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Evaluating the Impact of Special Characters on Password Security: a Comparative Analysis

IEEE Network 2025年

作者： He, Daojing Liu, Zhiyong Chan, Sammy Zhou, Beibei Guizani, Mohsen Harbin Institute of Technology School of Computer Science and Technology Shenzhen China Guizhou University State Key Laboratory of Public Big Data Guizhou China Research and Development Center Guangzhou Jingyuan Security Technology Co. Ltd Guangzhou China City University of Hong Kong Kowloon Department of Electrical Engineering Hong Kong Hong Kong Shanghai Urban Construction Vocational College School of Artificial Intelligence Application Shanghai China Machine Learning Department Abu Dhabi United Arab Emirates

Text-based password authentication remains essential for identity verification on internet platforms and blockchain systems. However, as computational power advances, security threats to user passwords have intensified, raising concerns about their effectiveness. While special characters (i.e., non-alphanumeric symbols, which include punctuation marks, mathematical symbols, and other non-letter/number characters like '.', '@', '#', '$', and similar) are often recommended to enhance password strength, the National Institute of Standards and technology (NIST) prioritizes length over complexity, challenging their necessity. This study fills a critical gap in understanding user behavior regarding special character usage. By analyzing 15 datasets from Chinese, English, and German languages, we examined patterns of special character incorporation and their impact on password strength. Our findings indicate that users frequently employ predictable methods for including special characters, potentially compromising security, especially under stringent policies. We present three key contributions: (1) an analysis of special character usage patterns, (2) a quantitative assessment of strength differences using the PCFGv4.1 model, and (3) actionable recommendations for stakeholders to enhance password security practices. This research further advocates for aligning password policies with user behavior for more effective security. © 1986-2012 IEEE.

关键词： Authentication Protocol

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Signal timing optimization of exit lanes for left-turn intersections considering emission and delay 6

Signal timing optimization of exit lanes for left-turn inter...

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6th International Conference on Traffic Engineering and Transportation System, ICTETS 2022

作者： Zhang, Shaohua Liu, Yugang Wan, Qing Tang, Liying Hu, FengLin Shu, Zhan School of Transportation and Logistics Southwest Jiaotong University Sichuan Province Chengdu610031 China National Engineering Laboratory of Integrated Transportation Big Data Application Technology Southwest Jiaotong University Sichuan Province Chengdu610031 China National United Engineering Laboratory of Integrated and Intelligent Transportation Southwest Jiaotong University Sichuan Province Chengdu610031 China Institute of Transportation Development Strategy and Planning of Sichuan Province Sichuan Province Chengdu610000 China

ISBN: (纸本)9781510663053

To evaluate the environmental benefits and operating efficiency of exit lanes for left-turn intersections, a signal optimization model considering emissions and delays is proposed. Considering the three pollutants of CO, HC, and NOx in cars and buses exhaust, VISSIM simulation software is used to obtain second-by-second data of vehicles. The data is used to calculate the second-by-second Vehicle Specific Power and to calibrate the two types of emission factors for each lane group. Cycle length, main-signal and pre-signal control are regarded as constraints, and minimum emissions and delays are regarded as optimization goals. The bi-objective optimization for exit lanes for left-turn intersections is transformed into a single-objective optimization problem through the linear weighted sum method, and the genetic algorithm is used to solve the optimal signal timing scheme. The results show that, compared with conventional intersections, the design of EFL intersections can not only improve operation efficiency, but also reduce emissions. The optimal signal timing scheme for exit lanes for left-turn intersection can reduce the delay by 6.27% and the total emissions by 7.47%;At the same time, when the proportion of left-turn traffic is 35%~40%, the signal optimization model proposed in this paper has the best optimization performance. Effective in relieving traffic pressure and has good environmental benefits. © 2023 SPIE.

关键词： Genetic algorithms

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Effect of the Mixing Structure Parameters of a Self-reflux Burner on Combustion Characteristics and NO_(x)Emission

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Journal of Thermal Science 2021年第4期30卷 1224-1236页

作者： XU Qian SHEN Meng SHI Kejian LIU Zhihui AKKURT Nevzat XIONG Yaxuan LIU Lin FENG Junxiao WANG Jiulong School of energy and environmental engineering Shunde Graduate SchoolUniversity of Science and Technology BeijingBeijing 100083China Beijing Key Laboratory of Energy Conservation and Emission Reduction for Metallurgical Industry Beijing 100083China Department of Mechanical Engineering Munzur UniversityTunceli 62000Turkey Key Laboratory of HVAC Beijing University of Civil Engineering and ArchitectureBeijing 100044China School of Mathematics and Physics University of Science and Technology BeijingBeijing 100083China Department of Big Data Technology and Application Development Computer Network Information CenterChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100190China

To solve the problem of low efficiency of NO_(x)emission reduction in self-reflux burners,this study is based on the concept of coordinated control of self-reflux burner structural and thermal *** completing the structural design and optimization of thermal parameters,we continue to adjust the two key structural parameters:the nozzle axis distance and the length of the cylindrical section,to minimize NO_(x)*** are the two parameters that chiefly affect the mixing of flue gas and fuel *** results show that increasing nozzle axis distance can delay the mixing of gas and air and create a more uniform oxygen concentration field for the combustion *** maximum combustion temperature is reduced from 1973.65 K to 1935.88 K and the volume fraction of NO_(x)in the flue gas is reduced from 188.08×10^(–6)to 143.47×10^(–6).However,compared with the nozzle axis distance,the length of the cylindrical section of the burner has little effect on the mixing of the flow *** different cylindrical section lengths,the maximum combustion temperature does not change more than 3 K,and the volume fraction of NO_(x)in the flue gas changes within 5×10~(–6).

关键词： self-reflux structure structural parameter control thermal parameter combustion characteristic NO_(x)emission

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Research on Location of Emergency Bridging Bus Reserve Bases Based on Metro Complex Network 6

Research on Location of Emergency Bridging Bus Reserve Bases...

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6th International Conference on Traffic Engineering and Transportation System, ICTETS 2022

作者： Zhan, Yu Liu, Yugang Zheng, Shuai Sheng, Qian Chen, Bin Xu, Yihe School of Transportation and Logistics Southwest Jiaotong University Sichuan Province Chengdu610031 China National Engineering Laboratory of Integrated Transportation Big Data Application Technology Southwest Jiaotong University Sichuan Province Chengdu610031 China National United Engineering Laboratory of Integrated and Intelligent Transportation Southwest Jiaotong University Sichuan Province Chengdu610031 China Institute of Transportation Development Strategy and Planning of Sichuan Province Sichuan Province Chengdu610000 China

ISBN: (纸本)9781510663053

Urban metro is developing in the direction of the network. With the increasing scale, dealing with the sudden accident of the metro network has brought significant challenges to the relevant departments. When the metro is disrupted, it is necessary to evacuate the passengers. Emergency bus bridging is an essential means to evacuate the passengers. Notably, the core of efficient emergency bus bridging strategy is how to plan the location of the emergency bus reserve bases. Hence, this paper aims to establish the site selection model based on the vulnerability of the complex metro network, and rationally lay out the source of the emergency bridging bus in the case of sudden disruption of the complex metro network. Firstly, the space L topology model of the metro network is established, and the performance indicators of the network are analyzed by grey relational analysis (GRA), to identify the key stations. Secondly, we use a reverse covering location model to optimize the bridging response delay time and the number of reserved buses. Taking Tianjin metro network as a case study scenario, the research results of this paper are compared with those of other scholars. By comparison, the location results are better in coverage, bridging response delay time and the number of reserved buses. Therefore, the research method of this paper provides new ideas and new methods for the location of the emergency bridge bus reserve base. © 2023 SPIE.

关键词： Complex networks

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Requirement of Production Simulation of DC Distribution Network Containing High Renewable Energy 37

Requirement of Production Simulation of DC Distribution Netw...

引用

37th Youth Academic Annual Conference of Chinese Association of Automation, YAC 2022

作者： Li, Man Zhang, Yi Li, Yan Li, Xiaoxue Fan, Bo Li, Lifeng Li, Yanmei Hu, Yuan National Research Center for Rehabilitation and Technical Aids Testing Department Beijing China China Academy of Industrial Internet Big Data Department Beijing China China Electric Power Research Institute Artificial Intelligence Department Beijing China Beijing Aerospace Data Stock Company General Manager of Key Account Division Beijing China General Headquarters Chengdu Aerospace Science & Industry Big Data Institute Ltd chengdu China National Research Center for Rehabilitation and Technical Aids AI Application Research Department Beijing China Kunlun Digital Technology Co. Ltd Business Department Beijing China

ISBN: (纸本)9781665465366

Renewable energy power generation connected to the DC distribution network, converter station capacity, renewable energy installed capacity and renewable energy operation mode are the primary factors that affect the maximum consumption of renewable energy. Unreasonable converter station capacity and renewable energy installed capacity planning and configuration will result in excessive renewable energy installed capacity, resulting in abandonment of wind and light, or too small installed capacity to make the converter station with full using. The renewable energy power generation operation mode strategy directly affects the DC distribution network transmission capacity and the regulation capacity of the energy storage station, which in turn affects the consumption of renewable energy power generation. The paper studies relevant time series modeling methods of wind and PV power generation, and proposes the technical requirements for optimizing the power generation operation mode considering the hybrid of multiple types of renewable energy and the DC distribution network, so as to achieve maximum consumption renewable energy, and to ensure that the power of renewable energy can be 'controlled and consumed'', and ultimately ensure the stable operation and safe of renewable energy and the DC distribution network. The paper results will provide support for the future planning of the local consumption of a high proportion of renewable energy, and will effectively guide the planning and design of renewable energy and DC distribution networks. © 2022 IEEE.

关键词： Electric power distribution

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A Fast Matrix Completion Method Based on Matrix Bifactorization and QR Decomposition

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Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing 2023年第1期2023卷

作者： Liu, Qing Peng, Chen Yang, Pei Zhou, Xiancun Liu, Zhengyu School of Electronic and Information Engineering West Anhui University Anhui Lu'an237012 China School of Mathematics and Big Data Anhui University of Science and Technology Anhui Huainan232001 China Department of Computer Technology and Application Qinghai University Qinghai Xining810016 China

The problem of recovering the missing values in an incomplete matrix, i.e., matrix completion, has attracted a great deal of interests in the fields of machine learning and signal processing. A matrix bifactorization method, which is abbreviated as MBF, is a fast method of matrix completion that has a better speed than the traditional nuclear norm minimization methods. However, it may become inaccurate and slow when solving matrices of not low rank. In this paper, an improved fast and accurate MBF method based on Qatar Riyal (QR) decomposition is proposed, which can be called FMBF-QR. On one side, the optimization problem of MBF is improved to be an iteratively reweighted L2,1 norm minimization problem to enhance the accuracy of MBF. On the other side, the minimization problem of FMBF-QR is optimized very efficiently by using QR decomposition for improving the speed of MBF. Sufficient experimental results verify that FMBF-QR can converge with a higher accuracy and a faster speed than the traditional matrix completion methods. © 2023 Qing Liu et al.

关键词： Signal processing

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Personal mobility carbon credits trading schemes considering dynamic price evolution 6

Personal mobility carbon credits trading schemes considering...

引用

6th International Conference on Traffic Engineering and Transportation System, ICTETS 2022

作者： Wan, Qing Liu, Yugang Fan, Linqiang Zheng, Shuai School of Transportation and Logistics Southwest Jiaotong University Sichuan Province Chengdu610031 China National Engineering Laboratory of Integrated Transportation Big Data Application Technology Southwest Jiaotong University Sichuan Province Chengdu610031 China National United Engineering Laboratory of Integrated and Intelligent Transportation Southwest Jiaotong University Sichuan Province Chengdu610031 China Institute of Transportation Development Strategy and Planning of Sichuan Province Sichuan Province Chengdu610000 China

ISBN: (纸本)9781510663053

Considering the subway, private cars, and cycling, the Personal Mobility Carbon Credits Trading scheme is explored in a super network with homogeneous travelers to discuss the impact on travel mode split rate and system carbon emissions. The Personal Mobility Carbon Credits Trading scheme includes the travel route choice behavior and the dynamic credits price evolution, which affect each other. The former is modeled in a super network. The Dial-MSA algorithm is used for flow distribution, and the results are fed back to the dynamic credits price evolution model. Accordingly, the result of dynamic credits price evolution, in turn, affects travel cost and finally governs the result of traffic flow allocation. The results show that the system will reach a stable state in a finite time range. The convergent equilibrium price has nothing to do with the initial price but is related to the number of total credits and the credits allocation scheme. Compared with the equivalent distribution scheme, proportional distribution is more equitable. © 2023 SPIE.

关键词： Carbon

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A Multi-attribute Decision-making based Importance Assessment Method of Sensor Nodes

A Multi-attribute Decision-making based Importance Assessmen...

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Computer technology and Information Science (ISCTIS), International Symposium on

作者： Xiusheng Duan Jingchao Yang Dehan Kong Weilong Zhang Department of Artificial Intelligence and Big Data Hebei Polytechnic Institute Hebei Jiaotong Vocational and Technical College Shijiazhuang China Hebei Provincial University Road Traffic Perception and Intelligent Application Technology Research and Development Center Department of Information Engineering Hebei University of Environmental Engineering Qinhuangdao China

In this paper, an air defense early warning sensor network node importance assessment method based on multi-attribute decision was proposed. Firstly, according to the characteristics of the air defense early warning sensor network, the factors that affect the node importance degree were analyzed, and the node importance degree was divided into three aspects, which were performance importance degree, function importance degree and structure importance degree. Secondly, three calculation methods of importance degree were introduced. Then the synthesis method of comprehensive importance degree based on TOPSIS method was proposed. Finally, the validity of the method and model proposed in this paper was verified.

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Household Garbage Classification: A Transfer Learning Based Method and a Benchmark 1

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11th International Symposium on Parallel Architectures, Algorithms and Programming, PAAP 2020

作者： Cheng, Qian Wu, Zhi-Ze Wu, Zi-Jun Zou, Le Li, Huan-Yi Wang, Xiao-Feng Department of Environmental Engineering Hefei University Hefei Anhui230601 China Anhui Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Big Data Technology Application for Urban Infrastructure Department of Computer Science and Technology Hefei University Hefei230601 China Institute of Applied Optimization School of Artificial Intelligence and Big Data Hefei University Hefei Anhui23060 China

ISBN: (数字)9789811600104

ISBN: (纸本)9789811600098

Household garbage images are highly diverse in color, texture and geometry, which poses significant challenges to garbage classification. Deep convolutional neural network (DCNN) have recently achieved remarkable progress due to their ability to learn high-level feature representations. It usually requires a large number of labelled image data for training a DCNN model. However, there are few public and mature data sets concerned on household garbage images. This severely limits the progress of research and the state of the art is not entirely clear. To address this problem, we introduce a new benchmark data set for household garbage image classification. This data set is called 30 Types of Household Garbage Images (HGI-30), which contains 6′000 images of 30 household garbage types, with complex backgrounds, different resolutions, and complicated variations in sample, pose, illumination and background. The publicly available HGI-30 data set allows researchers to develop more accurate and robust methods for both household garbage image processing and interpretation analysis of household garbage object. We further study the classification problem on this data set and propose a transfer learning based method, also provide a performance analysis, which serves as baseline result on this benchmark. © 2021, Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.

关键词： Classification (of information)

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Vulnerability analysis of weighted metro networks considering station traffic: the case of Shenzhen 6

Vulnerability analysis of weighted metro networks considerin...

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6th International Conference on Traffic Engineering and Transportation System, ICTETS 2022

作者： Long, Shiyu Liu, Yugang Zheng, Shuai Xu, Yihe School of Transportation and Logistics Southwest Jiaotong University Sichuan Province Chengdu610031 China National Engineering Laboratory of Integrated Transportation Big Data Application Technology Southwest Jiaotong University Sichuan Province Chengdu610031 China National United Engineering Laboratory of Integrated and Intelligent Transportation Southwest Jiaotong University Sichuan Province Chengdu610031 China Institute of Transportation Development Strategy and Planning of Sichuan Province Sichuan Province Chengdu610000 China

ISBN: (纸本)9781510663053

Due to the large number of passengers served by the metro, with its extensive served area, as well as the interconnection of different stations within the metro system, there is a high possibility that a large number of city residents' trips will be delayed or forced to be canceled and cause economic losses, once a safety accident occurs in the subway system. An easy-to-practice and highly flexible evaluation framework are proposed to explore the identification of vulnerable nodes in a weighted metro network, considering network connectivity and node traffic. The degree distribution of the passenger flow weighted network obeys the power law distribution. The relationship between node connectivity, node passenger flow, and key players in the network are also discussed. We simulated network node failures under four scenarios to assess the impact of node failures on network accessibility and the number of passengers served. The network is robust when the nodes fail randomly;the network is vulnerable to deliberate attacks based on topological node characteristics. The strategies that have the most significant impact on site traffic are node weight-based attack and node weighted-degree-based attack, with the weighted-degree-based attack being more disruptive to network connectivity and the best performing strategy in aggregate. Furthermore, we have identified the top 10 nodes in the Shenzhen Metro network that are more influential to passengers and disruptive to the network structure, which could provide a reference for metro emergency management. © 2023 SPIE.

关键词： Complex networks

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