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Research on the Effect of Solution Acidity and Alkalinity on Microstructure and Properties of Tungsten Alloys Reinforced by Yttria Stabilized Zirconia Particles

Research on the Effect of Solution Acidity and Alkalinity on...

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European Powder Metallurgy Congress and Exhibition, Euro PM 2020

作者： Xiao, Fangnao Barriere, Thierry Cheng, Gang Miao, Qiang Wei, Shizhong Xu, Liujie Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté FEMTO-ST Institute CNRS UFC ENSMM UTBM Department of Applied Mechanics Besançon25000 France INSA CVL Univ. Tours Univ. Orléans LaMé 3 rue de la Chocolaterie BP 3410 Blois Cedex41034 France College of Material Science and Technology Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics 29 Yudao Street Nanjing210000 China National Joint Engineering Research Center for Abrasion Control and Molding of Metal Materials He-Nan University of Science and Technology Luoyang471003 China

ISBN: (纸本)9781899072514

Yttria stabilized zirconia particles [W-Zr(Y)O2] strengthened tungsten alloys [W-Zr(Y)O2] was developed via azeotropic distillation method combined with powder metallurgy method. The effects of acidity and alkalinity of original solution on the precursor powders' morphology, alloys' microstructure and properties were investigated deeply. The results show that precursor powders synthesized under solution with pH=2 possesses finer particles. The grain sizes of W-Zr(Y)O2 alloys prepared under different pH values are almost same in range of 2-6 μm, much smaller than that of pure tungsten. As pH value increased from 2 to 8, there are more and more bonding Zr(Y)O2 particles observed. W-Zr(Y)O2 alloy prepared under pH=2 possesses better microstructure and compressive properties compared to other two alloys prepared under pH=5 and pH=8, respectively. The wear resistance increased firstly and then decreased with increasing Zr(Y)O2 mass fraction. The optimal amount of ZrO2 for improving wear property is 3%. © European Powder Metallurgy Association (EPMA)

关键词： Zirconia

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Hybrid Vesicles Enable Mechano-Responsive Hydrogel Degradation

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Angewandte Chemie 2023年第41期135卷

作者： Sung-Won Hwang Chung-Man Lim Prof. Cong Truc Huynh Hossein Moghimianavval Prof. Nicholas A. Kotov Prof. Eben Alsberg Prof. Allen P. Liu Department of Chemical Engineering University of Michigan Ann Arbor MI 48109 USA Department of Materials Science and Engineering University of Michigan Ann Arbor MI 48109 USA Department of Biomedical Engineering University of Illinois Chicago Chicago IL 60612 USA Department of Mechanical Engineering University of Michigan Ann Arbor MI 48109 USA Departments of Biomedical Engineering Macromolecular Science and Engineering Biointerfaces Institute University of Michigan Ann Arbor MI 48109 USA Departments of Orthopedic Surgery Pharmacology and Regenerative Medicine and Mechanical and Industrial Engineering University of Illinois Chicago Chicago IL 60612 USA Departments of Biomedical Engineering Biophysics Cellular and Molecular Biology Program Applied Physics Program University of Michigan Ann Arbor MI 48109 USA

Stimuli-responsive hydrogels are intriguing biomimetic materials. Previous efforts to develop mechano-responsive hydrogels have mostly relied on chemical modifications of the hydrogel structures. Here, we present a simple, generalizable strategy that confers mechano-responsive behavior on hydrogels. Our approach involves embedding hybrid vesicles, composed of phospholipids and amphiphilic block copolymers, within the hydrogel matrix to act as signal transducers. Under mechanical stress, these vesicles undergo deformation and rupture, releasing encapsulated compounds that can control the hydrogel network. To demonstrate this concept, we embedded vesicles containing ethylene glycol tetraacetic acid (EGTA), a calcium chelator, into a calcium-crosslinked alginate hydrogel. When compressed, the released EGTA sequesters calcium ions and degrades the hydrogel. This study provides a novel method for engineering mechano-responsive hydrogels that may be useful in various biomedical applications.

关键词： Block Copolymers Functional Material Stimuli-Responsive Hydrogel Stress-Induced Degradation Vesicles

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Highly efficient capture of E. coli using amidoximated polyacrylonitrile nanofiber membrane immobilized with reactive green 19 dye/polyhexamethylene biguanide: Antibacterial and cytotoxicity studies

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Separation and Purification Technology 2024年 338卷

作者： Quang-Vinh Le Bing-Lan Liu Penjit Srinophakun Jeng-Ywan Shih Chi-Yun Wang Chen‑Yaw Chiu Shen-Long Tsai Kuei-Hsiang Chen Yu-Kaung Chang Department of Chemical Engineering National Taiwan University of Science and Technology Taipei City 10607 Taiwan Department of Applied Chemistry Chaoyang University of Technology Taichung 413310 Taiwan Department of Chemical Engineering Kasetsart University 50 Ngamwongwan Road Chatuchak Bangkok 10900 Thailand Department of Chemical Engineering Ming Chi University of Technology New Taipei City 243303 Taiwan International Ph.D. Program in Innovative Technology of Biomedical Engineering and Medical Devices Ming Chi University of Technology New Taipei City 243303 Taiwan Bone and Joint Research Centre Chang Gung Memorial Hospital Taoyuan City 333423 Taiwan Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science Yuan Ze University Zhongli Dist. Taoyuan City 320315 Taiwan

In this study, we synthesized an amidoximated polyacrylonitrile nanofiber membrane (P-Oxime). Subsequently, we grafted reactive green 19 (RG19) dye onto its surface, resulting in the formation of the P-Oxime-RG19 membrane. Further enhancement was achieved by physically attaching poly(hexamethylene biguanide) hydrochloride (PHMB) to the P-Oxime-RG19 membrane, leading to the formation of the P-Oxime-RG19-PHMB membrane. Extensive characterization of the nanofiber membranes was conducted, focusing on crucial physical and mechanical properties such as functional group content, morphology, and thermostability. The optimization of various modification conditions, including initial dye and PHMB concentrations, duration, temperature, and nitrile group conversion to oxime concentrations, played a pivotal role in achieving superior antibacterial performance in P-Oxime-RG19-PHMB nanofiber membranes. In-depth analyses involved the application of kinetic and equilibrium thermodynamic models to unravel the modification processes of RG19 dye and PHMB in the nanofiber membranes. Under the carefully tuned optimal modification conditions, the P-Oxime-RG19-PHMB nanofiber membrane exhibited remarkable antibacterial efficacy, achieving nearly 100% disinfection of E. coli . In addition to exploring its antimicrobial capabilities, we thoroughly examined the repeatability and biocompatibility of the nanofiber membranes. The results indicated not only the P-Oxime-RG19-PHMB nanofiber membrane was a highly promising antibacterial material but also highlighted its potential for diverse applications, particularly in food and textile fabrication, owing to its exceptional performance and suitability.

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Nonlocality in photonic materials and metamaterials: roadmap

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Optical materials Express 2025年第7期15卷 1544-1709页

作者： Francesco Monticone N Asger Mortensen Antonio I Fernández-Domínguez Yu Luo Xuezhi Zheng Christos Tserkezis Jacob B Khurgin Tigran V Shahbazyan André J Chaves Nuno M R Peres Gino Wegner Kurt Busch Huatian Hu Fabio Della Sala Pu Zhang Cristian Ciracì Javier Aizpurua Antton Babaze Andrei G Borisov Xue-Wen Chen Thomas Christensen Wei Yan Yi Yang Ulrich Hohenester Lorenz Huber Martijn Wubs Simone De Liberato P A D Gonçalves F Javier García de Abajo Ortwin Hess Illya Tarasenko Joel D Cox Line Jelver Eduardo J C Dias Miguel Sánchez Sánchez Dionisios Margetis Guillermo Gómez-Santos Igor M Vasilevskiy Tobias Stauber Sergei Tretyakov Constantin Simovski Samaneh Pakniyat J Sebastián Gómez-Díaz Igor V Bondarev Svend-Age Biehs Alexra Boltasseva Vladimir M Shalaev Alexey V Krasavin Anatoly V Zayats Andrea Alù Jung-Hwan Song Mark L Brongersma Uriel Levy Olivia Y Long Cheng Guo Shanhui Fan Sergey I Bozhevolnyi Adam Overvig Filipa R Prudêncio Mário G Silveirinha S Ali Hassani Gangaraj Christos Argyropoulos Paloma A Huidobro Emanuele Galiffi Fan Yang John B Pendry David A B Miller School of Electrical and Computer Engineering Cornell University Ithaca New York 14853 USA POLIMA—Center for Polariton-driven Light-Matter Interactions University of Southern Denmark Campusvej 55 DK-5230 Odense M Denmark D-IAS—Danish Institute for Advanced Study University of Southern Denmark Campusvej 55 DK-5230 Odense M Denmark Departamento de Física Teórica de la Materia Condensada Universidad Autónoma de Madrid E-28049 Madrid Spain Condensed Matter Physics Center (IFIMAC) Universidad Autónoma de Madrid E-28049 Madrid Spain School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering Nanyang Technological University Singapore 639798 Singapore Key Laboratory of Radar Imaging and Microwave Photonics Ministry of Education College of Electronic and Information Engineering Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics Nanjing 211106 China WaveCoRE Division Department of Electrical Engineering KU Leuven Leuven B-3001 Belgium Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Johns Hopkins University Baltimore Maryland 21218 USA Department of Physics Jackson State University Jackson Mississippi 39217 USA Department of Physics Aeronautics Institute of Technology 12228-900 So Jos dos Campos SP Brazil Centro de Física (CF-UM-UP) and Departamento de Física Universidade do Minho P-4710-057 Braga Portugal International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory (INL) Av Mestre José Veiga 4715-330 Braga Portugal Max-Born-Institut 12489 Berlin Germany Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin Institut für Physik AG Theoretische Optik and Photonik 12489 Berlin Germany Center for Biomolecular Nanotechnologies Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia Via Barsanti 14 73010 Arnesano Italy Institute for Microelectronics and Microsystems (CNR-IMM) Via Monteroni Campus Unisalento 73100 Lecce Italy School of Physics Huazhong University of Science and Technology Luoyu Road 1037 Wuhan 430074 China Donostia International Physics Center DIPC 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián Spain Ikerbasque Basque Foundation fo

Photonic technologies continue to drive the quest for new optical materials with unprecedented responses. A major frontier in this field is the exploration of nonlocal (spatially dispersive) materials, going beyond the local, wavevector-independent assumption traditionally adopted in optical material modeling. The growing interest in plasmonic, polaritonic, and quantum materials has revealed naturally occurring nonlocalities, emphasizing the need for more accurate models to predict and design their optical responses. This has major implications also for topological, nonreciprocal, and time-varying systems based on these material platforms. Beyond natural materials, artificially structured materials—metamaterials and metasurfaces—can provide even stronger and engineered nonlocal effects, emerging from long-range interactions or multipolar effects. This is a rapidly expanding area in the field of photonic metamaterials, with open frontiers yet to be explored. In metasurfaces, in particular, nonlocality engineering has emerged as a powerful tool for designing strongly wavevector-dependent responses, enabling enhanced wavefront control, spatial compression, multifunctional devices, and wave-based computing. Furthermore, nonlocality and related concepts play a critical role in defining the ultimate limits of what is possible in optics, photonics, and wave physics. This Roadmap aims to survey the most exciting developments in nonlocal photonic materials and metamaterials, highlight new opportunities and open challenges, and chart new pathways that will drive this emerging field forward—toward new scientific discoveries and technological *** by Optica Publishing Group under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License . Further distribution of this work must maintain attribution to the author(s) and the published article's title, journal citation, and DOI.

关键词： Chemical elements Localized surface plasmon resonance Material properties Near field scanning optical microscopy Optical materials Thin films

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Correction to: The formation of new (Al, Zn)3Zr precipitates in an Al–Zn–Mg–Cu aluminum alloy after aging treatment and their response to dynamic compression

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Archives of Civil and Mechanical engineering 2022年第1期23卷 1-1页

作者： Khan, Muhammad Abubaker Wang, Yangwei Afifi, Mohamed A. Tabish, Mohammad Hamza, Muhammad Yasin, Ghulam Ahmad, Tahir Liao, Wei-Bing College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering Shenzhen University Shenzhen China School of Materials Science and Engineering Beijing Institute of Technology Beijing China Mechanical Engineering Program School of Engineering and Applied Sciences Nile University Giza Egypt Smart Engineering Systems Research Centre (SESC) Nile University Giza Egypt School of Materials Science and Engineering Beijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing China Institute of Advanced Materials Bahauddin Zakariya University Multan Pakistan Department of Metallurgy and Materials Engineering College of Engineering and Emerging Technologies University of the Punjab Lahore Pakistan

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Kramers Nodal Lines and Weyl Fermions in SmAlSi

arXiv

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arXiv 2022年

作者： Zhang, Yichen Gao, Yuxiang Gao, Xue-Jian Lei, Shiming Ni, Zhuoliang Oh, Ji Seop Huang, Jianwei Yue, Ziqin Zonno, Marta Gorovikov, Sergey Hashimoto, Makoto Lu, Donghui Denlinger, Jonathan D. Birgeneau, Robert J. Kono, Junichiro Wu, Liang Law, Kam Tuen Morosan, Emilia Yi, Ming Department of Physics and Astronomy Rice University HoustonTX77005 United States Department of Physics Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Clear Water Bay Hong Kong Department of Physics and Astronomy University of Pennsylvania PhiladelphiaPA19104 United States Department of Physics University of California BerkeleyCA94720 United States Applied Physics Graduate Program Smalley-Curl Institute Rice University HoustonTX77005 United States Canadian Light Source Inc. 44 Innovation Boulevard SaskatoonSKS7N 2V3 Canada Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory 2575 Sand Hill Road Menlo ParkCA94025 United States Advanced Light Source Lawrence Berekeley National Laboratory BerkeleyCA94720 United States Materials Science Division Lawrence Berekeley National Laboratory BerkeleyCA94720 United States Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Rice University HoustonTX77005 United States Department of Materials Science and Nanoengineering Rice University HoustonTX77005 United States

Kramers nodal lines (KNLs) have recently been proposed theoretically as a special type of Weyl line degeneracy connecting time-reversal invariant momenta. KNLs are robust to spin orbit coupling and are inherent to all non-centrosymmetric achiral crystal structures, leading to unusual spin, magneto-electric, and optical properties. However, their existence in in real quantum materials has not been experimentally established. Here we gather the experimental evidence pointing at the presence of KNLs in SmAlSi, a non-centrosymmetric metal that develops incommensurate spin density wave order at low temperature. Using angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy, density functional theory calculations, and magneto-transport methods, we provide evidence suggesting the presence of KNLs, together with observing Weyl fermions under the broken inversion symmetry in the paramagnetic phase of SmAlSi. We discuss the nesting possibilities regarding the emergent magnetic orders in SmAlSi. Our results provide a solid basis of experimental observations for exploring correlated topology in SmAlSi. © 2022, CC BY-NC-SA.

关键词： Temperature

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Nonreciprocal transport in a bilayer of MnBi2Te4 and Pt

arXiv

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arXiv 2022年

作者： Ye, Chen Xie, Xiangnan Lv, Wenxing Huang, Ke Yang, Allen Jian Jiang, Sicong Liu, Xue Zhu, Dapeng Qiu, Xuepeng Tong, Mingyu Zhou, Tong Hsu, Chuang-Han Chang, Guoqing Lin, Hsin Li, Peisen Yang, Kesong Wang, Zhenyu Jiang, Tian Wang, Xiao Renshaw Division of Physics and Applied Physics School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences Nanyang Technological University 21 Nanyang Link 637371 Singapore State Key Laboratory of High Performance Computing College of Computer Science and Technology National University of Defense Technology Changsha410073 China Physics Laboratory Industrial Training Center Shenzhen Polytechnic Guangdong Shenzhen518055 China Department of NanoEngineering Program of Chemical Engineering University of California La Jolla San DiegoCA92093-0448 United States Program of Materials Science and Engineering University of California La Jolla San DiegoCA92093-0418 United States Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology Anhui University Hefei230601 China Fert Beijing Institute MIIT Key Laboratory of Spintronics School of Integrated Circuit Science and Engineering Beihang University Beijing100191 China Beihang-Goertek Joint Microelectronics Institute Qingdao Research Institute Beihang University Qingdao266000 China Shanghai Key Laboratory of Special Artificial Microstructure Materials and Technology School of Physics Science and Engineering Tongji University Shanghai200092 China College of Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies National University of Defense Technology Changsha410073 China Insitute of Physics Academia Sinica Taipei115229 Taiwan College of Intelligence Science and Technology National University of Defense Technology Changsha410073 China National Innovation Institute of Defense Technology Academy of Military Sciences PLA China Beijing100010 China Beijing Academy of Quantum Information Sciences Beijing100084 China Beijing Institute for Advanced Study National University of Defense Technology Changsha410073 China School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering Nanyang Technological University 50 Nanyang Ave 639798 Singapore

MnBi2Te4 (MBT) is the first intrinsic magnetic topological insulator with the interaction of spin-momentum locked surface electrons and intrinsic magnetism, and it exhibits novel magnetic and topological phenomena. Recent studies suggested that the interaction of electrons and magnetism can be affected by the Mn-doped Bi2Te3 phase at the surface due to inevitable structural defects. Here we report an observation of nonreciprocal transport, i.e. current-direction-dependent resistance, in a bilayer composed of antiferromagnetic MBT and nonmagnetic Pt. The emergence of the nonreciprocal response below the Néel temperature confirms a correlation between nonreciprocity and intrinsic magnetism in the surface state of MBT. The angular dependence of the nonreciprocal transport indicates that nonreciprocal response originates from the asymmetry scattering of electrons at the surface of MBT mediated by magnon. Our work provides an insight into nonreciprocity arising from the correlation between magnetism and Dirac surface electrons in intrinsic magnetic topological insulators. © 2022, CC BY.

关键词： Magnetism

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MAP123-EP: A mechanistic-based data-driven approach for numerical elastoplastic analysis

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Computer Methods in applied mechanics and engineering 2020年 364卷

作者： Tang, Shan Li, Ying Qiu, Hai Yang, Hang Saha, Sourav Mojumder, Satyajit Liu, Wing Kam Guo, Xu State Key Laboratory of Structural Analysis for Industrial Equipment Department of Engineering Mechanics Dalian University of Technology Dalian 116023 China International Research Center for Computational Mechanics Dalian University of Technology 116023 China Department of Mechanical Engineering and Institute of Materials Science University of Connecticut Storrs 06269 CT United States Theoretical and Applied Mechanics Program Northwestern University 60208 United States Department of Mechanical Engineering Northwestern University 60208 United States

In this paper, a mechanistic-based data-driven approach, MAP123-EP, is proposed for numerical analysis of elastoplastic materials. In this method, stress-update is driven by a set of one-dimensional stress–strain data generated by numerical or physical experiments under uniaxial loading. Numerical results indicate that combined with the classical strain-driven scheme, the proposed method can predict the mechanical response of isotropic elastoplastic materials (characterized by J2 plasticity model with isotropic/kinematic hardening and associated Drucker–Prager model) accurately without resorting to the typical ingredients of classical model-based plasticity, such as decomposing the total strain into elastic and plastic parts, as well as identifying explicit functional expressions of yielding surface and hardening curve. This mechanistic-based data-driven approach has the potential of opening up a new avenue for numerical analysis of problems where complex material behaviors cannot be described in explicit function/functional forms. The applicability and limitation of the proposed approach are also discussed. © 2020 Elsevier B.V.

关键词： Constitutive law Data-driven Elastoplastic material Finite element analysis Strain-driven

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Superhydrophobic, Oleophobic, Self-Cleaning Flexible Wearable Temperature Sensing Device

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ECS Advances 2022年第3期1卷 036502-036502页

作者： Chen, Chen-Han Tsai, Ting-Wei Cheng, I-Chun Chen, Jian-Zhang Graduate Institute of Applied Mechanics National Taiwan University Taipei City 106319 Taiwan Graduate Institute of Photonics and Optoelectronics Department of Electrical Engineering National Taiwan University Taipei City 106319 Taiwan Innovative Photonics Advanced Research Center (i-PARC) National Taiwan University Taipei City 106319 Taiwan Advanced Research Center for Green Materials Science and Technology National Taiwan University Taipei City 106319 Taiwan Graduate School of Advanced Technology National Taiwan University Taipei City 106319 Taiwan

We use a poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS)/carbon nanotube (CNT) composite as the temperature sensing layer, and the device exhibited a high sensitivity of −2.46%/°C. A sandpaper-molded PDMS with fluorinated surface modification protection layer is used as the superhydrophobic, oleophobic, self-cleaning protective encapsulation layer. This device exhibits a self-cleaning function when it makes contact with liquids such as water, tea, coffee, and milk. In addition, the surface can also repel liquids with low surface tension (such as oil), exhibiting good oleophobicity. Resistance to ultrasonication in an organic solvent for 120 min and a 400-cycle tape peel test reveal durability of this device. The device functions under similar conditions after 1000 bending cycles with a bending radius of 0.875 mm. In this work, we demonstrate a simple and low-cost technique to fabricate durable and wearable temperature sensing devices. © 2022 The Author(s). Published on behalf of The Electrochemical Society by IOP Publishing Limited.

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Low-frequency conductivity of low wear high-entropy alloys

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Nature communications 2024年第1期15卷 4554页

作者： Cheng-Hsien Yeh Wen-Dung Hsu Bernard Haochih Liu Chan-Shan Yang Chen-Yun Kuan Yuan-Chun Chang Kai-Sheng Huang Song-Syun Jhang Chia-Yen Lu Peter K Liaw Chuan-Feng Shih Department of Electrical Engineering National Cheng Kung University Tainan 70101 Taiwan. Department of Materials Science and Engineering National Cheng Kung University Tainan 70101 Taiwan. wendung@mail.ncku.edu.tw. Applied High Entropy Technology (AHET) Center National Cheng Kung University Tainan 70101 Taiwan. wendung@mail.ncku.edu.tw. Program on Semiconductor Packaging and Testing Academy of Innovative Semiconductor and Sustainable Manufacture National Cheng Kung University Tainan 70101 Taiwan. wendung@mail.ncku.edu.tw. Department of Materials Science and Engineering National Cheng Kung University Tainan 70101 Taiwan. hcliu@mail.ncku.edu.tw. Applied High Entropy Technology (AHET) Center National Cheng Kung University Tainan 70101 Taiwan. hcliu@mail.ncku.edu.tw. Applied High Entropy Technology (AHET) Center National Cheng Kung University Tainan 70101 Taiwan. csyang@ntnu.edu.tw. Institute and Undergraduate Program of Electro-Optical Engineering National Taiwan Normal University Taipei 11677 Taiwan. csyang@ntnu.edu.tw. Department of Materials Science and Engineering National Cheng Kung University Tainan 70101 Taiwan. Institute and Undergraduate Program of Electro-Optical Engineering National Taiwan Normal University Taipei 11677 Taiwan. Department of Materials Science and Engineering The University of Tennessee Knoxville TN 37996 USA. Department of Electrical Engineering National Cheng Kung University Tainan 70101 Taiwan. cfshih@mail.ncku.edu.tw. Applied High Entropy Technology (AHET) Center National Cheng Kung University Tainan 70101 Taiwan. cfshih@mail.ncku.edu.tw. Program on Semiconductor Packaging and Testing Academy of Innovative Semiconductor and Sustainable Manufacture National Cheng Kung University Tainan 70101 Taiwan. cfshih@mail.ncku.edu.tw.

High-entropy alloys (HEAs) provide new research avenues for alloy combinations in the periodic table, opening numerous possibilities in novel-alloy applications. However, their electrical characteristics have been relatively underexplored. The challenge in establishing an HEA electrical conductivity model lies in the changes in electronic characteristics caused by lattice distortion and complexity of nanostructures. Here we show a low-frequency electrical conductivity model for the Nb-Mo-Ta-W HEA system. The cocktail effect is found to explain trends in electrical-conductivity changes in HEAs, while the magnitude of the reduction is understood by the calculated plasma frequency, free electron density, and measured relaxation time by terahertz spectroscopy. As a result, the refractory HEA NbMoTaW thin film exhibits both high hardness and excellent conductivity. This combination of NbMoTaW makes it suitable for applications in atomic force microscopy probe coating, significantly improving their wear resistance and atomic-scale image resolution.

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