this ME algorithm User Input Search (UIS). Our UIS algorithm is compared with the standard ME algorithms and its efficiency is tested. © 2023 MIPRO Croatian Society.

关键词： Real time systems

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UNCERTAINTIES FOR MEASURED AND MODELLED ENVIRONMENTAL NOISE PARAMETERS FROM INTERLABORATORY COMPARISON 10

UNCERTAINTIES FOR MEASURED AND MODELLED ENVIRONMENTAL NOISE ...

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10th Convention of the European Acoustics Association, EAA 2023

作者： Petošić, Antonio Marinković, Toni Stošić, Domagoj Franček, Petar Department of Electroacoustics University of Zagreb Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computing Croatia

ISBN: (纸本)9788888942674

In this paper the results of interlaboratory comparison (ILC) in the field of environmental noise parameters measurements according to ISO 1996-2:2017 without (41 labs) and with meteorological conditions at 10 m together with modelling results according ISO 9613-2:1997 (10 labs) and EU-CNOSSOS method (7 labs) are presented. The two measurement situations are considered, simulated industrial site with loudspeaker inside the building and local road. The industrial site noise parameters are measured at two positions (25m in free field and at 50 m in front of reflection surface). Traffic noise levels are measured in the free field at 100 m distance. The environmental noise levels are obtained under the different influence of residual noise from near highway and local activities during the day period. The measurement results for A-weighted equivalent sound pressure levels (LAe, eq), A-weighted spectrum for industrial noise site and in addition sound exposure levels (LAE) for each individual pass-by of vehicles with their standard deviations and measurement uncertainties for each traffic category are shown with determined meteorological conditions. The measurement results at reference points are later used in modelling the industrial noise source and local road at other defined positions with results of modelling expressed in terms of sound power and sound descriptors with reported and calculated measurement uncertainties for complete ILC. © 2023 First author et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

关键词： Roads and streets

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A Simple and Elegant Method for computing the Inverse Z-transform of Rational Functions 29

A Simple and Elegant Method for Computing the Inverse Z-tran...

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29th International Conference on Information, Communication and Automation Technologies, ICAT 2023

作者： Juric, Zeljko Faculty of Electrical Engineering Department of Computing and Informatics Sarajevo Bosnia and Herzegovina

ISBN: (纸本)9798350399837

Finding the inverse z-transform of a rational function is usually considered a completely routine task with nothing special to say about it. However, practically all the procedures described in the engineering literature for doing this task can be very laborious for manual calculation when the function whose inverse z-transform is sought has multiple poles. This is often a problem for students when solving homework and exam tasks. The situation is particularly awkward when the poles are ugly numbers. Additionally, the described procedures are very unsuitable for programming on a computer. This paper proposes a simple, elegant and student-friendly way to calculate the inverse z-transform of a rational function. In addition to the basic variant, which is most suitable for manual calculation when the poles are relatively nice numbers, there are also variants that may be more suitable in other cases, including a variant that is extremely suitable for programming on a computer, even on the programmable calculators. © 2023 IEEE.

关键词： Z transforms

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Parallel DNA sequencing with exact and approximate string-matching algorithms 29

Parallel DNA sequencing with exact and approximate string-ma...

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29th International Conference on Information, Communication and Automation Technologies, ICAT 2023

作者： Begovic, A. Kaleta, S. Panjeta, E. Polutan, E. Faculty of Electrical Engineering Department of Computing and Informatics Sarajevo Bosnia and Herzegovina

ISBN: (纸本)9798350399837

String-matching algorithms are concerned with lo-cating specific patterns within larger strings or text files. This problem of exact sequence matching is studied in various fields of molecular biology, data compression, and information retrieval. Therefore, the goal of this paper is to address problems that string matching algorithms have when used on DNA sequences. The main obstacles are the pattern and text lengths that are used as input data. The main content and the whole goal is to adapt the parallel string matching problem to a larger size of text and adapt exact brute force to fit the idea of a DNA matching that can not have 100% matching. To achieve that idea is to implement naive k-mismatches that allow matching to 99% which is acceptable when talking about DNK sequences. © 2023 IEEE.

关键词： DNA

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