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Developing a tool for assessing classroom healthiness in Egyptian primary schools

HBRC Journal 2025年第1期21卷 17-41页

作者： Raafat Makram, Hadeer Dewidar, Khaled Mohamed Abdel-Razek, Shahira Assem Guirguis, Marianne Nabil Department of Architectural Engineering Faculty of Engineering Delta University for Science and Technology Gamasa Egypt Department of Architectural Engineering Faculty of Engineering Ain Shams University Cairo Egypt Architectural Engineering Department Faculty of Engineering The British University in Egypt Cairo Egypt

Ensuring a healthy indoor classroom environment is essential for supporting student health, comfort, and academic performance. However, most existing environmental assessment tools evaluate entire buildings rather than addressing the unique conditions of individual classrooms. To bridge this gap, this study introduces the Classroom Healthiness Assessment Tool for IEQ (CHAT: IEQ), a novel, classroom-specific framework for assessing indoor environmental quality (IEQ) and overall healthiness. CHAT: IEQ evaluates six key IEQ dimensions: thermal comfort, air quality, lighting quality, sound quality, view quality, and spatial quality. It integrates 60 key performance indicators (KPIs) across 24 assessment criteria, systematically derived and benchmarked against national and international standards, expert insights, and existing rating systems. The tool generates a quantitative "overall healthiness value," enabling precise identification of environmental deficiencies. Applied to nine Egyptian primary classrooms, the assessment uncovered significant IEQ disparities, identifying critical health risks and areas for improvement. As a practical decision-making resource, CHAT: IEQ supports evidence-based interventions and guiding renovation and retrofitting efforts. This study highlights the pressing need for targeted strategies to create healthier, more comfortable, and academically supportive classrooms for young learners. By addressing specific classroom challenges and improving environmental conditions, CHAT: IEQ offers a valuable tool for enhancing student well-being and optimizing learning environments. It also contributes to ongoing efforts in improving public health in educational spaces, particularly in regions with limited resources. © 2025 The Author(s). Published by Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group.

关键词： Students

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Adaptive socio-economic design approach for schooling systems in Egypt’s poorest areas (an applied project)

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HBRC Journal 2024年第1期20卷 153-178页

作者： Mohamed Ghalwash, Omnia Reda Sheta, Sherif Ahmed Ali Samra, Medhat Ahmed Shabaan Architectural Engineering Future Academy of Engineering and Technology Dakahlia Mansura Egypt Architectural Engineering Department Faculty of Engineering Mansoura University Mansoura Egypt

Educational spaces are one of the most critical operations laid down with the architect, school design is a foundation to build/re-build any community. According to current financial variabilities, political crises, and continuous lack of resources, a gap between human classes is widespread, leading to extremely poor, and recently refugees’ communities. Regarding to education, the problem is that traditional school buildings with fixed structures are not effective nor available to these categories with extremely low resources and barley any infrastructure, therefore, it is essential to adopt new concepts to activate the function and impact of educational spaces in these urgent communities. The study aims to create a school "system" to fulfill the task of providing educational spaces, depending on the elements of adaptability with considering social, low-cost impact according to main definitions. With implementing the child`s psychological- physiological development elements, age category from 6 :13 years "Middle childhood: Early adolescence" inside the design process. In Egypt, there are several areas of extremely poor living conditions, the two highly alarming case studies are first, Upper Egypt`s rural villages having the highest ratio of extreme poverty in Egypt, second, refugee camps that became part and parcel of any standing country, both representing urgent need for children`s education rescue. This paper is concentrating as a beginning on first case study as it has the highest percentage of out- school children. As result, trying to fulfill the task by creating an applied school system (project-based) with the adopted criteria, suitable to selected areas main conditions. © 2024 The Author(s). Published by Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group.

关键词： Costs

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Toward configuring healthier classrooms: developing indoor environmental quality assessment indicators

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HBRC Journal 2024年第1期20卷 39-57页

作者： Raafat Makram, Hadeer Dewidar, Khaled Mohamed Assem Abdel-Razek, Shahira Nabil Guirguis, Marianne Department of Architectural Engineering Faculty of Engineering Delta University for Science and Technology Gamasa Egypt Department of Architectural Engineering Faculty of Engineering Ain Shams University Cairo Egypt Architectural Engineering Department Faculty of Engineering The British University in Egypt Cairo Egypt

Classrooms serve as essential indoor environments for students, as they spend a significant portion of their developmental years within them. This has prompted a critical set of questioning of these indoor environments, presenting the emergence of understanding how they affect health and comfort, as well as the importance of assessing these effects. Currently, one of the most advantageous methods of assessment is the Green building Rating Tools (GBRTs). There is an abundance of rating tools that aid in assessing the performance of many types of buildings’ Indoor Environmental Quality (IEQ). However, maintaining a healthy classroom environment (HCE) necessitates the integration of health and comfort aspects alongside any classroom assessment process. Thus, the primary aim of the current research was to identify the definition of HCE attributes. Moreover, the research aims to detect areas that are yet to be considered or need more attention of the current IEQ assessment indicators, regarding promoting and assessing any classroom environmental healthiness. This was done by revisiting and delving into the IEQ-health-comfort relation, and, moreover, analyzing the attributes which verify the healthiness of a classroom environment and indicators which are traditionally employed to assess IEQ within existing rating systems. A comparative analysis methodology was used to identify key indicators, commons and correlations, in order to determine the extent of compatibility and differences. This analysis has resulted in a new list of 60 composite assessment indicators that concentrate on the health and comfort aspects, referred to as HCE indicators, a step toward healthier classrooms. © 2024 The Author(s). Published by Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group.

关键词： Green buildings

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Resilient education facilities with special focus on classrooms to be compatible with the COVID-19 crisis

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HBRC Journal 2024年第1期20卷 415-437页

作者： Atef, Omar M. Dewidar, Khaled M. Nagy, Gehan A. Architectural Engineering Department Faculty of Engineering Ain Shams University Cairo Egypt Architectural Engineering Department El Minya High Institute for Engineering and Technology Cairo Egypt Architectural Engineering Department Faculty of Engineering The British University in Egypt Cairo Egypt

In recent months, the World Health Organization (WHO) expressed concern about the spread of a new pandemic after the COVID-19 pandemic, which had a significant impact on education. UNICEF says Over 168 million children’s classrooms around the world have been shuttered. Therefore, the main aim of this study is to identify the criteria and requirements of resilient design for classrooms to avoid closures during crises. Researchers have addressed the relationship between spaces and the spread of viruses inside them, so the research assumes that there is a relationship between the design criteria of classrooms and the spread of viruses inside them. Hence, the research methodology consists of a qualitative approach then comparative analysis. The first part involves analyzing the literature review to identify a design matrix that includes design criteria for classrooms. The research has identified four resilient design criteria and their requirements for classrooms, such as 1- Epidemic Prevention, 2-Climate Change Adaptation, 3-Integration of Technological Advancements, and 4- Support Advanced Education. The research focused on primary school due to the high infection rates of the Omicron variant among children, according to a report by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Therefore, the second part involves a comparative analysis of four classrooms in government primary schools using the design matrix. The case studies Two within Egypt and Two outside Egypt. Finally, the results include an evaluation of the four proposed resilient design criteria for the classrooms and which one is the most resilient and adaptable during the crisis. © 2024 The Author(s). Published by Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group.

关键词： COVID-19

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Application of Intelligent Reverse Regulation in Uniform Heating of Buildings

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Informatica (Slovenia) 2024年第12期48卷 153-170页

作者： Wu, Xiaoli Department of Architectural Engineering Shijiazhuang College of Applied Technology Shijiazhuang050800 China

The increase in heating building area has led to an upward trend in heating energy consumption. Using automated intelligent equipment to control the heating system has become an important development content to solve the building thermal imbalance and maintain thermal balance. Therefore, the study proposes to achieve temperature regulation through intelligent reverse in uniform heating of buildings, which calculates the energy balance coefficient based on the heat exchange process and the physical model of the heating system. In the control strategy, the focus is to discuss the effects of heating and cooling on time regulation. Subsequently, a heating automatic control system is designed to achieve deviation control and constraint cost function solving using proportional integral control and particle swarm optimization algorithm. Performance testing is conducted on the proposed adjustment method. The parameter controller reduced indoor temperature fluctuations by adjusting the flow rate. Its predicted temperature difference did not exceed 4%, and the flow consumption was relatively low. The study selected a high-rise building in the north of China as the experimental object, and installed heating systems and intelligent temperature and humidity sensors on it. The automatic control results showed that the intelligent directional adjustment mode reduced the heating volume of low floors. The average heating volume of low and high floors was 57.14% and 73.68% of the original level. The indoor temperature adjustment of vertical floors was 2℃-3℃ lower than that of manual adjustment mode. The intelligent regulation method proposed in the study can provide good reference value and significance for the energy-saving and temperature control design of heating systems in northern regions. © 2024 Slovene Society Informatika. All rights reserved.

关键词： Cost functions

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Thermo-mechanical simulation of frost heave in saturated soils

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Frontiers of Structural and Civil engineering 2023年第9期17卷 1400-1412页

作者： Saeed VOSOUGHIAN Romain BALIEU Department of Civil and Architectural Engineering KTH Royal Institute of TechnologyStockholm 10044Sweden

Roads are exposed to various degradation mechanisms during their *** pavement deterioration caused by the surrounding environment is particularly severe in winter when the humidity and subfreezing temperatures *** heave-induced damage is one of the winter-related pavement *** occurs when the porewater in the soil is exposed to freezing *** study of frost heave requires conducting a multiphysics analysis,considering the thermal,mechanical,and hydraulic *** paper presents the use of a coupled thermo-mechanical approach to simulate frost heave in saturated soils.A function predicting porosity evolution is implemented to couple the thermal and mechanical field *** function indirectly considers the effect of the water seepage inside the *** frost heave scenarios with uniform and non-uniform boundary conditions are considered to demonstrate the capabilities of the *** results of the simulations indicate that the thermo-mechanical model captures various processes involved in the frost heave phenomenon,such as water fusion,porosity variation,cryogenic suction force generation,and soil *** characteristics and consequences of each process are determined and discussed ***,the results show that non-uniform thermal boundaries and presence of a culvert inside the soil result in uneven ground surface deformations.

关键词： frost heave multiphysics analysis thermo-mechanical approach saturated soils

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Research on Optimization Method of Landscape Architecture Planning and Design Based on Two-Dimensional Fractal Graph Generation Algorithm

Informatica (Slovenia)

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Informatica (Slovenia) 2025年第16期49卷 53-66页

作者： Chen, Sheng Shanxi Vocational University of Engineering and Technology School of Architectural Design Department of Cultural Heritage Conservation Engineering China

The development of modern mathematical theory, especially two-dimensional fractal graph algorithm, provides a possibility for large-scale landscape data processing. Landscape digital identification technology is an innovative technology based on digital landscape technology and computer identification of experimental data. It is an important artificial intelligence technology, which includes three steps: landscape acquisition, landscape processing and landscape identification. The characteristics of the scene in the landscape picture can be collected by special instruments, such as cameras, etc., and then the collected data can be processed by two-dimensional fractal graph algorithm, and finally realice the automatic identification of the landscape. For images with significant boundary characteristics, we can extract the boundary of the región quickly and accurately, so as to realice the segmentation of the region. However, when the edge features of the image are not good enough, there is little color difference between the background and the region, or there is some interference, the result will be very bad. In this paper, based on the two-dimensional fractal graph generation algorithm, a series of optimization of landscape architecture planning and design. The accuracy of landscape prime number can reflect whether specific types of landscape pictures can be correctly identified and divided. 200 Pictures are divided into six categories, namely Water scene, landscape scene, living scene, sky scene, architecture and transportation then exact ratios of two-dimensional fractal graph network -8s, two-dimensional fractal graph network - 16s, two-dimensional fractal graph network -32s and two-dimensional fractal graph network -32s. It reached the best level in pixel accuracy, average accuracy, average IU, etc., and the pixel accuracy has reached as high as 100%, average accuracy has reached 100%, average accuracy has reached 100%. When compared to the recommended algorith

关键词： Graph algorithms

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The effect of nano-SiO2 strengthening the performance of recycled concrete under ion erosion environment

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International Journal of Microstructure and Materials Properties 2024年第2-3期17卷 295-306页

作者： Li, Bangyao Department of Architectural Engineering Zhengzhou Electric Power Technology College Zhengzhou451450 China

In order to fully understand the performance of nano-SiO2 reinforced recycled concrete against ion erosion, a study on the impact of nano-SiO2 reinforced recycled concrete performance under ion erosion environment is proposed. Firstly, select the materials for preparing concrete specimens and design the ratio parameters for the preparation of nano-SiO2 reinforced recycled concrete specimens. Secondly, set the solubility of NaCI solution to simulate ion erosion environment. Finally, the performance of concrete was tested and analysed from four aspects: ion erosion, compressive strength, flexural strength, and microstructure. The test results indicate that with the increase of nano-SiO2 content, recycled concrete can better resist the erosion of chloride ions, and the compressive and flexural tensile properties of concrete specimens are also improved. The microstructure of concrete specimens is denser, and the voids are reduced. © 2024 Inderscience Enterprises Ltd.

关键词： Bending strength

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Reclaiming urban lost spaces around elevated urban linkages: the case of El Sawy Cultural Wheel, Egypt

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Journal of engineering and Applied Science 2024年第1期71卷 164页

作者： Nasr, Ahmed El Temsahi, Ola Sarhan, Alaa El Din Architectural Engineering and Environmental Design Department College of Engineering and Technology Arab Academy for Science Technology and Maritime Transport Alexandria Egypt

In recent times, elevated urban linkages (EULs) have emerged as crucial components of urban development, cutting through the cities’ urban fabric to accommodate the rapid expansion of urban cores and to facilitate traffic flow. However, these massive infrastructures have inadvertently given rise to urban lost spaces—vacant, inefficient areas within the urban fabric. Recognizing these lost spaces as untapped public assets, the paper explores sustainable development strategies to reclaim them into the urban fabric, transforming them into vibrant, multi-functional public spaces. The paper aims to achieve a set of urban design guidelines for rehabilitation design interventions which will be deduced into a comprehensive framework. This framework encompasses criteria for selecting appropriate approaches and types of rehabilitation design interventions, as well as design principles ensuring the desirability of the reclaimed space. The paper applies this framework to assess the El Sawy Cultural Wheel in Egypt, revealing it as a successful example of a reclaimed space. While positive aspects of rehabilitation design interventions are evident in terms of the approach and type of intervention in this case study, there are identified areas with shortcomings in fully implementing the design principles, if enhanced, could elevate the overall quality of the reclaimed space. © The Author(s) 2024.

关键词： Wheels

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Characteristics and application of new grouting materials for poor geology with rich water

Journal of Biotech Research

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Journal of Biotech Research 2023年 15卷 185-195页

作者： Bai, Yuanli Tao, Chao Department of Civil Engineering Sichuan College of Architectural Technology Sichuan Deyang China Department of Plant Engineering Sichuan College of Architectural Technology Sichuan Deyang China

The poor water-rich geology in underground engineering construction is easy to cause geological disasters such as water inrush, sand gusher, and sand flow, which have adverse effects on engineering progress and personnel safety. Grouting is an effective means to control poor geology with rich water, but the traditional cement grouting material has some issues such as long coagulation time and low strength. Therefore, this study proposed a new grouting material based on graphene oxide and fly ash. Through the systematic analysis of the material, the working performance of the material was verified. Considering the fluidity, stability, setting time, and economy of the slurry, 0.03% graphene oxide and 20% fly ash were mixed into the slurry, which not only ensured the excellent properties of the slurry, but also realized the resource of fly ash. The mechanical property analysis of the material indicated that, when the fly ash content was 10%, the flexural strength increased by 8.11% and the compressive strength increased by 6.01% at the age of 28 days. When the fly ash content was 20%, the flexural strength was improved by 4.39%. The compressive was enhanced by 8.13%. The experimental results verified the feasibility of the grouting material. A low carbon, green, and high-performance grouting material is very important for the treatment of water-rich crushing zones. This study provided a new solution for the grouting reinforcement project of water-rich fracture zone, which owned the essential research significance and values. © 2023 Journal of Biotech Research

关键词： Fly ash

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